Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2011 |
Outros Autores: | , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/10237 |
Resumo: | Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with further quantification by gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) in water and air from indoor swimming pools (ISPs). High correlation coefficients were obtained for the calibration lines in water with detection limits of 0.2 µg/L for trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM), 0.1 µg/L for dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and 0.5 µg/L for tribromomethane (TBM). Coef-ficients of variation values were 5–10% for repeatability and 15–25% for reproducibility. In air analysis, high correlation coefficients were also obtained for the calibration lines with detection limits of 2.5 µg/m3 for TCM and BDCM and 1.25 µg/m3 for DBCM and TBM. Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation were the same as in water analysis. Analytical results from a survey in four Portuguese ISPs showed that the mean concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in water ranged from 22 ± 2to 577 ± 58 µg/L. In the lack of European specific regulation for THMs in water from ISPs and taking into consideration that ingestion is a form of exposure, TTHMs’ values were compared with European drinking water maximum contamination level (100 µg/L, Directive 98/83/CE). From the reported TTHMs mean concentration values in ISPs’ water, 40% exceeded that value. TTHMs values determined in the air (T = 30◦C) ranged from 98 ± 10 to 1225 ± 123 µg/m3 andfrom51± 5 µg/m3to 519 ± 52 µg/m3at 5 and 150 cm above the water surface, respectively. As expected, swimmers are more exposed to high concentrations of THMs than lifeguards. As there is no European specific regulation for THMs in ISPs’ air, the highest TCM values were compared with maximum values reported in the literature for ISPs (1630 µg/m3) and with the inhalation exposure limit (10,000 µg/m3) established for TCM by European occupational legislation (Directive 2000/39/CE). |
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Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECDTrihalomethanesAirWaterIndoor swimming poolsHS-SPME/GC/ECDHeadspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with further quantification by gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) in water and air from indoor swimming pools (ISPs). High correlation coefficients were obtained for the calibration lines in water with detection limits of 0.2 µg/L for trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM), 0.1 µg/L for dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and 0.5 µg/L for tribromomethane (TBM). Coef-ficients of variation values were 5–10% for repeatability and 15–25% for reproducibility. In air analysis, high correlation coefficients were also obtained for the calibration lines with detection limits of 2.5 µg/m3 for TCM and BDCM and 1.25 µg/m3 for DBCM and TBM. Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation were the same as in water analysis. Analytical results from a survey in four Portuguese ISPs showed that the mean concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in water ranged from 22 ± 2to 577 ± 58 µg/L. In the lack of European specific regulation for THMs in water from ISPs and taking into consideration that ingestion is a form of exposure, TTHMs’ values were compared with European drinking water maximum contamination level (100 µg/L, Directive 98/83/CE). From the reported TTHMs mean concentration values in ISPs’ water, 40% exceeded that value. TTHMs values determined in the air (T = 30◦C) ranged from 98 ± 10 to 1225 ± 123 µg/m3 andfrom51± 5 µg/m3to 519 ± 52 µg/m3at 5 and 150 cm above the water surface, respectively. As expected, swimmers are more exposed to high concentrations of THMs than lifeguards. As there is no European specific regulation for THMs in ISPs’ air, the highest TCM values were compared with maximum values reported in the literature for ISPs (1630 µg/m3) and with the inhalation exposure limit (10,000 µg/m3) established for TCM by European occupational legislation (Directive 2000/39/CE).Taylor & FrancisRepositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico do PortoSá, ChristopherBoaventura, Rui A.R.Pereira, Isabel B.2017-09-04T11:14:33Z20112011-01-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/10237eng10.1080/10934529.2011.542385info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2023-03-13T12:51:44Zoai:recipp.ipp.pt:10400.22/10237Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T17:30:40.071972Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
spellingShingle |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD Sá, Christopher Trihalomethanes Air Water Indoor swimming pools HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title_short |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title_full |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title_fullStr |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title_full_unstemmed |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
title_sort |
Analysis of trihalomethanes in water and air from indoor swimming pools using HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
author |
Sá, Christopher |
author_facet |
Sá, Christopher Boaventura, Rui A.R. Pereira, Isabel B. |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Boaventura, Rui A.R. Pereira, Isabel B. |
author2_role |
author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico do Instituto Politécnico do Porto |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Sá, Christopher Boaventura, Rui A.R. Pereira, Isabel B. |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Trihalomethanes Air Water Indoor swimming pools HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
topic |
Trihalomethanes Air Water Indoor swimming pools HS-SPME/GC/ECD |
description |
Headspace solid phase microextraction (HS-SPME) with further quantification by gas chromatography and electron capture detector (GC/ECD) was used to analyze trihalomethanes (THMs) in water and air from indoor swimming pools (ISPs). High correlation coefficients were obtained for the calibration lines in water with detection limits of 0.2 µg/L for trichloromethane (TCM) and bromodichloromethane (BDCM), 0.1 µg/L for dibromochloromethane (DBCM) and 0.5 µg/L for tribromomethane (TBM). Coef-ficients of variation values were 5–10% for repeatability and 15–25% for reproducibility. In air analysis, high correlation coefficients were also obtained for the calibration lines with detection limits of 2.5 µg/m3 for TCM and BDCM and 1.25 µg/m3 for DBCM and TBM. Repeatability and reproducibility coefficients of variation were the same as in water analysis. Analytical results from a survey in four Portuguese ISPs showed that the mean concentration of total trihalomethanes (TTHMs) in water ranged from 22 ± 2to 577 ± 58 µg/L. In the lack of European specific regulation for THMs in water from ISPs and taking into consideration that ingestion is a form of exposure, TTHMs’ values were compared with European drinking water maximum contamination level (100 µg/L, Directive 98/83/CE). From the reported TTHMs mean concentration values in ISPs’ water, 40% exceeded that value. TTHMs values determined in the air (T = 30◦C) ranged from 98 ± 10 to 1225 ± 123 µg/m3 andfrom51± 5 µg/m3to 519 ± 52 µg/m3at 5 and 150 cm above the water surface, respectively. As expected, swimmers are more exposed to high concentrations of THMs than lifeguards. As there is no European specific regulation for THMs in ISPs’ air, the highest TCM values were compared with maximum values reported in the literature for ISPs (1630 µg/m3) and with the inhalation exposure limit (10,000 µg/m3) established for TCM by European occupational legislation (Directive 2000/39/CE). |
publishDate |
2011 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2011 2011-01-01T00:00:00Z 2017-09-04T11:14:33Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/10237 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.22/10237 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1080/10934529.2011.542385 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Taylor & Francis |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Taylor & Francis |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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