Immunological Considerations on the Pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 Infection

• Autor(a) principal: Cordeiro, Leonardo Pessanha
• Data de Publicação: 2020
• Outros Autores: Crespo, Isabel Ribeiro Gomes de Queiroz, Falcão, Maria Luisa Barcelos, Leite, Yasmim de Souza, Magalhães, Isadora Enne, Silva, Valmir Laurentino
• Tipo de documento: Artigo
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Revista Científica da Faculdade de Medicina de Campos
• Texto Completo: https://www.fmc.br/ojs/index.php/RCFMC/article/view/392
• topic: imunopatologia; citocinas; extrapulmonar; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; SARS-CoV-2; COVID-19; immunopathology; cytokines; extrapulmonary

In the past few decades, coronavirus infections have posed a global threat to public health. The new coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which appeared in December 2019, took a few months to cause the outbreak of the new disease (COVID-19) declared a pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO). SARS-CoV-2 spreads initially through the respiratory tract with lymphopenia and hypercytokininemia, characteristics of immune dysregulation. While many infected individuals may be asymptomatic or have upper respiratory symptoms, others develop interstitial pneumonia that can quickly follow up with respiratory failure and may progress to multiple organ failure. The purpose of this review was to present the molecular interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with host cells; point out cytopathic effects; assess the extent of immune dysregulation; reveal the immunological mechanisms associated with pulmonary and extrapulmonary pathogenesis and verify the influence of genetic markers of susceptibility and protection for COVID-19. The production of knowledge since the beginning of the pandemic about the immune response to SARS-CoV-2 points out that, in infected individuals, viral proliferation and tissue damage occur beyond the lung tissue. Among the systemic findings, lesion of the submucosal lymphatic tissue of the gastrointestinal tract, renal focal hemorrhages, edema and neuronal degeneration, degeneration of hepatocytes, cardiovascular, hematological, cutaneous and obstetric manifestations were demonstrated. However, the possibility of recurrent seasonal infections by coronavirus of different genotypes stimulating partial immune memory and favoring the predominance of mild cases of the disease, should be considered.