The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 1998 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) |
Texto Completo: | https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/607 |
Resumo: | Objective: To assess the role of illicit drug use as a risk factor of HIV infection among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the city of Santos, Brazil. Design: Cross-sectional survey of 697 chain-referred CSWs. Methodology: The study included information on social-demographic characteristics, sexual practices and use of illicit drugs. Blood samples were tested for HIV. Associations between the response variable and drug-related variables, controlling for potential confounders, were assessed through multiple logistic regression procedures. Results: The univariate analyses for all drug-related variables evidenced that ‘use of injecting drugs’ (odds-ratios (OR)=10.9) and ‘use of crack in the previous month’ (OR=9.0), were the two variables most highly associated to the outcome. The multivariate analysis emphasized the role of crack use, the first variable included in the stepwise procedure (adjusted OR=5.3, P=0.0001). Other relevant predictors were ‘educational level’ (P=0.0003), ‘practice of anal intercourse with customers’ (P=0.0031), ‘use of injecting drugs’ (adjusted OR=3.1, P=0.0647), ‘age at first intercourse’ (P=0.0188) and ‘age’ (P=0.0175). Additional multivariate results showed that crack-users tend to use other drugs simultaneously, to agree more frequently to have unprotected sex and to earn a significantly smaller payment per sexual encounter than crack non-users. Conclusions: The analysis showed the vulnerability of CSWs in relation to drug use, lack of education and unprotected sex. These findings highlight the need for preventive programs focused on the general use of drugs in this population as well as efforts to help CSWs to acquire educational and professional skills. |
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Szwarcwald, Celia LandmannBastos, Francisco Inácio Pinkusfeld MonteiroGravato, NeideLacerda, ReginaChequer, Pedro N.Castilho, Euclides Ayres de2010-08-23T16:58:30Z2010-11-04T14:20:07Z2010-08-23T16:58:30Z2010-11-04T14:20:07Z1998SZWARCWALD, Celia L. The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Drug Policy, v. 9, p.427–436, 1998.0955-3959https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/607Objective: To assess the role of illicit drug use as a risk factor of HIV infection among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the city of Santos, Brazil. Design: Cross-sectional survey of 697 chain-referred CSWs. Methodology: The study included information on social-demographic characteristics, sexual practices and use of illicit drugs. Blood samples were tested for HIV. Associations between the response variable and drug-related variables, controlling for potential confounders, were assessed through multiple logistic regression procedures. Results: The univariate analyses for all drug-related variables evidenced that ‘use of injecting drugs’ (odds-ratios (OR)=10.9) and ‘use of crack in the previous month’ (OR=9.0), were the two variables most highly associated to the outcome. The multivariate analysis emphasized the role of crack use, the first variable included in the stepwise procedure (adjusted OR=5.3, P=0.0001). Other relevant predictors were ‘educational level’ (P=0.0003), ‘practice of anal intercourse with customers’ (P=0.0031), ‘use of injecting drugs’ (adjusted OR=3.1, P=0.0647), ‘age at first intercourse’ (P=0.0188) and ‘age’ (P=0.0175). Additional multivariate results showed that crack-users tend to use other drugs simultaneously, to agree more frequently to have unprotected sex and to earn a significantly smaller payment per sexual encounter than crack non-users. Conclusions: The analysis showed the vulnerability of CSWs in relation to drug use, lack of education and unprotected sex. These findings highlight the need for preventive programs focused on the general use of drugs in this population as well as efforts to help CSWs to acquire educational and professional skills.This work was sponsored by the Brazilian Ministry of Health and Municipal Health Secretariat of Santos. CLS, FIB and EAC receive National Reasearch Council (CNPq) salary grants.Department of Information on Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationDepartment of Information on Health, Oswaldo Cruz FoundationMunicipal Health Secretariat, Santos, SP, BrazilMunicipal Health Secretariat, Santos, SP, BrazilBrazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, DF, BrazilBrazilian Ministry of Health, Brasilia, DF, BrazilengElsevier Science B.V.Crack cocaineAIDSHIVCommercial sex workersBrazilThe relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazilinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA)instname:Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)instacron:FIOCRUZTEXTLANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship Illicit Drug_1998.pdf.txtLANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship Illicit Drug_1998.