Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Mohamadain, K. E. M.
Data de Publicação: 2004
Outros Autores: Rosa, L. A. R. da, Azevedo, A. C. P., Guebel, M. R. N., Boechat, M. C. B., Habani, F.
Tipo de documento: Artigo
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)
DOI: 10.1088/0031-9155/49/6/012
Texto Completo: https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6073
Resumo: The authors are indebted to the Radiological Protection Centre of Saint Georges’ Hospital (London) for the authorization of use of the DoseCal software for patient dosimetry
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spelling Mohamadain, K. E. M.Rosa, L. A. R. daAzevedo, A. C. P.Guebel, M. R. N.Boechat, M. C. B.Habani, F.2013-01-02T13:33:06Z2013-01-02T13:33:06Z2004MOHAMADAIM, K. E. M. Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries. Phys. med. biol., London, v. 49, n. 6, p. 1017-1031, 2004.https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/607310.1088/0031-9155/49/6/012The authors are indebted to the Radiological Protection Centre of Saint Georges’ Hospital (London) for the authorization of use of the DoseCal software for patient dosimetryCAPES, The British Council, UFRJ, Third World Organization for Women in Science, International Centre for Theoretical Physics (Italy), FIOCRUZ, CNENFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Comissão Nacional de Energia Nuclear. Instituto de Radioproteção e Dosimetria. Departamento de Física Médica,Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martagão Gesteira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Fernandes Figueira. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilKhartoum University. Faculty of Sciences. Physics Department. Khartoum, SudanRadiation protection in paediatric radiology deserves special attention since it is assumed that children are more sensitive to radiation than adults. The aim of this work is to estimate the entrance skin dose (ESD), the body organ dose (BOD) and the effective dose (E ) for chest x-ray exposure of paediatric patients in five large units, three in Sudan and two in Brazil, and to compare the results obtained in both countries with each other and with other values obtained by some European countries. Two examination projections have been investigated, namely, postero-anterior (PA) and antero-posterior (AP). The age intervals considered were: 0–1 year, 1–5 years, 5–10 years and 10–15 years. The results have been obtained with the use of a software called DoseCal. Results of mean ESD for the age interval 1–5 years and AP projection are: 66 μGy (Instituto de Pediatria e Puericultura Martag˜ao Gesteira—IPPMG Hospital), 41, 86 and 68 μGy (Instituto Fernandes Figueira—IFF Hospital), 161 μGy (Omdurman Hospital), 395 μGy (Khartoum Hospital) and 23 μGy (Ahmed Gasim Hospital). In the case of the IFF Hospital, the results refer, respectively, to rooms 1, 2 and for the six mobile equipments. The reference dose values given by the European Guidelines were exceeded in the Khartoum Hospital whilst in all the other hospitals results obtained were below CEC reference values and comparable with the results found in Sweden, Germany, Spain and Italy. The mean E for the same age interval was 11 μSv in the IPPMG, 6, 15 and 11 μSv in the IFF, respectively for rooms 1, 2 and the 6 mobiles, 25 μSv in the Omdurman Hospital, 45 μSv in the Khartoum Hospital and 3 μSv in the Ahmed Gasim Hospital. These are some examples of the large discrepancies that have been detected in this survey.engIOP PublishingAlmen A and Mattsson S 1995 Dose distribution in children at chest radiology Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57 1–4, 463–7 Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance and the Ministry of Health of Brazil 1998 Diretrizes de Protec¸ ˜ao Radiol´ogica em Radiodiagn´ostico M´edico e Odontol´ogico, Portaria 453 do Minist´erio da Sa´ude DOU 103, 01/06/98.CEC 1990 Quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images Working Document No XII/173/90, 2nd edn.CEC 1992 Quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images in paediatrics Working Document No XII/307/91.CEC 1996 European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for diagnostic radiographic images EUR 16260EN The European Commission.Cook V, Shah K, Pablot S and Kyriou J 1998 A Practice in the X Ray Imaging of Children St George’s Hospital & St Helier Hospital, London.Contento G et al 1998 A comparison of diagnostic radiology practice and patient exposures in Britain, France and Italy Br. J. Radiol. 61 143–52.da Rosa L A R, Mar´echal M H H, Carlos M T and Feital J C 2001 Calibration of TL detectors for skin entrance dose postal quality control in dental radiology Proc. CD Regional Congress on Radiation Protection and Safety (Recife, Brazil).da Silva E T 1999 Avaliac¸ ˜ao de Doses em Radiodiagn´ostico Pedi´atrico MSc Thesis COPPE/UFRJ/Brazil (in Portuguese).Davies M, McCallum H, White G, Brown J and Hlem M 1997 Patient dose audit in diagnostic radiography using custom designed software Radiography 3 17–25.DIN 6868/1 1985 Sicherung der Bildqualitaet in Roentgendiagnostik Betrieben; Allgemeines (Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH).Drexler G, Panzer W, Petoussi N and Zankl M 1993 Effective dose—how effective for patients? Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 32 209–19.Faulkner K and Corbett R H 1998 Reference doses and quality in medical imaging Br. J. Radiol. 71 1001–2.Fendel H 1990 Symposium: The Status of Paediatric Radiology in Europe. The Principles for Rational Use and Optimisation of Diagnostic Imaging in Paediatrics: 27th Congress of ESPR (Munich).Fendel H, Schneider K, Sch¨afer H, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1985 Optimisation in pediatric radiology: are there specific problems for quality assurance in pediatric radiology? Technical and Physical Parameters for Quality Assurance in Medical Diagnostic Radiology: Tolerances, Limiting Values and Appropriate Measuring Methods (BIR 18) ed B M Moores et al (London: British Institute of Radiology) pp 159–65.Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C, Glas J, Drews K and Kohn M M 1986 The efficacy of diagnostic radiation in paediatrics, 2nd Report (Bonn: Bundesministerium f¨ur Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit).Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1985 Die Auswirkung Diagnostischer Strahlenanwendungen in der Kinderheilkunde: 1. Bericht (Bonn: Bundesministerium des Innern).Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1989 Specific Principles for Optimisation of Image Quality and Patient Exposure in Paediatric Diagnostic Imaging (BIR 20) ed B M Moores et al (London: British Institute of Radiology) pp 91–110.Gallini R E, Belletti S, Berna V and Giugni U 1992 Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 43 41–7.Geleijns J, Broerse J and Van Vilet M 2000 Assessment of effective dose in pediatric radiology: a survey at 14 Dutch hospitals Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 90 1–2,135–40.Hart D and Shrimpton P C 1991 The significance of patient weight when comparing X ray room performance against guideline levels of dose Br. J. Radiol. 64 771–2.Hintenlang KM,Williams J L and Hintenlang DE 2002 Asurvey of radiation dose associated with pediatric plain-film chest X-ray examinations Pediatr. Radiol. 32 771–7.ICRP 1977 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 26 (Oxford: Pergamon).ICRP 1991 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 60 (Oxford: Pergamon).ICRP 1996 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 73 (Oxford: Pergamon).Kyriou J C, Newey V and Fitzgerald M C 2000 Patient Doses in Diagnostic Radiology at the Touch of a Button The Radiological Protection Centre, St George’s Hospital, London, UK.Leitlinien B K 1989 der Bunderztekammer zur Qualitaetssicherung in der Roentgendiagnostik Deutschesrzteblatt 86 1437–44.Lopez M, Morant J J, Geleijns K and Calzados A 2000 A regional dose and image quality survey for chest, abdomen and pelvis radiographs in pediatrics Radiat. Prot. Dosim. l90 1–2, 275–8.Martin C J, Darraigh C L, McKenzie G A and Bayliss A P 1993 Implementation of a programme for reduction of radiation doses and results achieved through increases in tube potential Br. J. Radiol. 66 228–33.Ng K-H et al 1998 Doses to patients in routine X ray examinations in Malaysia Br. J. Radiol. 71 654–60.NRPB 1990 Patient dose reduction in diagnostic radiology NRPB 1 no 3 (London: HM50).NRPB 1999 Guidelines on Patient Dose to Promote the Optimization of Protection for Diagnostic Medical Exposures vol 10 (UK) p 1.Rruiz M J, Gonzalez L, Van˜o E and Martinez A 1991 Measurement of radiation doses in the most frequent simple examiantion in paediatric radiology and its dependence on patient age Br. J. Radiol. 64 929, 933.Schneider K 1995 Evaluation of quality assurance in pediatric radiology Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57 1–4, 119–23.Shrimpton P C et al 1986 A national survey of doses to patients undergoing a selection of routine X ray exposures in English hospitals NRPB—R 200 (London: HMTO).Stender H S and Stieve F E 1986 Qualit¨atskontrolle in der Roentgendiagnostik (Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer Verlag).United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation Sources Effects and Risks of Ionizing Radiation 2000 UNSCEAR 2000 Report vol II: Effects (New York, NY: United Nations).Wall F 1996 Reference doses for diagnostic medical exposures Radiol. Manage. 18 22–9.Warren-Forward H M 1995 Patient dosimetry during chest radiography Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57 441–4.Warren-Forward H M and Millar J S 1995 Optimization of radiological technique for chest radiography Br. J. Radiol. 68 1221–9.World Health Organisation—Study Group 1987 Rational Use of Diagnostic Imaging in Paediatrics (WHO Technical Report Series) 757 (Geneva: WHO).Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countriesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleCarga Corporal (Radioterapia)Países em DesenvolvimentoAssistência à SaúdeRadiometriaEficiência Biológica RelativaBrasil - epidemiologiaSudãoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZORIGINALDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdfDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdfapplication/pdf111782https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6073/1/Dose%20evaluation%20for%20paediatric%20chest%20x-ray%20examinations%20in%20Brazil%20and%20Sudan%20low%20doses.pdf8b642d619f54df47f6e1a127d2c4beaeMD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81914https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6073/2/license.txt7d48279ffeed55da8dfe2f8e81f3b81fMD52TEXTDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdf.txtDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain44403https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6073/5/Dose%20evaluation%20for%20paediatric%20chest%20x-ray%20examinations%20in%20Brazil%20and%20Sudan%20low%20doses.pdf.txte41fd40e75aee282ec0a1f9893433474MD55THUMBNAILDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdf.jpgDose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan low doses.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1655https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/6073/4/Dose%20evaluation%20for%20paediatric%20chest%20x-ray%20examinations%20in%20Brazil%20and%20Sudan%20low%20doses.pdf.jpg4cdf435514233b7f4367dd715495d1faMD54icict/60732018-04-06 08:50:38.818oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br: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ório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/oai/requestrepositorio.arca@fiocruz.bropendoar:21352018-04-06T11:50:38Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)false
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
title Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
spellingShingle Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
Mohamadain, K. E. M.
Carga Corporal (Radioterapia)
Países em Desenvolvimento
Assistência à Saúde
Radiometria
Eficiência Biológica Relativa
Brasil - epidemiologia
Sudão
title_short Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
title_full Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
title_fullStr Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
title_full_unstemmed Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
title_sort Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries
author Mohamadain, K. E. M.
author_facet Mohamadain, K. E. M.
Rosa, L. A. R. da
Azevedo, A. C. P.
Guebel, M. R. N.
Boechat, M. C. B.
Habani, F.
author_role author
author2 Rosa, L. A. R. da
Azevedo, A. C. P.
Guebel, M. R. N.
Boechat, M. C. B.
Habani, F.
author2_role author
author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Mohamadain, K. E. M.
Rosa, L. A. R. da
Azevedo, A. C. P.
Guebel, M. R. N.
Boechat, M. C. B.
Habani, F.
dc.subject.decs.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Carga Corporal (Radioterapia)
Países em Desenvolvimento
Assistência à Saúde
Radiometria
Eficiência Biológica Relativa
Brasil - epidemiologia
Sudão
topic Carga Corporal (Radioterapia)
Países em Desenvolvimento
Assistência à Saúde
Radiometria
Eficiência Biológica Relativa
Brasil - epidemiologia
Sudão
description The authors are indebted to the Radiological Protection Centre of Saint Georges’ Hospital (London) for the authorization of use of the DoseCal software for patient dosimetry
publishDate 2004
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2004
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2013-01-02T13:33:06Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2013-01-02T13:33:06Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv MOHAMADAIM, K. E. M. Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries. Phys. med. biol., London, v. 49, n. 6, p. 1017-1031, 2004.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6073
dc.identifier.doi.none.fl_str_mv 10.1088/0031-9155/49/6/012
identifier_str_mv MOHAMADAIM, K. E. M. Dose evaluation for paediatric chest x-ray examinations in Brazil and Sudan: low doses and reliable examinations can be achieved in developing countries. Phys. med. biol., London, v. 49, n. 6, p. 1017-1031, 2004.
10.1088/0031-9155/49/6/012
url https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/6073
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.isbasedon.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Almen A and Mattsson S 1995 Dose distribution in children at chest radiology Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57 1–4, 463–7 Brazilian Sanitary Surveillance and the Ministry of Health of Brazil 1998 Diretrizes de Protec¸ ˜ao Radiol´ogica em Radiodiagn´ostico M´edico e Odontol´ogico, Portaria 453 do Minist´erio da Sa´ude DOU 103, 01/06/98.
CEC 1990 Quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images Working Document No XII/173/90, 2nd edn.
CEC 1992 Quality criteria for diagnostic radiographic images in paediatrics Working Document No XII/307/91.
CEC 1996 European Guidelines on Quality Criteria for diagnostic radiographic images EUR 16260EN The European Commission.
Cook V, Shah K, Pablot S and Kyriou J 1998 A Practice in the X Ray Imaging of Children St George’s Hospital & St Helier Hospital, London.
