Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Prior, Cesar Augusto
Data de Publicação: 2009
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM
Texto Completo: http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3660
Resumo: Circuits for sampling and retention of analogue signals are commonly implemented with techniques such as switched capacitors (SC). SC circuits employing the storage of charge in a linear capacitor to represent a signal in the form of voltage. Operational Amplifiers (AmpOp's) are used to transfer the load of a capacitor to another, sampling and holding circuits for analogue signals in closed loop. Recently, another technique has been developed without the need of building linear capacitors, making possible projects compatible with VLSI CMOS processes. This technique, called Switched Current (SI), is characterized by processing the signals in the current form, and implemented through the memory retention of electric charge on the gate of a MOS transistor in saturation zone. The charge is hold in a gate-source voltage and hence the current in a transistor. In this model, the excursion of the signal is not directly dependent on the supply voltage, but dependent on the polarization and current signal. This makes the model attractive for low voltage. The technique does not require AmpOp's and capacitors. The speed of the circuit is not limited by AmpOp's and its gainbandwidth product, but by design and manufacturing process. This technique is not yet consolidated and its performance is still not competitive with SC circuits [1] However, SI circuits become interesting as they constitute an open field for future research and the opportunity to be fully implemented in processes manufacturing oriented to purely digital circuits. This work begins with a framework of the subject matter, placing the reader in the state of the art manufacturing technology and some implications that directly affect analog circuits. Are also presented in this section some implementations which serve to characterize what is being done recently in terms of Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) modulators. Abstract vi In Chapter 2, are made a review of sampling and holding bases, the AD conversion techniques with focuses in oversampled AD converters, the circuits that implementing SC and SI modulators and their influences, and finally a review of the nonidealities that involve the practice of project. Chapter 3 a comparative study is done between memory cells SC and SI. Based on a simplified model of small signals, the behavior analyzes on the signal-noise-ratio (SNR), power consumption and speed, providing indications of performance throughout the operating region of MOS transistors. Chapter 4 deals with the initial specifications for the development of a ΣΔ AD converter for a specific implementation. The s tudies and estimates lead to pre-design of the project's ultimate goal the creation of a ΣΔ modulator in the SC and SI techniques. In Chapter 5 is intended to make the measures and tests that establish the standards of comparison, the discussion of results and conclusions. Finally, in Chapter 6, an alternative proposal is presented based on an architecture that performs a sigma-delta modulator with low distortion, implemented with SI circuit. The final conclusions and contributions are presented in Chapter 7.
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spelling 2017-05-192017-05-192009-08-27PRIOR, Cesar Augusto. Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta. 2009. 203 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2009.http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/3660Circuits for sampling and retention of analogue signals are commonly implemented with techniques such as switched capacitors (SC). SC circuits employing the storage of charge in a linear capacitor to represent a signal in the form of voltage. Operational Amplifiers (AmpOp's) are used to transfer the load of a capacitor to another, sampling and holding circuits for analogue signals in closed loop. Recently, another technique has been developed without the need of building linear capacitors, making possible projects compatible with VLSI CMOS processes. This technique, called Switched Current (SI), is characterized by processing the signals in the current form, and implemented through the memory retention of electric charge on the gate of a MOS transistor in saturation zone. The charge is hold in a gate-source voltage and hence the current in a transistor. In this model, the excursion of the signal is not directly dependent on the supply voltage, but dependent on the polarization and current signal. This makes the model attractive for low voltage. The technique does not require AmpOp's and capacitors. The speed of the circuit is not limited by AmpOp's and its gainbandwidth product, but by design and manufacturing process. This technique is not yet consolidated and its performance is still not competitive with SC circuits [1] However, SI circuits become interesting as they constitute an open field for future research and the opportunity to be fully implemented in processes manufacturing oriented to purely digital circuits. This work begins with a framework of the subject matter, placing the reader in the state of the art manufacturing technology and some implications that directly affect analog circuits. Are also presented in this section some implementations which serve to characterize what is being done recently in terms of Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) modulators. Abstract vi In Chapter 2, are made a review of sampling and holding bases, the AD conversion techniques with focuses in oversampled AD converters, the circuits that implementing SC and SI modulators and their influences, and finally a review of the nonidealities that involve the practice of project. Chapter 3 a comparative study is done between memory cells SC and SI. Based on a simplified model of small signals, the