Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
Texto Completo: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/247645 |
Resumo: | Facial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal’s face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain. |
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Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneouslyanimal welfarebehaviorequineprincipal component analysisvalidationFacial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal’s face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain.Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University FMVZ/UNESP, SPDepartment of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPDepartment of Technology School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPDepartment of Materials Engineering São Carlos School of Engineering University of São Paulo EESC/USP, SPDepartment of Animal Morphology and Physiology School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPDepartment of Veterinary Surgery and Animal Reproduction School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science São Paulo State University FMVZ/UNESP, SPDepartment of Veterinary Clinical and Surgery School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPDepartment of Technology School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University FCAV/UNESP, SPUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Universidade de São Paulo (USP)Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP]Trindade, Pedro H. E. [UNESP]Conde, Gabriel [UNESP]Antonioli, Marina L. [UNESP]Funnicelli, Michelli I. G. [UNESP]Dias, Paula P.Canola, Paulo A. [UNESP]Chinelatto, Marcelo A.Ferraz, Guilherme C. [UNESP]2023-07-29T13:21:55Z2023-07-29T13:21:55Z2022-09-01info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400Animals, v. 12, n. 18, 2022.2076-2615http://hdl.handle.net/11449/24764510.3390/ani121824002-s2.0-85138516009Scopusreponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESPinstname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)instacron:UNESPengAnimalsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2024-09-09T14:05:53Zoai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/247645Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttp://repositorio.unesp.br/oai/requestrepositoriounesp@unesp.bropendoar:29462024-09-09T14:05:53Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
title |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
spellingShingle |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP] animal welfare behavior equine principal component analysis validation |
title_short |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
title_full |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
title_fullStr |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
title_full_unstemmed |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
title_sort |
Facial Expressions of Horses Using Weighted Multivariate Statistics for Assessment of Subtle Local Pain Induced by Polylactide-Based Polymers Implanted Subcutaneously |
author |
Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP] |
author_facet |
Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP] Trindade, Pedro H. E. [UNESP] Conde, Gabriel [UNESP] Antonioli, Marina L. [UNESP] Funnicelli, Michelli I. G. [UNESP] Dias, Paula P. Canola, Paulo A. [UNESP] Chinelatto, Marcelo A. Ferraz, Guilherme C. [UNESP] |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Trindade, Pedro H. E. [UNESP] Conde, Gabriel [UNESP] Antonioli, Marina L. [UNESP] Funnicelli, Michelli I. G. [UNESP] Dias, Paula P. Canola, Paulo A. [UNESP] Chinelatto, Marcelo A. Ferraz, Guilherme C. [UNESP] |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) Universidade de São Paulo (USP) |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Carvalho, Júlia R. G. [UNESP] Trindade, Pedro H. E. [UNESP] Conde, Gabriel [UNESP] Antonioli, Marina L. [UNESP] Funnicelli, Michelli I. G. [UNESP] Dias, Paula P. Canola, Paulo A. [UNESP] Chinelatto, Marcelo A. Ferraz, Guilherme C. [UNESP] |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
animal welfare behavior equine principal component analysis validation |
topic |
animal welfare behavior equine principal component analysis validation |
description |
Facial-expression-based analysis has been widely applied as a pain coding system in horses. Herein, we aimed to identify pain in horses undergoing subcutaneously polylactide-based polymer implantation. The sham group was submitted only to surgical incision. The horses were filmed before and 24 and 48 h after implantation. Five statistical methods for evaluating their facial expressions (FEs) were tested. Primarily, three levels of scores (0, 1, and 2) were applied to the seven FEs (ear movements, eyebrow tension, orbicularis tension, dilated nostrils, eye opening, muzzle tension, and masticatory muscles tension). Subsequently, the scores of the seven FEs were added (SUM). Afterwards, principal component analysis (PCoA) was performed using the scores of the seven FEs obtained using the first method. Subsequently, weights were created for each FE, based on each variable’s contribution variability obtained from the PCoA (SUM.W). Lastly, we applied a general score (GFS) to the animal’s face (0 = without pain; 1 = moderate pain; 2 = severe pain). The mechanical nociceptive threshold (MNT) and cutaneous temperature (CT) values were collected at the same moments. The results show no intra- or intergroup differences, when evaluating each FE separately or in the GFS. In the intragroup comparison and 48 h after implantation, the control group showed higher values for SUM, PCoA, and SUM.W, although the horses implanted with polymers displayed more obvious alterations in the CT and MNT. Our findings show that the five statistical strategies used to analyze the faces of the horses were not able to detect low-grade inflammatory pain. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-01 2023-07-29T13:21:55Z 2023-07-29T13:21:55Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400 Animals, v. 12, n. 18, 2022. 2076-2615 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/247645 10.3390/ani12182400 2-s2.0-85138516009 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182400 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/247645 |
identifier_str_mv |
Animals, v. 12, n. 18, 2022. 2076-2615 10.3390/ani12182400 2-s2.0-85138516009 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Animals |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Scopus reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESP instname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) instacron:UNESP |
instname_str |
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) |
instacron_str |
UNESP |
institution |
UNESP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
collection |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
repositoriounesp@unesp.br |
_version_ |
1810021342424072192 |