Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8596 |
Resumo: | Ethnopharmacological relevance: Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. Aim of the study: We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. Results: EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. Conclusions: These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods. |
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Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profilesAcne VulgarisAnti-Inflammatory ActivityAntioxidant ActivityBiofilmsDaphnia MagnaThymus x CitriodorusToxicologiaEthnopharmacological relevance: Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. Aim of the study: We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. Results: EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. Conclusions: These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods.Highlights: TC essential oil and its by-product (hydrolate) were tested for anti-acne potential; TC essential oil presented higher antimicrobial activity on acne related bacteria; Both TC preparations presented potential against C. acnes biofilm growth form; Cellular anti-inflammatory activity was obtained at biocompatible concentrations; TC hydrolate presented no environmental acute toxicity, with Daphnia magna model.This work was supported by “INOVEP project – Innovation with Plant Extracts”, I&DT projects for companies in collaboration with sci entific entities, project number 33815, Centro2020. It was also funded by Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), through funds from the State Budget, and by the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF), under the Portugal 2020 Program, through the Regional Operational Program of the Center (Centro2020), through the Projects with the reference [UIDB/00709/2020] and [UIDP/00102/2020]. Financial support was also provided by FCT through PhD fellowship [SFRH//BD/136192/2018] awarded to ASO, and through fellowships awarded to JR [SFRH/BPD/115145/2016] and RPO [SFRH/BPD/ 124437/2016].Repositório Científico do Instituto Nacional de SaúdeOliveira, Ana S.Rolo, JoanaGaspar, CarlosCavaleiro, CarlosSalgueiro, LígiaPalmeira-de-Oliveira, RitaFerraz, CelsoCoelho, SusanaPastorinho, M. RamiroSousa, Ana CatarinaTeixeira, João PauloMartinez-de-Oliveira, JoséPalmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana2023-03-21T16:36:09Z2022-04-062022-04-06T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8596engJ Ethnopharmacol . 2022 Apr 6;287:114935. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935. Epub 2021 Dec 24. Comparative Study10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2023-11-25T01:30:30Zoai:repositorio.insa.pt:10400.18/8596Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T18:43:14.642955Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
title |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
spellingShingle |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles Oliveira, Ana S. Acne Vulgaris Anti-Inflammatory Activity Antioxidant Activity Biofilms Daphnia Magna Thymus x Citriodorus Toxicologia |
title_short |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
title_full |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
title_fullStr |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
title_full_unstemmed |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
title_sort |
Chemical characterization and bioactive potential of Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. preparations for anti-acne applications: Antimicrobial, anti-biofilm, anti-inflammatory and safety profiles |
author |
Oliveira, Ana S. |
author_facet |
Oliveira, Ana S. Rolo, Joana Gaspar, Carlos Cavaleiro, Carlos Salgueiro, Lígia Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Rita Ferraz, Celso Coelho, Susana Pastorinho, M. Ramiro Sousa, Ana Catarina Teixeira, João Paulo Martinez-de-Oliveira, José Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Rolo, Joana Gaspar, Carlos Cavaleiro, Carlos Salgueiro, Lígia Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Rita Ferraz, Celso Coelho, Susana Pastorinho, M. Ramiro Sousa, Ana Catarina Teixeira, João Paulo Martinez-de-Oliveira, José Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico do Instituto Nacional de Saúde |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Oliveira, Ana S. Rolo, Joana Gaspar, Carlos Cavaleiro, Carlos Salgueiro, Lígia Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Rita Ferraz, Celso Coelho, Susana Pastorinho, M. Ramiro Sousa, Ana Catarina Teixeira, João Paulo Martinez-de-Oliveira, José Palmeira-de-Oliveira, Ana |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Acne Vulgaris Anti-Inflammatory Activity Antioxidant Activity Biofilms Daphnia Magna Thymus x Citriodorus Toxicologia |
topic |
Acne Vulgaris Anti-Inflammatory Activity Antioxidant Activity Biofilms Daphnia Magna Thymus x Citriodorus Toxicologia |
description |
Ethnopharmacological relevance: Thymus × citriodorus (Pers.) Schreb. is an interspecific hybrid between Thymus pulegioides and Thymus vulgaris, known for its pharmacological activities as diaphoretic, deodorant, antiseptic and disinfectant, the last mostly related with its antimicrobial activity. The folk use of other extracts, as hydrolates, have also been disseminated, as regulators of oily skin with anti-acne effect. Aim of the study: We aimed to evaluate the anti-acne potential of two Thymus x citriodorus (TC) preparations, the essential oil (EO) and the hydrolate, to be used as active ingredients for skin applications. Specifically, we intend to validate their anti-acne potential by describing their activity on acne related bacteria, bacterial virulence, anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory potential, and biocompatibility on inflammatory cells. Additionally, we aimed to report their ecotoxicity under the Globally Harmonized System of Classification and Labelling of Chemicals (GHS), thus focusing not only on the consumer, but also on environmental safety assessment. Materials and methods: Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against C. acnes, S. aureus and S. epidermidis was evaluated. Minimum lethal concentration (MLC) was also determined. The effect on C. acnes biofilm formation and disruption was evaluated with crystal violet staining. Anti-inflammatory activity was investigated on LPS-stimulated mouse macrophages (RAW 264.7), by studying nitric oxide (NO) production (Griess reagent) and cellular biocompatibility through MTT assay. In-vitro NO and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging potential were also evaluated. The ecotoxicity was evaluated using Daphnia magna acute toxicity assays. Results: EO presented direct antimicrobial activity, with visual MICs ranging from 0.06% for S. epidermidis and C. acnes to 0.125% for S. aureus. MLCs were higher than the obtained MICs. Hydrolate revealed visual MIC only for C. acnes. TC essential oil was effective in preventing biofilm formation and disrupting preformed biofilms even at sub-inhibitory concentrations. Hydrolate showed a more modest anti-biofilm effect. Regarding anti-inflammatory activity, TC hydrolate has a higher cellular biocompatibility. Still, both plant preparations were able to inhibit at least 50% of NO production at non-cytotoxic concentrations. Both EO and hydrolate have poor anti-oxidant activities. Regarding the ecotoxicity, TC essential oil was classified under acute 3 category, while the hydrolate has proved to be nontoxic, in accordance to the GHS. Conclusions: These results support the anti-acne value of different TC preparations for different applications. TC hydrolate by presenting higher biocompatibility, anti-inflammatory potential and the ability to modulate C. acnes virulence, can be advantageous in a product for everyday application. On the other hand, EO by presenting a marked antimicrobial, anti-biofilm and anti-inflammatory activities, still with some cytotoxicity, may be better suited for application in acute flare-ups, for short treatment periods. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-06 2022-04-06T00:00:00Z 2023-03-21T16:36:09Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8596 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.18/8596 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
J Ethnopharmacol . 2022 Apr 6;287:114935. doi: 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935. Epub 2021 Dec 24. Comparative Study 10.1016/j.jep.2021.114935 |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess |
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embargoedAccess |
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application/pdf |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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