Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde
| Autor(a) principal: | |
|---|---|
| Data de Publicação: | 2010 |
| Outros Autores: | |
| Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
| Idioma: | por |
| Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) |
| Texto Completo: | https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1705 |
Resumo: | Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular os custos diretos de internações por doenças tabaco-relacionadas em 2005, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para três grupos de doenças: câncer, aparelhos circulatório e respiratório. Para o câncer, os custos com quimioterapia também foram considerados. Foram utilizados dados das bases administrativas dos sistemas de informação do SUS e indicadores epidemiológicos, como prevalência e riscos relativos de cada doença analisada. Os custos atribuíveis ao tabagismo foram de R$ 338.692.516,02, representando 27,6% dos custos totais dos procedimentos analisados para os três grupos. Se consideradas as internações e procedimentos de quimioterapia pagos para todas as patologias, os custos alcançaram 7,7% dos custos totais. Ainda, 0,9% das despesas com ações e serviços de saúde financiados com recursos próprios da esfera federal podem ser atribuídos ao tabagismo em 2005. Os resultados são conservadores para o Brasil e sugerem a necessidade de dar continuidade às pesquisas que mensurem a carga total do tabagismo sob a perspectiva da sociedade. |
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Pinto, MárciaUgá, Maria Alicia Domínguez2011-03-21T19:48:11Z2011-03-21T19:48:11Z2010PINTO, Márcia; UGÁ, Maria Alicia Domínguez. Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 6, p. 1234-1245, jun. 2010.1678-4464https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1705Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular os custos diretos de internações por doenças tabaco-relacionadas em 2005, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para três grupos de doenças: câncer, aparelhos circulatório e respiratório. Para o câncer, os custos com quimioterapia também foram considerados. Foram utilizados dados das bases administrativas dos sistemas de informação do SUS e indicadores epidemiológicos, como prevalência e riscos relativos de cada doença analisada. Os custos atribuíveis ao tabagismo foram de R$ 338.692.516,02, representando 27,6% dos custos totais dos procedimentos analisados para os três grupos. Se consideradas as internações e procedimentos de quimioterapia pagos para todas as patologias, os custos alcançaram 7,7% dos custos totais. Ainda, 0,9% das despesas com ações e serviços de saúde financiados com recursos próprios da esfera federal podem ser atribuídos ao tabagismo em 2005. Os resultados são conservadores para o Brasil e sugerem a necessidade de dar continuidade às pesquisas que mensurem a carga total do tabagismo sob a perspectiva da sociedade.This study aimed to identify the direct costs of hospitalizations due to three smoking-related groups of diseases – cancer and circulatory and respiratory diseases – in Brazil’s Unified National Health System (SUS) in 2005. For cancer, the cost of chemotherapy was also included. The study derived cost estimates using administrative databases, relative risks, smoking prevalence, and smoking-attributable fraction. According to the estimates, smoking- attributable medical expenditures for the three disease groups amounted to R$338,692,516.02 (approximately U$185 million), accounting for 27.6% of total medical expenditures. Considering all hospitalizations and chemotherapy provided by the National Health System, tobacco-related diseases accounted for 7.7% of total medical expenditures. These costs also represented 0.9% of expenditures by federally funded public health services. This study provides a conservative estimate of smoking-related costs and suggests the need for continued research on comprehensive approaches to measure the total burden of smoking for society.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.porFundação Oswaldo Cruz1. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. 2. Pan American Health Organization. Health in the Americas. 2002 edition. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2002. 3. Hodgson TA, Meiners MR. Cost-of-illness methodology: a guide to current practices and procedures. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1982; 60:429-62. 4. Yang MC, Fann CT, Wen CP, Cheng TY. Smoking attributable medical expenditures, years of potential life lost, and the cost of premature death in Taiwan. Tob Control 2005; 14:62-70. 5. Xiao X, Robson L, Single E, Rehm J, Paul J. The economic consequences of smoking in Ontario. Pharmacol Res 1999; 39:185-91. 6. Ruff LK, Volmer T, Nowak D, Meyer A. The economic impact of smoking in Germany. Eur J Respir Dis 2000; 16:377-8. 7. Neubauer S, Welte R, Beiche A, Koenig H-H, Buesch K, Leidl R. Mortality, morbidity and costs attributable to smoking in Germany: update and a 10-year comparison. Tob Control 2006; 15:464-71. 8. John RM, Sung H-U, Max W. Economic cost of tobacco use in India, 2004. Tob Control 2009; 18: 138-43. 