Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Salomão, José Francisco Manganelli
Data de Publicação: 1998
Outros Autores: Bellas, Antônio R., Leibinger, Renê D., Barbosa, Ana Paula A., Brandão, Maria Anna P. B.
Tipo de documento: Artigo
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
Texto Completo: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6347
Resumo: Os autores analisam uma série de 17 crianças portadoras de mielodisplasias que desenvolveram sinais e sintomas da malformação de Chiari do tipo II. De acordo com a idade, dois grupos ficaram bem definidos: Grupo I, crianças no primeiro ano de vida, em que predominaram sinais e sintomas de comprometimento do tronco encefálico e nervos cranianos bulbares (n=13); Grupo II, composto por crianças com idade superior a um ano, em que as principais manifestações foram dor cervical e sinais cerebelares (n=4). O resultado do tratamento cirúrgico nos dois grupos foi distinto: enquanto a mortalidade no Grupo I atingiu 46,1%, nenhum paciente do Grupo II veio a falecer. O tratamento inicial consistiu na instalação ou revisão de derivação ventricular, sendo a descompressão crânio-vertebral reservada àqueles que não se beneficiaram com esses procedimentos. Os autores enfatizam a necessidade do imediato reconhecimento e tratamento do quadro, de modo a se obter resultados satisfatórios.
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spelling Salomão, José Francisco ManganelliBellas, Antônio R.Leibinger, Renê D.Barbosa, Ana Paula A.Brandão, Maria Anna P. B.2013-03-05T14:58:45Z2013-03-05T14:58:45Z1998SALOMÃO, José Francisco Manganelli et al. Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 56, n. 1, p. 98-106, 1998.0004-282Xhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/634710.1590/S0004-282X1998000100016Os autores analisam uma série de 17 crianças portadoras de mielodisplasias que desenvolveram sinais e sintomas da malformação de Chiari do tipo II. De acordo com a idade, dois grupos ficaram bem definidos: Grupo I, crianças no primeiro ano de vida, em que predominaram sinais e sintomas de comprometimento do tronco encefálico e nervos cranianos bulbares (n=13); Grupo II, composto por crianças com idade superior a um ano, em que as principais manifestações foram dor cervical e sinais cerebelares (n=4). O resultado do tratamento cirúrgico nos dois grupos foi distinto: enquanto a mortalidade no Grupo I atingiu 46,1%, nenhum paciente do Grupo II veio a falecer. O tratamento inicial consistiu na instalação ou revisão de derivação ventricular, sendo a descompressão crânio-vertebral reservada àqueles que não se beneficiaram com esses procedimentos. Os autores enfatizam a necessidade do imediato reconhecimento e tratamento do quadro, de modo a se obter resultados satisfatórios.The Chiari type II malformation is the leading cause of death in infants with myelomeningocele. The authors report 17 cases of symptomatic Chiari type II malformation occurring in two distinct age dependent population. In Group I, 13 neonates and infants in the first year of life presented with cranial nerve and brain stem dysfunction characterized by vocal cord paralysis, apnea, dysphagia and laryngeal stridor. In Group II, 4 patients developed signs and symptoms after the first year of life. In this group, the presentation was more insidious and included neck pain and cerebellar manifestations. The surgical treatment consisted initially in shunt implantation or revision and when there was no improvement, posterior fossa decompression was performed. The response to the surgical treatment differed considerably between the two groups: older patients improved promptly after surgery and there was no casualties; in newborn and infants, especially those under 6 months of age, the mortality rate was 46.1%. The authors stress that prompt diagnosis and surgical intervention should be performed in order to produce a favorable outcome.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Serviço de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Serviço de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Serviço de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Serviço de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Departamento de Cirurgia Pediátrica. Serviço de Neurocirurgia Pediátrica. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.porAcademia Brasileira de NeurologiaKoehler PJ. Historical vignette: Chiari´s description of cerebellar ectopy (1891). With a summary of Cleland´s and Arnold´s contributions and some early observations on neural-tube defects. J Neurosurg 1991;75:823-826.Carmel PW. Congenital syringomyelia. In Batzdorf U (ed). Syringomyelia: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991:140-150.Cameron AH. The Arnold-Chiari and other neuroanatomical malformations associated with spina bifida. J Pathol 1957;73:195-211.Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, Chernoff GF, James HE. Central nervous system anomalies with associated meningocele hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. Neurosurgery 1986;18:559-564.Peach B. Arnold Chiari malformation: anatomic features of 20 cases. Arch Neurol 1965;12:613-621.Penfield W, Coburn DF. Arnold-Chiari malformation and its operative treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1938;40:328-336.Charney EB, Rorke LB, Sutton LN, Schut L. Management of Chiari II complications in infants with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr 1987;111:364-371.Rauzzino M, Oakes WJ. Chiari II malformation and syringomyelia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1995;6:293-309.Vandertop WP, Asai A, Hoffman HJ, et al. Surgical decompression for symptomatic Chiari II malformation in neonates with myelomeningocele. J Neurosurg 1992;77:541-544.Dahl M, Ahlsten G, Carlson H, et al. Neurological dysfunction above cele level in children with spina bifida cystica: a prospective study to three years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995;37:30-40.Hahn YS. Open myelomeningocele. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1995;6:231-241.McLone DG. Results of treatment of children born with a myelomeningocele. Clin Neurosurg 1983;30:407-435.McLone DG. Continuing concepts in management of spina bifida. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992;18:254-256.Sieben RL, Hamida MB, Shulman K. Multiple cranial nerve deficits associated with the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neurology 1971;21:673-681.Griebel ML, Oakes WJ, Morley G. The Chiari malformation associated with mielomeningocele. In Rekate HL (ed). Comprehensive management of spina bifida. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991:67-92.Gardner WJ. Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965;28:247-259.Gardner WJ. Myelocele: rupture of the neural tube? Clin Neurosurg 1968;15:57-79.Gardner WJ. The dysraphic states: from syringomyelia to anencephaly. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1973.McLone DG, Knepper PA. The cause of the Chiari malformation: a unified theory. Pediatr Neurosci 1989;15:1-12.McCullough DC, Johnson DL Myelomeningocele repair: technical considerations and complications. Concepts Pediat Neurosurg 1988;8:29-40.Park TS, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Experience with surgical decompression of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in young infants with myelomeningocele. Neurosurgery 1983;13:147-152.Venes JL. Multiple cranial nerve palsies in an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;16:817-820.Epstein F. Meningomyelocele: “pitfalls” in early and late management. Clin Neurosurg 1983;30:366-383.Bell WO,. Charney EB, Bruce DA, Schut L. Symptomatic Arnold-Chiari malformation: review of experience with 22 cases. J Neurosurg 1987;66:812-816.Wealthall SR, Whittaker GE, Greenwood N. The relationship of apnoea and stridor in spina bifida occulta to the unexplained infant’s deaths. Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;16(Suppl):107-116.Pollack IF, Pang D, Kocoshis S, Putnan P. Neurogenic dysphagia resulting from Chiari malformations. Neurosurgery 1992;30:709-719.Cochrane DD, Addeley R, White CP, Norman P, Steinbok P. Apnea in patients with myelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg 1991;16:232-239.Carmel PW. Management of Chiari malformations in childhood. Clin Neurosurg 1983;30:385-406.Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Manifestations and management of Arnold-Chiari malformation in patients with myelomeningocele. Child’s Brain 1975;1:255-259.Haines SJ, Berger M. Current treatment of Chiari malformations types I and II: a survey of the pediatric section of the American Association of Neurological Surgeons. Neurosurgery 1991;28:353-357.Ruge JR, Masciopinto J, Storrs BB, McLone DG. Anatomical progression of the Chiari II malformation. Child’s Nerv Syst 1992;8:86-91.Venes JL, Black KL, Latack JT. Preoperative evaluation and surgical management of the Arnold-Chiari II malformation. J Neurosurg 1986;64:363-370.Milerad J, Lagercrantz H, Johnson P. Obstructive sleep apnea in Arnold-Chiari malformation treated with acetazolamide. Acta Paediatr 1992;81:609-612.Morley AR. Laryngeal stridor, Arnold Chiari malformation and medullary haemorrhages. Dev Med Child Neurol 1969;11:471-474.Gozal D, Arens R, Omlin KJ, Jacobs RA, Keens TG. Peripheral chemoreceptor function in children with myelomeningocele and Arnold-Chiari malformation type 2. Chest 1995;108:425-431.Mori K Nishimura T. Electrophysiological studies on brainstem function in patients with myelomeningocele. Pediatr Neurosurg 1995;22:120-131.Worley G, Erwin CW, Schuster JM, et al. Baeps in infants with myelomeningocele and later development of Chiari II malformation-related brainstem dysfunction. Dev Med Child Neurol 1994;36:707-715.MielomeningoceleMalformação de Chiari do