Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2.
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2020 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) |
Texto Completo: | http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1124782 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030056 |
Resumo: | Finding an ideal sampling design is a crucial stage in detailed soil mapping to assure reasonable accuracy of resulting soil property maps. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sampling designs and sample sizes on the quality of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) maps from an electromagnetic sensor survey. Twenty-six (26) parallel transects were gathered in a 72-ha plot in Southeastern Brazil. Soil ECa measurements using an on-the-go electromagnetic induction sensor were taken every second using sensor vertical orientation. Two approaches were used to reduce the sample size and simulate kriging interpolations of soil ECa. Firstly, the number of transect lines was reduced by increasing the distance between them; thus, 26 transects with 40 m spacing; 13 with 80 m; 7 with 150 m; and 4 with 300 m. Secondly, random point selection and Douglas-Peucker algorithms were used to derive four reduced datasets by removing 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the points from the ECa survey dataset. Soil ECa was interpolated at 5 m output spatial resolution using ordinary kriging and the four datasets from each simulation (a total of twelve datasets). Map uncertainty was assessed by root mean square error and mean error metrics from 400 random samples previously selected for external map validation. Maps were evaluated on their uncertainty and spatial structure of variation. The transect elimination approach showed that maps produced with transect spacing up to 150 m could preserve the spatial structure of ECa variations. Douglas-Peucker results showed lower nugget values than random point simulations for all selected sample densities, except for a 95% point reduction. The soil ECa maps derived from the 75% reduced dataset (by random sampling or Douglas-Peucker) or from 13 transect lines (80 m spacing) showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE of validation circa 0.7) relative to the map interpolated from all survey points (RMSE of 0.5), suggesting that transect spacing of 80 m and reading intervals greater than one second can be used for improving the efficiency of on-the-go soil ECa surveys. |
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Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2.Sensoriamento proximal do soloGeoestatísticaKrigagemIncertezaSensoriamento RemotoRemote sensingGeostatisticsKrigingUncertaintyFinding an ideal sampling design is a crucial stage in detailed soil mapping to assure reasonable accuracy of resulting soil property maps. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sampling designs and sample sizes on the quality of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) maps from an electromagnetic sensor survey. Twenty-six (26) parallel transects were gathered in a 72-ha plot in Southeastern Brazil. Soil ECa measurements using an on-the-go electromagnetic induction sensor were taken every second using sensor vertical orientation. Two approaches were used to reduce the sample size and simulate kriging interpolations of soil ECa. Firstly, the number of transect lines was reduced by increasing the distance between them; thus, 26 transects with 40 m spacing; 13 with 80 m; 7 with 150 m; and 4 with 300 m. Secondly, random point selection and Douglas-Peucker algorithms were used to derive four reduced datasets by removing 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the points from the ECa survey dataset. Soil ECa was interpolated at 5 m output spatial resolution using ordinary kriging and the four datasets from each simulation (a total of twelve datasets). Map uncertainty was assessed by root mean square error and mean error metrics from 400 random samples previously selected for external map validation. Maps were evaluated on their uncertainty and spatial structure of variation. The transect elimination approach showed that maps produced with transect spacing up to 150 m could preserve the spatial structure of ECa variations. Douglas-Peucker results showed lower nugget values than random point simulations for all selected sample densities, except for a 95% point reduction. The soil ECa maps derived from the 75% reduced dataset (by random sampling or Douglas-Peucker) or from 13 transect lines (80 m spacing) showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE of validation circa 0.7) relative to the map interpolated from all survey points (RMSE of 0.5), suggesting that transect spacing of 80 m and reading intervals greater than one second can be used for improving the efficiency of on-the-go soil ECa surveys.HUGO MACHADO RODRIGUES, UFRRJ; GUSTAVO DE MATTOS VASQUES, CNPS; RONALDO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA, CNPS; SILVIO ROBERTO DE LUCENA TAVARES, CNPS; MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA, UFRRJ; LUIS CARLOS HERNANI, CNPS.RODRIGUES, H. M.VASQUES, G. de M.OLIVEIRA, R. P. deTAVARES, S. R. de L.CEDDIA, M. B.HERNANI, L. C.2020-09-09T04:36:30Z2020-09-09T04:36:30Z2020-09-082020info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleSoil Systems, v. 4, n. 3, 56, 2020.http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1124782https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030056enginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice)instname:Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa)instacron:EMBRAPA2020-09-09T04:36:46Zoai:www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br:doc/1124782Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/oai/requestopendoar:21542020-09-09T04:36:46falseRepositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/oai/requestcg-riaa@embrapa.bropendoar:21542020-09-09T04:36:46Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
