Fatores de variação na caracterização da fertilidade do solo visando adubação: estudo de caso na região sul de Goiás

• Autor(a) principal: Franco, Alexandre Puglisi Barbosa
• Data de Publicação: 2008
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UFG
• Texto Completo: http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/3455
• topic: Agricultura de precisão; Geoestatística; Laboratório de solos; Fertilidade do solo; Instrumentos de coleta de terra; Precision agriculture; Geostatistics; Soil sample tests; Soil fertility; Instruments of sampling soils; AGRONOMIA::CIENCIA DO SOLO

The next decades will be marked by the increase of the demand of foods and consumption of chemical fertilizers, mainly in the soils of low fertility of the Brazilian savannah. The precision agriculture (PA) involves soil sample tests and decisions in input application rates from computerized and automated machines. The soil fertility is fundamental for recommendation, and the soil sample tests are used as basic information. The study evaluated the variation sources in the process of soil samplimg, soil sample tests and soil fertility maps using kriging. The study considered the difference of two sampling methods in the vertical distribution of the nutrients at from 0 cm to 10 cm and 10 cm to 20 cm, it tested the number of soil samples necessary to make composed sample, it evaluated the effect of different instruments to collect soil sample tests and showed the variation found when sending the same sample for six differents laboratories. The field experiment was installed at 17o 46'54”S, 49o 28 ' 20”W in two different soils, a oxissol very loamy and a oxissol loamy. The field has 494,97 meters in length and 777,81 m of width and useful area 38,5 hectares, subdivided in 77 square cells with 70,71 m of a squared grid. In the center of each grid cell trenches of 50 cm of depth were open with aid of a mattock, in which the samples were collected in two depths, 00 to 20 cm and 20 to 40 cm, in all the 77 points of the grid. The standard method was the standard trench (STT). In eight points raffled in the grid, two samples were collected in the layers from 0 cm to 10 cm and 10 cm to 20 cm, to compare the detection capacity of recognize soil fetility surface concentration. In other eight raffled points were open more eight trenches, in a radius of ten meters from STT, in which samples were collected and mixed in a composed sample that was compared with the simple sample from STT. In more ten other points raffled in the grid the instruments used to collect samples were tested. The following instruments were tested: Big Dutch Auger (BDA); Small Dutch Auger (SDA); Thread Auger (THA); Probe Auger (PRA); Standard Trench (STT). In more three raffled points from the grid bigger samples were collected for sending the same sample for five different laboratories. Besides that the temporary variation of two laboratories was compared from Feb/2005 to Jun/2008. The results of all STT were analyzed by geoestatiscs programs and fertility maps were made from the calculation of the values of the nugget effect, sill and range of the samples. The area was was planted with soy, Glyvine max (L.), on 24/11/2006 and the crop was accomplished in 21/03/2007 in the same points of STT, where samples of the soy plants were taken for determination of the productivity of the area. The productivity presented pronounced regional effect, accompanying indexes integrators of the variations as the organic matter, the clay and pedologic components, and those components seem to be important in the definition of the income of the cultures and be probably the main factors for spatialy related to the productivity. The elements in an isolated way didn't show similar structure variation of the productivity, with variation in shorter distances revealing the need of an individualized site treatment of the elements, combinin sampling strategies with interpolation according to the behavior of the element of interest. Using PA concepts to collect soil samples to generate fertilty maps and applications maps with variable rates, a grid in the dimensions of the rehearsal should be made being respected the global tendency observed linked to the soil type, organic matter and clay, instead of that the average of all results it would avoid the high expenses with analyses. The concentration of nutritious available in the layer 0 cm to 10 cm it was not detected by the sampling in the layer 0 cm to 20 cm. The collection of simple samples for composition a composed sample is unnecessary procedure and showed no increase of precision in collection method. The instruments used in soil sample collections can cause variations significant and significant in cost of inputs, being factor important in variation process of diagnosis of soil fertility. The choice of the laboratory is what more contributed to the total variations found in the study of all other sources studied variations.