An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region

James, Ananthu; Dalal, Jyoti; Kousi, Timokleia; Vivacqua, Daniela; Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela; Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos; Mesa, Sara Botero; Ng’ambi, Wignston; Ansobi, Papy; Bianchi, Lucas M; Lee, Theresa M; Ogundiran, Opeayo; Stoll, Beat; Chimbetete, Cleophas; Mboussou, Franck; Impouma, Benido; Hofer, Cristina Barroso; Coelho, Flávio Codeço; Keiser, Olivia; Abbate, Jessica Lee

An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal:	James, Ananthu
Data de Publicação:	2022
Outros Autores:	Dalal, Jyoti, Kousi, Timokleia, Vivacqua, Daniela, Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela, Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos, Mesa, Sara Botero, Ng’ambi, Wignston, Ansobi, Papy, Bianchi, Lucas M, Lee, Theresa M, Ogundiran, Opeayo, Stoll, Beat, Chimbetete, Cleophas, Mboussou, Franck, Impouma, Benido, Hofer, Cristina Barroso, Coelho, Flávio Codeço, Keiser, Olivia, Abbate, Jessica Lee
Tipo de documento:	Artigo
Idioma:	eng
Título da fonte:	Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
DOI:	10.1136/ bmjgh-2021-007295
Texto Completo:	https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/56878
Resumo:	Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India /The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland.