title |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
spellingShingle |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. RODRIGUES, H. M. Sensoriamento proximal do solo Geoestatística Krigagem Incerteza Sensoriamento Remoto Remote sensing Geostatistics Kriging Uncertainty |
title_short |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
title_full |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
title_fullStr |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
title_full_unstemmed |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
title_sort |
Finding suitable transect spacing and sampling designs for accurate soil ECa mapping from EM38-MK2. |
author |
RODRIGUES, H. M. |
author_facet |
RODRIGUES, H. M. VASQUES, G. de M. OLIVEIRA, R. P. de TAVARES, S. R. de L. CEDDIA, M. B. HERNANI, L. C. |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
VASQUES, G. de M. OLIVEIRA, R. P. de TAVARES, S. R. de L. CEDDIA, M. B. HERNANI, L. C. |
author2_role |
author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
HUGO MACHADO RODRIGUES, UFRRJ; GUSTAVO DE MATTOS VASQUES, CNPS; RONALDO PEREIRA DE OLIVEIRA, CNPS; SILVIO ROBERTO DE LUCENA TAVARES, CNPS; MARCOS BACIS CEDDIA, UFRRJ; LUIS CARLOS HERNANI, CNPS. |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
RODRIGUES, H. M. VASQUES, G. de M. OLIVEIRA, R. P. de TAVARES, S. R. de L. CEDDIA, M. B. HERNANI, L. C. |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Sensoriamento proximal do solo Geoestatística Krigagem Incerteza Sensoriamento Remoto Remote sensing Geostatistics Kriging Uncertainty |
topic |
Sensoriamento proximal do solo Geoestatística Krigagem Incerteza Sensoriamento Remoto Remote sensing Geostatistics Kriging Uncertainty |
description |
Finding an ideal sampling design is a crucial stage in detailed soil mapping to assure reasonable accuracy of resulting soil property maps. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of sampling designs and sample sizes on the quality of soil apparent electrical conductivity (ECa) maps from an electromagnetic sensor survey. Twenty-six (26) parallel transects were gathered in a 72-ha plot in Southeastern Brazil. Soil ECa measurements using an on-the-go electromagnetic induction sensor were taken every second using sensor vertical orientation. Two approaches were used to reduce the sample size and simulate kriging interpolations of soil ECa. Firstly, the number of transect lines was reduced by increasing the distance between them; thus, 26 transects with 40 m spacing; 13 with 80 m; 7 with 150 m; and 4 with 300 m. Secondly, random point selection and Douglas-Peucker algorithms were used to derive four reduced datasets by removing 25, 50, 75, and 95% of the points from the ECa survey dataset. Soil ECa was interpolated at 5 m output spatial resolution using ordinary kriging and the four datasets from each simulation (a total of twelve datasets). Map uncertainty was assessed by root mean square error and mean error metrics from 400 random samples previously selected for external map validation. Maps were evaluated on their uncertainty and spatial structure of variation. The transect elimination approach showed that maps produced with transect spacing up to 150 m could preserve the spatial structure of ECa variations. Douglas-Peucker results showed lower nugget values than random point simulations for all selected sample densities, except for a 95% point reduction. The soil ECa maps derived from the 75% reduced dataset (by random sampling or Douglas-Peucker) or from 13 transect lines (80 m spacing) showed reasonable accuracy (RMSE of validation circa 0.7) relative to the map interpolated from all survey points (RMSE of 0.5), suggesting that transect spacing of 80 m and reading intervals greater than one second can be used for improving the efficiency of on-the-go soil ECa surveys. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-09-09T04:36:30Z 2020-09-09T04:36:30Z 2020-09-08 2020 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
Soil Systems, v. 4, n. 3, 56, 2020. http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1124782 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030056 |
identifier_str_mv |
Soil Systems, v. 4, n. 3, 56, 2020. |
url |
http://www.alice.cnptia.embrapa.br/alice/handle/doc/1124782 https://doi.org/10.3390/soilsystems4030056 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) instname:Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) instacron:EMBRAPA |
instname_str |
Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) |
instacron_str |
EMBRAPA |
institution |
EMBRAPA |
reponame_str |
Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) |
collection |
Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Institucional da EMBRAPA (Repository Open Access to Scientific Information from EMBRAPA - Alice) - Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (Embrapa) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
cg-riaa@embrapa.br |
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1794503495322173440 |