Tipo IIMalformação de Arnold-ChiariDesconpressão de Fossa Craniana PosteriorHidrocefaliaParalisia de Cordas VocaisMyelomeningoceleChiari type II MalformationArnold-Chiari MalformationPosterior Fossa DecompressionHydrocephalusVocal Cord ParalysisMalformação de chiari do tipo II sintomáticainfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZORIGINALMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdfMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdfapplication/pdf328996https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6347/1/MALFORMA%c3%87%c3%83O%20DE%20CHIARI%20DO%20TIPO%20II%20SINTOM%c3%81TICA.pdf220bc7b3b93ba2cd24222a446fcf744fMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81914https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6347/2/license.txt7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81fMD52TEXTMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdf.txtMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain26653https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6347/5/MALFORMA%c3%87%c3%83O%20DE%20CHIARI%20DO%20TIPO%20II%20SINTOM%c3%81TICA.pdf.txt7bc6b965a3ebdd995a340a4d4a0c0dd0MD55THUMBNAILMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdf.jpgMALFORMAÇÃO DE CHIARI DO TIPO II SINTOMÁTICA.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg2183https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6347/4/MALFORMA%c3%87%c3%83O%20DE%20CHIARI%20DO%20TIPO%20II%20SINTOM%c3%81TICA.pdf.jpgd28c0fd12e62c2c9b1de9bcec10f2f80MD54icict/63472020-04-16 16:13:26.227oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br: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ório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/oai/requestrepositorio.arca@fiocruz.bropendoar:21352020-04-16T19:13:26Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)false
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
title Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
spellingShingle Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
Salomão, José Francisco Manganelli
Mielomeningocele
Malformação de Chiari do Tipo II
Malformação de Arnold-Chiari
Desconpressão de Fossa Craniana Posterior
Hidrocefalia
Paralisia de Cordas Vocais
Myelomeningocele
Chiari type II Malformation
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Posterior Fossa Decompression
Hydrocephalus
Vocal Cord Paralysis
title_short Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
title_full Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
title_fullStr Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
title_full_unstemmed Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
title_sort Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática
author Salomão, José Francisco Manganelli
author_facet Salomão, José Francisco Manganelli
Bellas, Antônio R.
Leibinger, Renê D.
Barbosa, Ana Paula A.
Brandão, Maria Anna P. B.
author_role author
author2 Bellas, Antônio R.
Leibinger, Renê D.
Barbosa, Ana Paula A.
Brandão, Maria Anna P. B.
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Salomão, José Francisco Manganelli
Bellas, Antônio R.
Leibinger, Renê D.
Barbosa, Ana Paula A.
Brandão, Maria Anna P. B.
dc.subject.other.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Mielomeningocele
Malformação de Chiari do Tipo II
Malformação de Arnold-Chiari
Desconpressão de Fossa Craniana Posterior
Hidrocefalia
Paralisia de Cordas Vocais
topic Mielomeningocele
Malformação de Chiari do Tipo II
Malformação de Arnold-Chiari
Desconpressão de Fossa Craniana Posterior
Hidrocefalia
Paralisia de Cordas Vocais
Myelomeningocele
Chiari type II Malformation
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Posterior Fossa Decompression
Hydrocephalus
Vocal Cord Paralysis
dc.subject.en.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Myelomeningocele
Chiari type II Malformation
Arnold-Chiari Malformation
Posterior Fossa Decompression
Hydrocephalus
Vocal Cord Paralysis
description Os autores analisam uma série de 17 crianças portadoras de mielodisplasias que desenvolveram sinais e sintomas da malformação de Chiari do tipo II. De acordo com a idade, dois grupos ficaram bem definidos: Grupo I, crianças no primeiro ano de vida, em que predominaram sinais e sintomas de comprometimento do tronco encefálico e nervos cranianos bulbares (n=13); Grupo II, composto por crianças com idade superior a um ano, em que as principais manifestações foram dor cervical e sinais cerebelares (n=4). O resultado do tratamento cirúrgico nos dois grupos foi distinto: enquanto a mortalidade no Grupo I atingiu 46,1%, nenhum paciente do Grupo II veio a falecer. O tratamento inicial consistiu na instalação ou revisão de derivação ventricular, sendo a descompressão crânio-vertebral reservada àqueles que não se beneficiaram com esses procedimentos. Os autores enfatizam a necessidade do imediato reconhecimento e tratamento do quadro, de modo a se obter resultados satisfatórios.