Contento G et al 1998 A comparison of diagnostic radiology practice and patient exposures in Britain, France and Italy Br. J. Radiol. 61 143–52.
da Rosa L A R, Mar´echal M H H, Carlos M T and Feital J C 2001 Calibration of TL detectors for skin entrance dose postal quality control in dental radiology Proc. CD Regional Congress on Radiation Protection and Safety (Recife, Brazil).
da Silva E T 1999 Avaliac¸ ˜ao de Doses em Radiodiagn´ostico Pedi´atrico MSc Thesis COPPE/UFRJ/Brazil (in Portuguese).
Davies M, McCallum H, White G, Brown J and Hlem M 1997 Patient dose audit in diagnostic radiography using custom designed software Radiography 3 17–25.
DIN 6868/1 1985 Sicherung der Bildqualitaet in Roentgendiagnostik Betrieben; Allgemeines (Berlin: Beuth Verlag GmbH).
Drexler G, Panzer W, Petoussi N and Zankl M 1993 Effective dose—how effective for patients? Radiat. Environ. Biophys. 32 209–19.
Faulkner K and Corbett R H 1998 Reference doses and quality in medical imaging Br. J. Radiol. 71 1001–2.
Fendel H 1990 Symposium: The Status of Paediatric Radiology in Europe. The Principles for Rational Use and Optimisation of Diagnostic Imaging in Paediatrics: 27th Congress of ESPR (Munich).
Fendel H, Schneider K, Sch¨afer H, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1985 Optimisation in pediatric radiology: are there specific problems for quality assurance in pediatric radiology? Technical and Physical Parameters for Quality Assurance in Medical Diagnostic Radiology: Tolerances, Limiting Values and Appropriate Measuring Methods (BIR 18) ed B M Moores et al (London: British Institute of Radiology) pp 159–65.
Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C, Glas J, Drews K and Kohn M M 1986 The efficacy of diagnostic radiation in paediatrics, 2nd Report (Bonn: Bundesministerium f¨ur Umwelt, Naturschutz und Reaktorsicherheit).
Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1985 Die Auswirkung Diagnostischer Strahlenanwendungen in der Kinderheilkunde: 1. Bericht (Bonn: Bundesministerium des Innern).
Fendel H, Schneider K, Bakowski C and Kohn M M 1989 Specific Principles for Optimisation of Image Quality and Patient Exposure in Paediatric Diagnostic Imaging (BIR 20) ed B M Moores et al (London: British Institute of Radiology) pp 91–110.
Gallini R E, Belletti S, Berna V and Giugni U 1992 Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 43 41–7.
Geleijns J, Broerse J and Van Vilet M 2000 Assessment of effective dose in pediatric radiology: a survey at 14 Dutch hospitals Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 90 1–2,135–40.
Hart D and Shrimpton P C 1991 The significance of patient weight when comparing X ray room performance against guideline levels of dose Br. J. Radiol. 64 771–2.
Hintenlang KM,Williams J L and Hintenlang DE 2002 Asurvey of radiation dose associated with pediatric plain-film chest X-ray examinations Pediatr. Radiol. 32 771–7.
ICRP 1977 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 26 (Oxford: Pergamon).
ICRP 1991 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 60 (Oxford: Pergamon).
ICRP 1996 Recommendations of the International Commission on Radiological Protection Publication 73 (Oxford: Pergamon).
Kyriou J C, Newey V and Fitzgerald M C 2000 Patient Doses in Diagnostic Radiology at the Touch of a Button The Radiological Protection Centre, St George’s Hospital, London, UK.
Leitlinien B K 1989 der Bunderztekammer zur Qualitaetssicherung in der Roentgendiagnostik Deutschesrzteblatt 86 1437–44.
Lopez M, Morant J J, Geleijns K and Calzados A 2000 A regional dose and image quality survey for chest, abdomen and pelvis radiographs in pediatrics Radiat. Prot. Dosim. l90 1–2, 275–8.
Martin C J, Darraigh C L, McKenzie G A and Bayliss A P 1993 Implementation of a programme for reduction of radiation doses and results achieved through increases in tube potential Br. J. Radiol. 66 228–33.
Ng K-H et al 1998 Doses to patients in routine X ray examinations in Malaysia Br. J. Radiol. 71 654–60.
NRPB 1990 Patient dose reduction in diagnostic radiology NRPB 1 no 3 (London: HM50).
NRPB 1999 Guidelines on Patient Dose to Promote the Optimization of Protection for Diagnostic Medical Exposures vol 10 (UK) p 1.
Rruiz M J, Gonzalez L, Van˜o E and Martinez A 1991 Measurement of radiation doses in the most frequent simple examiantion in paediatric radiology and its dependence on patient age Br. J. Radiol. 64 929, 933.
Schneider K 1995 Evaluation of quality assurance in pediatric radiology Radiat. Prot. Dosim. 57 1–4, 119–23.
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