behavior analyzes on the signal-noise-ratio (SNR), power consumption and speed, providing indications of performance throughout the operating region of MOS transistors. Chapter 4 deals with the initial specifications for the development of a ΣΔ AD converter for a specific implementation. The s tudies and estimates lead to pre-design of the project's ultimate goal the creation of a ΣΔ modulator in the SC and SI techniques. In Chapter 5 is intended to make the measures and tests that establish the standards of comparison, the discussion of results and conclusions. Finally, in Chapter 6, an alternative proposal is presented based on an architecture that performs a sigma-delta modulator with low distortion, implemented with SI circuit. The final conclusions and contributions are presented in Chapter 7.Circuitos de amostragem e retenção de sinais analógicos são comumente implementados com técnicas de chaveamento de capacitores (Switched Capacitor SC). Circuitos SC empregam o armazenamento de cargas em um capacitor linear para representar um sinal sob a forma de tensão. Amplificadores Operacionais (AmpOp s) são usados para transferir essa carga de um capacitor a outro, amostrando e retendo sinais analógicos em circuitos de malha fechada. Recentemente, uma outra técnica tem sido desenvolvida sem a necessidade de construção de capacitores lineares, tornando possíveis projetos compatíveis com processos de fabricação VLSI CMOS. Esta técnica, chamada de Switched Current (SI), caracteriza-se por processar os sinais sob a forma de correntes, sendo a operação de memorização implementada através da retenção de carga elétrica na porta de um transistor MOS na zona de saturação. A carga retida corresponde a uma tensão portafonte e, conseqüentemente, a uma corrente no transistor. Neste modelo, a excursão do sinal não é diretamente dependente da tensão de alimentação, mas dependente das correntes de polarização e de sinal. Isso torna o modelo atrativo para baixas tensões. A técnica não requer AmpOp s e implementação física de capacitores. A velocidade do circuito não é limitada por AmpOp s e seu produto ganho-banda, mas pelo projeto e processo de fabricação. Essa técnica ainda não está consolidada e sua performance ainda não é competitiva com os circuitos SC [1], Contudo, os circuitos SI tornam-se interessantes na medida em que constituem um campo aberto para futuras pesquisas e pela possibilidade de serem completamente implementados em processos de fabricação voltados a circuitos puramente digitais. Este trabalho inicia com um enquadramento do trabalho proposto, situando o leitor no contexto do estado da arte das tecnologias de fabricação e algumas implicações diretas que afetam circuitos analógicos. São apresentadas ainda nesta seção algumas implementações que servem para caracterizar o que está sendo feito recentemente em termos de conversores tipo Sigma Delta (ΣΔ). No Capítulo 2, faz-se o embasamento sobre as técnicas utilizadas no processo de amostragem e retenção utilizadas para conversão ADΣΔ e uma revisão das não idealidades que envolvem a prática de projeto. No Capítulo 3 é feito um estudo comparativo, entre células de memória SC e SI. Baseado em modelo simplificado de pequenos sinais, analisa-se o comportamento quanto à relação-sinal-ruido (SNR), ao consumo e à velocidade, fornecendo indicações de desempenho em toda região de funcionamento dos transistores MOS. No Capitulo 4 são abordadas as especificações iniciais ao desenvolvimento de um conversor ΣΔ para uma implementação específica. Os estudos e estimativas que conduzem a pré-concepção do projeto têm como objetivo final a geração de um modulador ΣΔ nas técnicas SC e SI. Nos Capítulos 5 efetuam-se as medidas e testes que estabelecem os padrões de comparação, a discussão dos resultados e conclusões. Por fim, no Capítulo 6, uma proposta alternativa é apresentada com base em uma arquitetura de modulador sigma-delta de baixa distorção, implementada em circuito SI. As conclusões e contribuições finais são apresentadas no capítulo 7.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológicoapplication/pdfporUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia ElétricaUFSMBREngenharia ElétricaSigma delta modulatorMicroeletrônicaAnalog designSwitched currentSwitched capacitorInstrumentation amplifierCNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICAProcessamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma deltainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisRodrigues, Cesar Ramoshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4700194J9Susin, Altamiro Amadeuhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783912A6Girardi, Alessandro Gonçalveshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4706034U0Baratto, Giovanihttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782323J2Martins, João Baptista dos Santoshttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4784110Y6http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782629Y9Prior, Cesar Augusto3004000000074003003003003003003006d4e0840-8bbb-4c32-84aa-4ddf1e8b1f47c248fd0b-0685-409a-9266-42db3c32f957cc95299e-26e6-436c-b45c-b24287c0ab7ab829a34b-f05e-4222-9ed0-b666c5c17579cfd11b24-95d6-40e0-aadb-750bc8e3c984d27bb51c-17a7-46c7-bdc4-48b9806684ceinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSMinstname:Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)instacron:UFSMORIGINALPRIOR, CESAR AUGUSTO.pdfapplication/pdf24028661http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/3660/1/PRIOR%2c%20CESAR%20AUGUSTO.pdf098ac5347985ec7b125de3856144d02dMD51TEXTPRIOR, CESAR AUGUSTO.pdf.txtPRIOR, CESAR AUGUSTO.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain287750http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/3660/2/PRIOR%2c%20CESAR%20AUGUSTO.pdf.txt46f6e4f32650e2ce865cd9ba8b336d87MD52THUMBNAILPRIOR, CESAR AUGUSTO.pdf.jpgPRIOR, CESAR AUGUSTO.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg5526http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/3660/3/PRIOR%2c%20CESAR%20AUGUSTO.pdf.jpg657637e54a0713da0fc37285c2a5a3abMD531/36602017-07-25 10:58:30.756oai:repositorio.ufsm.br:1/3660Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://repositorio.ufsm.br/ONGhttps://repositorio.ufsm.br/oai/requestatendimento.sib@ufsm.br||tedebc@gmail.comopendoar:2017-07-25T13:58:30Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
title Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
spellingShingle Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
Prior, Cesar Augusto
Sigma delta modulator
Microeletrônica
Analog design
Switched current
Switched capacitor
Instrumentation amplifier
CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA
title_short Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
title_full Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
title_fullStr Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
title_full_unstemmed Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
title_sort Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta
author Prior, Cesar Augusto
author_facet Prior, Cesar Augusto
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Rodrigues, Cesar Ramos
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4700194J9
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Susin, Altamiro Amadeu
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4783912A6
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Girardi, Alessandro Gonçalves
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4706034U0
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv Baratto, Giovani
dc.contributor.referee3Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782323J2
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv Martins, João Baptista dos Santos
dc.contributor.referee4Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4784110Y6
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4782629Y9
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Prior, Cesar Augusto
contributor_str_mv Rodrigues, Cesar Ramos
Susin, Altamiro Amadeu
Girardi, Alessandro Gonçalves
Baratto, Giovani
Martins, João Baptista dos Santos
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Sigma delta modulator
Microeletrônica
Analog design
Switched current
Switched capacitor
Instrumentation amplifier
topic Sigma delta modulator
Microeletrônica
Analog design
Switched current
Switched capacitor
Instrumentation amplifier
CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::ENGENHARIAS::ENGENHARIA ELETRICA
description Circuits for sampling and retention of analogue signals are commonly implemented with techniques such as switched capacitors (SC). SC circuits employing the storage of charge in a linear capacitor to represent a signal in the form of voltage. Operational Amplifiers (AmpOp's) are used to transfer the load of a capacitor to another, sampling and holding circuits for analogue signals in closed loop. Recently, another technique has been developed without the need of building linear capacitors, making possible projects compatible with VLSI CMOS processes. This technique, called Switched Current (SI), is characterized by processing the signals in the current form, and implemented through the memory retention of electric charge on the gate of a MOS transistor in saturation zone. The charge is hold in a gate-source voltage and hence the current in a transistor. In this model, the excursion of the signal is not directly dependent on the supply voltage, but dependent on the polarization and current signal. This makes the model attractive for low voltage. The technique does not require AmpOp's and capacitors. The speed of the circuit is not limited by AmpOp's and its gainbandwidth product, but by design and manufacturing process. This technique is not yet consolidated and its performance is still not competitive with SC circuits [1] However, SI circuits become interesting as they constitute an open field for future research and the opportunity to be fully implemented in processes manufacturing oriented to purely digital circuits. This work begins with a framework of the subject matter, placing the reader in the state of the art manufacturing technology and some implications that directly affect analog circuits. Are also presented in this section some implementations which serve to characterize what is being done recently in terms of Sigma Delta (ΣΔ) modulators. Abstract vi In Chapter 2, are made a review of sampling and holding bases, the AD conversion techniques with focuses in oversampled AD converters, the circuits that implementing SC and SI modulators and their influences, and finally a review of the nonidealities that involve the practice of project. Chapter 3 a comparative study is done between memory cells SC and SI. Based on a simplified model of small signals, the behavior analyzes on the signal-noise-ratio (SNR), power consumption and speed, providing indications of performance throughout the operating region of MOS transistors. Chapter 4 deals with the initial specifications for the development of a ΣΔ AD converter for a specific implementation. The s tudies and estimates lead to pre-design of the project's ultimate goal the creation of a ΣΔ modulator in the SC and SI techniques. In Chapter 5 is intended to make the measures and tests that establish the standards of comparison, the discussion of results and conclusions. Finally, in Chapter 6, an alternative proposal is presented based on an architecture that performs a sigma-delta modulator with low distortion, implemented with SI circuit. The final conclusions and contributions are presented in Chapter 7.
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identifier_str_mv PRIOR, Cesar Augusto. Processamento de sinais analógicos amostrados utilizando técnicas de chaveamento a capacitor e a corrente aplicados à conversão AD sigma delta. 2009. 203 f. Tese (Doutorado em Engenharia Elétrica) - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, 2009.
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