9. Luce BR, Manning WG, Siegel JE, Lipscomb J. Estimating costs in cost-effectiveness analysis. In: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russel LB, Weinstein MC, editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 176-213. 10. Garber AM, Weinstein MC, Torrance GW, Kamlet MS. Theoretical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis. In: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russel LB, Weinstein MC, editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 25-53. 11. Kobelt G. A economia da saúde: uma introdução à avaliação econômica em saúde. 2a Ed. London: Office of Health Economics; 2008. 12. Segel JE. Cost-of-illness studies: a primer. Research Triangle Park: RTI-UNC Center of Excellence in Health Promotion Economics; 2006. 13. Rubenstein LM, Chrischilles EA, Voelker MD. The impact of Parkinson’s disease on health status, health expenditures, and productivity: estimates from the National Medical Expenditure Survey. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 12:486-98. 14. Swensen A, Birnbaum HG, Secnik K, Marynchenko M, Greenberg P, Claxton A. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: increased costs for patients and their families. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:1415-23. 15. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses – United States, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:625-8. 16. Barnes PJ, Jonsson B, Klim JB. The costs of asthma. Eur Resp J 1996; 9:636-42. 17. Luce BR, Schweitzer SO. Smoking and alcohol abuse: a comparison of their economic consequences. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:569-71. 18. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Smoking related deaths and financial costs. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985. 19. Shultz JM, Novotny TE, Rice DP. Quantifying the disease impact of cigarette smoking with SAMMEC II software. Public Health Rep 1991; 106:326-33. 20. Oster G, Colditz GA, Kelly NL. The Economic costs of smoking and benefits of quitting for individual smokers. Prev Med 1994; 13:377-89. 21. Leu RE, Schaub T. More on impact of smoking on medical care expenditures. Soc Sci Med 1985; 21: 825-7. 22. Manning WG, Keeler EB, Newhouse JP, Sloss EM, Wasserman J. The taxes of sin: do smokers and drinkers pay their way? JAMA 1989; 261:1604-9. 23. Manning WG, Keeler EB, Newhouse JP, Sloss EM, Wasserman J. The cost of poor health habits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1991. 24. Collins DJ, Lapsley H. Estimating and disaggregating the social costs of tobacco. In: Abedian I, van der Merwe R, Wilkins N, Jha P, editors. The economics of tobacco control: towards an optimal policy mix. Cape Town: Applied Fiscal Research Centre, University of Cape Town; 1998. 25. World Bank. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank; 1999. 26. Garfinkel L. Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1985; 67:49-52. 27. Garfinkel L, Stellman SD. Smoking and lung cancer in women: findings in a prospective study. Cancer Res 1998; 48:6951-5. 28. Stellman SD, Garfinkel. Smoking habits and tar levels in a new American Cancer Society prospective study of 1.2 million men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76:1057-63. 29. Anderson RN, Miniño AM, Hoyert DL, Rosenberg HM. Comparability of cause of death between ICD-9 and ICD-10: preliminary estimates. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2001; 49:1-32. 30. Levin ML. The occurrence of lung cancer in man. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 1953; 9:531-41. 31. Hanley J. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:508-14. 32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion. Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost-United States, 1984. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36:693-7. 33. Szwarcwald CL, Viacava F, Vasconcellos MTL, Leal MC, Azevedo LO, Queiroz RSB, et al. Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde 2003: o Brasil em números. Radis 2004; (23):14-33. 34. Gajalakshmi CK, Jha P, Ranson K, Nguyen S. Global patterns of smoking and smoking-attributable mortality. In: Jha P, Chaloupka F, editors. Tobacco control in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 9-39.Custos de Cuidados de SaúdeHospitalizaçãoQuimioterapiaTabagismoHealth Care CostsHospitalizationDrug TherapySmokingOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de SaúdeThe cost of tobacco-related diseases for Brazil's Unified National Health Systeminfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZORIGINALOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdfOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdfapplication/pdf152590https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/1705/1/Os%20custos%20de%20doen%c3%a7as%20tabaco-relacionadas.pdfa9015c3dbee332c69030afce0fad0cceMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/1705/2/license.txt8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52TEXTOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.txtOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain45398https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/1705/5/Os%20custos%20de%20doen%c3%a7as%20tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.txtcdc3e3d7513ffef9bc6fecd74358ae8aMD55THUMBNAILOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.jpgOs custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1421https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/1705/4/Os%20custos%20de%20doen%c3%a7as%20tabaco-relacionadas.pdf.jpg31d2cc948388f93deaed018b7e1a882dMD54icict/17052023-01-13 10:23:51.385oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br: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Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/oai/requestrepositorio.arca@fiocruz.bropendoar:21352023-01-13T13:23:51Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)false |
| dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| dc.title.alternative.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
The cost of tobacco-related diseases for Brazil's Unified National Health System |
| title |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| spellingShingle |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde Pinto, Márcia Custos de Cuidados de Saúde Hospitalização Quimioterapia Tabagismo Health Care Costs Hospitalization Drug Therapy Smoking |
| title_short |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| title_full |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| title_fullStr |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| title_sort |
Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde |
| author |
Pinto, Márcia |
| author_facet |
Pinto, Márcia Ugá, Maria Alicia Domínguez |
| author_role |
author |
| author2 |
Ugá, Maria Alicia Domínguez |
| author2_role |
author |
| dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Pinto, Márcia Ugá, Maria Alicia Domínguez |
| dc.subject.other.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde Hospitalização Quimioterapia Tabagismo |
| topic |
Custos de Cuidados de Saúde Hospitalização Quimioterapia Tabagismo Health Care Costs Hospitalization Drug Therapy Smoking |
| dc.subject.en.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
Health Care Costs Hospitalization Drug Therapy Smoking |
| description |
Este estudo teve como objetivo calcular os custos diretos de internações por doenças tabaco-relacionadas em 2005, sob a perspectiva do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS) para três grupos de doenças: câncer, aparelhos circulatório e respiratório. Para o câncer, os custos com quimioterapia também foram considerados. Foram utilizados dados das bases administrativas dos sistemas de informação do SUS e indicadores epidemiológicos, como prevalência e riscos relativos de cada doença analisada. Os custos atribuíveis ao tabagismo foram de R$ 338.692.516,02, representando 27,6% dos custos totais dos procedimentos analisados para os três grupos. Se consideradas as internações e procedimentos de quimioterapia pagos para todas as patologias, os custos alcançaram 7,7% dos custos totais. Ainda, 0,9% das despesas com ações e serviços de saúde financiados com recursos próprios da esfera federal podem ser atribuídos ao tabagismo em 2005. Os resultados são conservadores para o Brasil e sugerem a necessidade de dar continuidade às pesquisas que mensurem a carga total do tabagismo sob a perspectiva da sociedade. |
| publishDate |
2010 |
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2010 |
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2011-03-21T19:48:11Z |
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2011-03-21T19:48:11Z |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
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article |
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PINTO, Márcia; UGÁ, Maria Alicia Domínguez. Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 6, p. 1234-1245, jun. 2010. |
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https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1705 |
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1678-4464 |
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PINTO, Márcia; UGÁ, Maria Alicia Domínguez. Os custos de doenças tabaco-relacionadas para o Sistema Único de Saúde. Cadernos de Saúde Pública, Rio de Janeiro, v. 26, n. 6, p. 1234-1245, jun. 2010. 1678-4464 |
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https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/1705 |
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por |
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por |