Metadados do item

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oai_identifier_str	oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br:icict/56878
network_acronym_str	CRUZ
network_name_str	Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
repository_id_str	2135
spelling	James, AnanthuDalal, JyotiKousi, TimokleiaVivacqua, DanielaCâmara, Daniel Cardoso PortelaReis, Izabel Cristina DosMesa, Sara BoteroNg’ambi, WignstonAnsobi, PapyBianchi, Lucas MLee, Theresa MOgundiran, OpeayoStoll, BeatChimbetete, CleophasMboussou, FranckImpouma, BenidoHofer, Cristina BarrosoCoelho, Flávio CodeçoKeiser, OliviaAbbate, Jessica Lee2023-02-06T13:20:52Z2023-02-06T13:20:52Z2022JAMES, Ananthu et al. An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region. BMJ Global Health v. 7, e007295, p. 1-10, Feb. 2022.2059-7908https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/5687810.1136/ bmjgh-2021-007295engBMJ OpenCOVID-19Análise estatísticaPropagação inicial da pandemiaRegião africana da OMSCOVID-19Statistical analysisPandemic’s initial spreadWHO African regionAn in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African regioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India /The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laboratório de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores (NOSMOVE). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil / World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Laborat[orio de Mosquitos Transmissores de Hematozoários. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil. Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Oswaldo Cruz. Núcleo Operacional Sentinela de Mosquitos Vetores (NOSMOVE). Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland / Health Economics Policy Unit, Department of Health Systems and Policy, Kamuzu University of Health Sciences, Lilongwe, Malawi.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Research and Training Unit in Ecology and Control of Infectious Diseases (URF-ECMI), Faculty of Medicine, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of the Congo.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo / Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Newlands Clinic, Harare, Zimbabwe.World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Puericultura e Pediatria Martagão Gesteira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / School of Applied Mathematics, Getulio Vargas Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / Institute of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland / World Health Organization Regional Office for Africa, Brazzaville, Congo / UMI TransVIHMI (Institut de Recherche pour le Développement Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Université de Montpellier), Montpellier, France / Geomatys, Montpellier, France.During the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic, sub-Saharan African countries experienced comparatively lower rates of SARS-CoV- 2 infections and related deaths than in other parts of the world, the reasons for which remain unclear. Yet, there was also considerable variation between countries. Here, we explored potential drivers of this variation among 46 of the 47 WHO African region Member States in a cross-sectional study. We described five indicators of early COVID-19 spread and severity for each country as of 29 November 2020: delay in detection of the first case, length of the early epidemic growth period, cumulative and peak attack rates and crude case fatality ratio (CFR). We tested the influence of 13 pre-pandemic and pandemic response predictor variables on the country-level variation in the spread and severity indicators using multivariate statistics and regression analysis. We found that wealthier African countries, with larger tourism industries and older populations, had higher peak (p<0.001) and cumulative (p<0.001) attack rates, and lower CFRs (p=0.021). More urbanised countries also had higher attack rates (p<0.001 for both indicators). Countries applying more stringent early control policies experienced greater delay in detection of the first case (p<0.001), but the initial propagation of the virus was slower in relatively wealthy, touristic African countries (p=0.023). Careful and early implementation of strict government policies were likely pivotal to delaying the initial phase of the pandemic, but did not have much impact on other indicators of spread and severity. An over-reliance on disruptive containment measures in more resource-limited contexts is neither effective nor sustainable. We thus urge decision-makers to prioritise the reduction of resource-based health disparities, and surveillance and response capacities in particular, to ensure global resilience against future threats to public health and economic stability.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZLICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82991https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/56878/1/license.txt5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58MD51ORIGINALJames_Ananthu_etal_IOC_2022_COVID-19.pdfJames_Ananthu_etal_IOC_2022_COVID-19.pdfapplication/pdf3425214https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/56878/2/James_Ananthu_etal_IOC_2022_COVID-19.pdfcaf6d39ca0bf4b9f9b1c856ab2c73f59MD52icict/568782023-09-04 11:17:43.65oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br: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ório 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dc.title.en_US.fl_str_mv	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
title	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
spellingShingle	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region James, Ananthu COVID-19 Análise estatística Propagação inicial da pandemia Região africana da OMS COVID-19 Statistical analysis Pandemic’s initial spread WHO African region
title_short	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
title_full	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
title_fullStr	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
title_full_unstemmed	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
title_sort	An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region
author	James, Ananthu
author_facet	James, Ananthu Dalal, Jyoti Kousi, Timokleia Vivacqua, Daniela Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos Mesa, Sara Botero Ng’ambi, Wignston Ansobi, Papy Bianchi, Lucas M Lee, Theresa M Ogundiran, Opeayo Stoll, Beat Chimbetete, Cleophas Mboussou, Franck Impouma, Benido Hofer, Cristina Barroso Coelho, Flávio Codeço Keiser, Olivia Abbate, Jessica Lee
author_role	author
author2	Dalal, Jyoti Kousi, Timokleia Vivacqua, Daniela Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos Mesa, Sara Botero Ng’ambi, Wignston Ansobi, Papy Bianchi, Lucas M Lee, Theresa M Ogundiran, Opeayo Stoll, Beat Chimbetete, Cleophas Mboussou, Franck Impouma, Benido Hofer, Cristina Barroso Coelho, Flávio Codeço Keiser, Olivia Abbate, Jessica Lee
author2_role	author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv	James, Ananthu Dalal, Jyoti Kousi, Timokleia Vivacqua, Daniela Câmara, Daniel Cardoso Portela Reis, Izabel Cristina Dos Mesa, Sara Botero Ng’ambi, Wignston Ansobi, Papy Bianchi, Lucas M Lee, Theresa M Ogundiran, Opeayo Stoll, Beat Chimbetete, Cleophas Mboussou, Franck Impouma, Benido Hofer, Cristina Barroso Coelho, Flávio Codeço Keiser, Olivia Abbate, Jessica Lee
dc.subject.other.en_US.fl_str_mv	COVID-19 Análise estatística Propagação inicial da pandemia Região africana da OMS
topic	COVID-19 Análise estatística Propagação inicial da pandemia Região africana da OMS COVID-19 Statistical analysis Pandemic’s initial spread WHO African region
dc.subject.en.en_US.fl_str_mv	COVID-19 Statistical analysis Pandemic’s initial spread WHO African region
description	Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, Karnataka, India /The Global Research and Analysis for Public Health (GRAPH) Network, Association Actions en Santé, Geneva, Switzerland.
publishDate	2022
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv	2022
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv	2023-02-06T13:20:52Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv	2023-02-06T13:20:52Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format	article
status_str	publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv	JAMES, Ananthu et al. An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region. BMJ Global Health v. 7, e007295, p. 1-10, Feb. 2022.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv	https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/56878
dc.identifier.issn.en_US.fl_str_mv	2059-7908
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv	10.1136/ bmjgh-2021-007295
identifier_str_mv	JAMES, Ananthu et al. An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region. BMJ Global Health v. 7, e007295, p. 1-10, Feb. 2022. 2059-7908 10.1136/ bmjgh-2021-007295
url	https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/56878
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv	eng
language	eng
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv	info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv	openAccess
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv	BMJ Open
publisher.none.fl_str_mv	BMJ Open
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv	reponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ) instacron:FIOCRUZ
instname_str	Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
instacron_str	FIOCRUZ
institution	FIOCRUZ
reponame_str	Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
collection	Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv	https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/56878/1/license.txt https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/56878/2/James_Ananthu_etal_IOC_2022_COVID-19.pdf
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv	5a560609d32a3863062d77ff32785d58 caf6d39ca0bf4b9f9b1c856ab2c73f59
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv	MD5 MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv	Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv	repositorio.arca@fiocruz.br
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An in-depth statistical analysis of the COVID-19 pandemic’s initial spread in the WHO African region

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