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spelling The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemicHIV-1MigrationMigration patternPhylogeographySubtype BThis is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) was discovered in the early 1980s when the virus had already established a pandemic. For at least three decades the epidemic in the Western World has been dominated by subtype B infections, as part of a sub-epidemic that traveled from Africa through Haiti to United States. However, the pattern of the subsequent spread still remains poorly understood. Here we analyze a large dataset of globally representative HIV-1 subtype B strains to map their spread around the world over the last 50years and describe significant spread patterns. We show that subtype B travelled from North America to Western Europe in different occasions, while Central/Eastern Europe remained isolated for the most part of the early epidemic. Looking with more detail in European countries we see that the United Kingdom, France and Switzerland exchanged viral isolates with non-European countries than with European ones. The observed pattern is likely to mirror geopolitical landmarks in the post-World War II era, namely the rise and the fall of the Iron Curtain and the European colonialism. In conclusion, HIV-1 spread through specific migration routes which are consistent with geopolitical factors that affected human activities during the last 50 years, such as migration, tourism and trade. Our findings support the argument that epidemic control policies should be global and incorporate political and socioeconomic factors.ElsevierRepositório ComumMagiorkinis, GkikasAngelis, KonstantinosMamais, IoannisKatzourakis, ArisHatzakis, AngelosAlbert, JanLawyer, GlennHamouda, OsamahStruck, DanielVercauteren, JurgenWensing, AnnemarieAlexiev, IvailoÅsjö, BirgittaBalotta, ClaudiaGomes, PerpétuaCamacho, Ricardo J.Coughlan, SuzieGriskevicius, AlgirdasGrossman, ZehavaHorban, AndersKostrikis, Leondios G.Lepej, Snjezana J.Liitsola, KirsiLinka, MarekNielsen, ClausOtelea, DanParedes, RogerPoljak, MarioPuchhammer-Stöckl, ElizabethSchmit, Jean ClaudeSönnerborg, AndersStaneková, DanicaStanojevic, MajaStylianou, Dora C.Boucher, Charles A. B.Nikolopoulos, GeorgiosVasylyeva, TetyanaFriedman, Samuel R.van de Vijver, DavidAngarano, GioacchinoChaix, Marie-LaureLuca, Andrea deKorn, KlausLoveday, CliveSoriano, VincentYerly, SabineZazzi, MauricioVandamme, Anne-MiekeParaskevis, Dimitrios2019-12-20T11:48:29Z2016-12-01T00:00:00Z2016-12-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/30650engInfect Genet Evol. 2016 Dec;46:169-179. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.0411567-134810.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.041info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2022-10-06T14:53:59Zoai:comum.rcaap.pt:10400.26/30650Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T15:09:44.102755Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
title The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
spellingShingle The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
Magiorkinis, Gkikas
HIV-1
Migration
Migration pattern
Phylogeography
Subtype B
title_short The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
title_full The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
title_fullStr The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
title_full_unstemmed The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
title_sort The global spread of HIV-1 subtype B epidemic
author Magiorkinis, Gkikas
author_facet Magiorkinis, Gkikas
Angelis, Konstantinos
Mamais, Ioannis
Katzourakis, Aris
Hatzakis, Angelos
Albert, Jan
Lawyer, Glenn
Hamouda, Osamah
Struck, Daniel
Vercauteren, Jurgen
Wensing, Annemarie
Alexiev, Ivailo
Åsjö, Birgitta
Balotta, Claudia
Gomes, Perpétua
Camacho, Ricardo J.
Coughlan, Suzie
Griskevicius, Algirdas
Grossman, Zehava
Horban, Anders
Kostrikis, Leondios G.
Lepej, Snjezana J.
Liitsola, Kirsi
Linka, Marek
Nielsen, Claus
Otelea, Dan
Paredes, Roger
Poljak, Mario
Puchhammer-Stöckl, Elizabeth
Schmit, Jean Claude
Sönnerborg, Anders
Staneková, Danica
Stanojevic, Maja
Stylianou, Dora C.