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain38937https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/607/6/LANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship%20Illicit%20Drug_1998.pdf.txt6b4090d2be0959c80a7536cea7eda2e6MD56ORIGINALLANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship Illicit Drug_1998.pdfapplication/pdf95186https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/607/2/LANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship%20Illicit%20Drug_1998.pdf13945bd3e93c4bfdd6bb02106c19b43aMD52LICENSElicense.txttext/plain1848https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/607/3/license.txtd8f172155d41ee2fd9262a46c221f384MD53THUMBNAILLANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship Illicit Drug_1998.pdf.jpgLANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship Illicit Drug_1998.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1869https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/bitstream/icict/607/5/LANDMANN_BASTOS_Relationship%20Illicit%20Drug_1998.pdf.jpg7dce9d57e1069ad7d6ff2569a04cb517MD55icict/6072023-08-23 13:14:03.129oai:www.arca.fiocruz.br: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ório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.arca.fiocruz.br/oai/requestrepositorio.arca@fiocruz.bropendoar:21352023-08-23T16:14:03Repositório Institucional da FIOCRUZ (ARCA) - Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ)false |
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
title |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
spellingShingle |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil Szwarcwald, Celia Landmann Crack cocaine AIDS HIV Commercial sex workers Brazil |
title_short |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
title_full |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
title_fullStr |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
title_full_unstemmed |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
title_sort |
The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil |
author |
Szwarcwald, Celia Landmann |
author_facet |
Szwarcwald, Celia Landmann Bastos, Francisco Inácio Pinkusfeld Monteiro Gravato, Neide Lacerda, Regina Chequer, Pedro N. Castilho, Euclides Ayres de |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Bastos, Francisco Inácio Pinkusfeld Monteiro Gravato, Neide Lacerda, Regina Chequer, Pedro N. Castilho, Euclides Ayres de |
author2_role |
author author author author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Szwarcwald, Celia Landmann Bastos, Francisco Inácio Pinkusfeld Monteiro Gravato, Neide Lacerda, Regina Chequer, Pedro N. Castilho, Euclides Ayres de |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Crack cocaine AIDS HIV Commercial sex workers Brazil |
topic |
Crack cocaine AIDS HIV Commercial sex workers Brazil |
description |
Objective: To assess the role of illicit drug use as a risk factor of HIV infection among female commercial sex workers (CSWs) in the city of Santos, Brazil. Design: Cross-sectional survey of 697 chain-referred CSWs. Methodology: The study included information on social-demographic characteristics, sexual practices and use of illicit drugs. Blood samples were tested for HIV. Associations between the response variable and drug-related variables, controlling for potential confounders, were assessed through multiple logistic regression procedures. Results: The univariate analyses for all drug-related variables evidenced that ‘use of injecting drugs’ (odds-ratios (OR)=10.9) and ‘use of crack in the previous month’ (OR=9.0), were the two variables most highly associated to the outcome. The multivariate analysis emphasized the role of crack use, the first variable included in the stepwise procedure (adjusted OR=5.3, P=0.0001). Other relevant predictors were ‘educational level’ (P=0.0003), ‘practice of anal intercourse with customers’ (P=0.0031), ‘use of injecting drugs’ (adjusted OR=3.1, P=0.0647), ‘age at first intercourse’ (P=0.0188) and ‘age’ (P=0.0175). Additional multivariate results showed that crack-users tend to use other drugs simultaneously, to agree more frequently to have unprotected sex and to earn a significantly smaller payment per sexual encounter than crack non-users. Conclusions: The analysis showed the vulnerability of CSWs in relation to drug use, lack of education and unprotected sex. These findings highlight the need for preventive programs focused on the general use of drugs in this population as well as efforts to help CSWs to acquire educational and professional skills. |
publishDate |
1998 |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
1998 |
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2010-08-23T16:58:30Z 2010-11-04T14:20:07Z |
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2010-08-23T16:58:30Z 2010-11-04T14:20:07Z |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
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publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv |
SZWARCWALD, Celia L. The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Drug Policy, v. 9, p.427–436, 1998. |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://www.arca.fiocruz.br/handle/icict/607 |
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0955-3959 |
identifier_str_mv |
SZWARCWALD, Celia L. The relationship of illicit drug use to HIV: infection among commercial sex workers in the city of Santos, São Paulo, Brazil. International Journal of Drug Policy, v. 9, p.427–436, 1998. 0955-3959 |
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Elsevier Science B.V. |
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Elsevier Science B.V. |
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