publishDate 1998
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 1998
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2013-03-05T14:58:45Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2013-03-05T14:58:45Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv SALOMÃO, José Francisco Manganelli et al. Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 56, n. 1, p. 98-106, 1998.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6347
dc.identifier.issn.none.fl_str_mv 0004-282X
dc.identifier.doi.pt_BR.fl_str_mv 10.1590/S0004-282X1998000100016
identifier_str_mv SALOMÃO, José Francisco Manganelli et al. Malformação de chiari do tipo II sintomática. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, São Paulo, v. 56, n. 1, p. 98-106, 1998.
0004-282X
10.1590/S0004-282X1998000100016
url https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6347
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv por
language por
dc.relation.isbasedon.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Koehler PJ. Historical vignette: Chiari´s description of cerebellar ectopy (1891). With a summary of Cleland´s and Arnold´s contributions and some early observations on neural-tube defects. J Neurosurg 1991;75:823-826.
Carmel PW. Congenital syringomyelia. In Batzdorf U (ed). Syringomyelia: current concepts in diagnosis and treatment. Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1991:140-150.
Cameron AH. The Arnold-Chiari and other neuroanatomical malformations associated with spina bifida. J Pathol 1957;73:195-211.
Gilbert JN, Jones KL, Rorke LB, Chernoff GF, James HE. Central nervous system anomalies with associated meningocele hydrocephalus, and the Arnold-Chiari malformation: reappraisal of theories regarding the pathogenesis of posterior neural tube closure defects. Neurosurgery 1986;18:559-564.
Peach B. Arnold Chiari malformation: anatomic features of 20 cases. Arch Neurol 1965;12:613-621.
Penfield W, Coburn DF. Arnold-Chiari malformation and its operative treatment. Arch Neurol Psychiat 1938;40:328-336.
Charney EB, Rorke LB, Sutton LN, Schut L. Management of Chiari II complications in infants with myelomeningocele. J Pediatr 1987;111:364-371.
Rauzzino M, Oakes WJ. Chiari II malformation and syringomyelia. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1995;6:293-309.
Vandertop WP, Asai A, Hoffman HJ, et al. Surgical decompression for symptomatic Chiari II malformation in neonates with myelomeningocele. J Neurosurg 1992;77:541-544.
Dahl M, Ahlsten G, Carlson H, et al. Neurological dysfunction above cele level in children with spina bifida cystica: a prospective study to three years. Dev Med Child Neurol 1995;37:30-40.
Hahn YS. Open myelomeningocele. Neurosurg Clin N Am 1995;6:231-241.
McLone DG. Results of treatment of children born with a myelomeningocele. Clin Neurosurg 1983;30:407-435.
McLone DG. Continuing concepts in management of spina bifida. Pediatr Neurosurg 1992;18:254-256.
Sieben RL, Hamida MB, Shulman K. Multiple cranial nerve deficits associated with the Arnold-Chiari malformation. Neurology 1971;21:673-681.
Griebel ML, Oakes WJ, Morley G. The Chiari malformation associated with mielomeningocele. In Rekate HL (ed). Comprehensive management of spina bifida. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 1991:67-92.
Gardner WJ. Hydrodynamic mechanism of syringomyelia: its relationship to myelocele. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1965;28:247-259.
Gardner WJ. Myelocele: rupture of the neural tube? Clin Neurosurg 1968;15:57-79.
Gardner WJ. The dysraphic states: from syringomyelia to anencephaly. Amsterdam: Excerpta Medica, 1973.
McLone DG, Knepper PA. The cause of the Chiari malformation: a unified theory. Pediatr Neurosci 1989;15:1-12.
McCullough DC, Johnson DL Myelomeningocele repair: technical considerations and complications. Concepts Pediat Neurosurg 1988;8:29-40.
Park TS, Hoffman HJ, Hendrick EB, Humphreys RP. Experience with surgical decompression of the Arnold-Chiari malformation in young infants with myelomeningocele. Neurosurgery 1983;13:147-152.
Venes JL. Multiple cranial nerve palsies in an infant with Arnold-Chiari malformation. Dev Med Child Neurol 1974;16:817-820.
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