Boucher, Charles A. B.
Nikolopoulos, Georgios
Vasylyeva, Tetyana
Friedman, Samuel R.
van de Vijver, David
Angarano, Gioacchino
Chaix, Marie-Laure
Luca, Andrea de
Korn, Klaus
Loveday, Clive
Soriano, Vincent
Yerly, Sabine
Zazzi, Mauricio
Vandamme, Anne-Mieke
Paraskevis, Dimitrios
author_role author
author2 Angelis, Konstantinos
Mamais, Ioannis
Katzourakis, Aris
Hatzakis, Angelos
Albert, Jan
Lawyer, Glenn
Hamouda, Osamah
Struck, Daniel
Vercauteren, Jurgen
Wensing, Annemarie
Alexiev, Ivailo
Åsjö, Birgitta
Balotta, Claudia
Gomes, Perpétua
Camacho, Ricardo J.
Coughlan, Suzie
Griskevicius, Algirdas
Grossman, Zehava
Horban, Anders
Kostrikis, Leondios G.
Lepej, Snjezana J.
Liitsola, Kirsi
Linka, Marek
Nielsen, Claus
Otelea, Dan
Paredes, Roger
Poljak, Mario
Puchhammer-Stöckl, Elizabeth
Schmit, Jean Claude
Sönnerborg, Anders
Staneková, Danica
Stanojevic, Maja
Stylianou, Dora C.
Boucher, Charles A. B.
Nikolopoulos, Georgios
Vasylyeva, Tetyana
Friedman, Samuel R.
van de Vijver, David
Angarano, Gioacchino
Chaix, Marie-Laure
Luca, Andrea de
Korn, Klaus
Loveday, Clive
Soriano, Vincent
Yerly, Sabine
Zazzi, Mauricio
Vandamme, Anne-Mieke
Paraskevis, Dimitrios
author2_role author
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dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Repositório Comum
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Magiorkinis, Gkikas
Angelis, Konstantinos
Mamais, Ioannis
Katzourakis, Aris
Hatzakis, Angelos
Albert, Jan
Lawyer, Glenn
Hamouda, Osamah
Struck, Daniel
Vercauteren, Jurgen
Wensing, Annemarie
Alexiev, Ivailo
Åsjö, Birgitta
Balotta, Claudia
Gomes, Perpétua
Camacho, Ricardo J.
Coughlan, Suzie
Griskevicius, Algirdas
Grossman, Zehava
Horban, Anders
Kostrikis, Leondios G.
Lepej, Snjezana J.
Liitsola, Kirsi
Linka, Marek
Nielsen, Claus
Otelea, Dan
Paredes, Roger
Poljak, Mario
Puchhammer-Stöckl, Elizabeth
Schmit, Jean Claude
Sönnerborg, Anders
Staneková, Danica
Stanojevic, Maja
Stylianou, Dora C.
Boucher, Charles A. B.
Nikolopoulos, Georgios
Vasylyeva, Tetyana
Friedman, Samuel R.
van de Vijver, David
Angarano, Gioacchino
Chaix, Marie-Laure
Luca, Andrea de
Korn, Klaus
Loveday, Clive
Soriano, Vincent
Yerly, Sabine
Zazzi, Mauricio
Vandamme, Anne-Mieke
Paraskevis, Dimitrios
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv HIV-1
Migration
Migration pattern
Phylogeography
Subtype B
topic HIV-1
Migration
Migration pattern
Phylogeography
Subtype B
description This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
publishDate 2016
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
2019-12-20T11:48:29Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/30650
url http://hdl.handle.net/10400.26/30650
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv Infect Genet Evol. 2016 Dec;46:169-179. doi: 10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.041
1567-1348
10.1016/j.meegid.2016.05.041
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Elsevier
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)
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