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1. World Health Organization. WHO report on the global tobacco epidemic, 2008: the MPOWER package. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2008. 2. Pan American Health Organization. Health in the Americas. 2002 edition. Washington DC: Pan American Health Organization; 2002. 3. Hodgson TA, Meiners MR. Cost-of-illness methodology: a guide to current practices and procedures. Milbank Mem Fund Q 1982; 60:429-62. 4. Yang MC, Fann CT, Wen CP, Cheng TY. Smoking attributable medical expenditures, years of potential life lost, and the cost of premature death in Taiwan. Tob Control 2005; 14:62-70. 5. Xiao X, Robson L, Single E, Rehm J, Paul J. The economic consequences of smoking in Ontario. Pharmacol Res 1999; 39:185-91. 6. Ruff LK, Volmer T, Nowak D, Meyer A. The economic impact of smoking in Germany. Eur J Respir Dis 2000; 16:377-8. 7. Neubauer S, Welte R, Beiche A, Koenig H-H, Buesch K, Leidl R. Mortality, morbidity and costs attributable to smoking in Germany: update and a 10-year comparison. Tob Control 2006; 15:464-71. 8. John RM, Sung H-U, Max W. Economic cost of tobacco use in India, 2004. Tob Control 2009; 18: 138-43. 9. Luce BR, Manning WG, Siegel JE, Lipscomb J. Estimating costs in cost-effectiveness analysis. In: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russel LB, Weinstein MC, editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 176-213. 10. Garber AM, Weinstein MC, Torrance GW, Kamlet MS. Theoretical foundations of cost-effectiveness analysis. In: Gold MR, Siegel JE, Russel LB, Weinstein MC, editors. Cost-effectiveness in health and medicine. 2nd Ed. New York: Oxford University Press; 1996. p. 25-53. 11. Kobelt G. A economia da saúde: uma introdução à avaliação econômica em saúde. 2a Ed. London: Office of Health Economics; 2008. 12. Segel JE. Cost-of-illness studies: a primer. Research Triangle Park: RTI-UNC Center of Excellence in Health Promotion Economics; 2006. 13. Rubenstein LM, Chrischilles EA, Voelker MD. The impact of Parkinson’s disease on health status, health expenditures, and productivity: estimates from the National Medical Expenditure Survey. Pharmacoeconomics 1997; 12:486-98. 14. Swensen A, Birnbaum HG, Secnik K, Marynchenko M, Greenberg P, Claxton A. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: increased costs for patients and their families. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2003; 42:1415-23. 15. Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. Smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and productivity losses – United States, 1997-2001. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2005; 54:625-8. 16. Barnes PJ, Jonsson B, Klim JB. The costs of asthma. Eur Resp J 1996; 9:636-42. 17. Luce BR, Schweitzer SO. Smoking and alcohol abuse: a comparison of their economic consequences. N Engl J Med 1978; 298:569-71. 18. Office of Technology Assessment, U.S. Congress. Smoking related deaths and financial costs. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office; 1985. 19. Shultz JM, Novotny TE, Rice DP. Quantifying the disease impact of cigarette smoking with SAMMEC II software. Public Health Rep 1991; 106:326-33. 20. Oster G, Colditz GA, Kelly NL. The Economic costs of smoking and benefits of quitting for individual smokers. Prev Med 1994; 13:377-89. 21. Leu RE, Schaub T. More on impact of smoking on medical care expenditures. Soc Sci Med 1985; 21: 825-7. 22. Manning WG, Keeler EB, Newhouse JP, Sloss EM, Wasserman J. The taxes of sin: do smokers and drinkers pay their way? JAMA 1989; 261:1604-9. 23. Manning WG, Keeler EB, Newhouse JP, Sloss EM, Wasserman J. The cost of poor health habits. Cambridge: Harvard University Press; 1991. 24. Collins DJ, Lapsley H. Estimating and disaggregating the social costs of tobacco. In: Abedian I, van der Merwe R, Wilkins N, Jha P, editors. The economics of tobacco control: towards an optimal policy mix. Cape Town: Applied Fiscal Research Centre, University of Cape Town; 1998. 25. World Bank. Curbing the epidemic: governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington DC: International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/World Bank; 1999. 26. Garfinkel L. Selection, follow-up, and analysis in the American Cancer Society prospective studies. J Natl Cancer Inst Monogr 1985; 67:49-52. 27. Garfinkel L, Stellman SD. Smoking and lung cancer in women: findings in a prospective study. Cancer Res 1998; 48:6951-5. 28. Stellman SD, Garfinkel. Smoking habits and tar levels in a new American Cancer Society prospective study of 1.2 million men and women. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76:1057-63. 29. Anderson RN, Miniño AM, Hoyert DL, Rosenberg HM. Comparability of cause of death between ICD-9 and ICD-10: preliminary estimates. Natl Vital Stat Rep 2001; 49:1-32. 30. Levin ML. The occurrence of lung cancer in man. Acta Unio Int Contra Cancrum 1953; 9:531-41. 31. Hanley J. A heuristic approach to the formulas for population attributable fraction. J Epidemiol Community Health 2001; 55:508-14. 32. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Perspectives in disease prevention and health promotion. Smoking-attributable mortality and years of potential life lost-United States, 1984. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1987; 36:693-7. 33. Szwarcwald CL, Viacava F, Vasconcellos MTL, Leal MC, Azevedo LO, Queiroz RSB, et al. Pesquisa Mundial de Saúde 2003: o Brasil em números. Radis 2004; (23):14-33. 34. Gajalakshmi CK, Jha P, Ranson K, Nguyen S. Global patterns of smoking and smoking-attributable mortality. In: Jha P, Chaloupka F, editors. Tobacco control in developing countries. New York: Oxford University Press; 2000. p. 9-39. |
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