Esclarecimento e estado: o aufgeklärter kritiker como condição de possibilidade da reforma e evolução do estado na filosofia de Immanuel Kant

• Autor(a) principal: Bresolin, Keberson
• Data de Publicação: 2012
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional PUCRS
• Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/10923/3475
• topic: FILOSOFIA; EDUCAÇÃO; KANT, IMMANUEL - CRÍTICA E INTERPRETAÇÃO; ESTADO; RAZÃO

This thesis aims to show what an enlightened individual (aufgeklärter Kritiker) is and how he can contribute to the improvement of the State. In addition, our thesis seeks to highlight the fact that Kantian education is directed to moral, that is, discipline, cultivate, civilize and moralize aim the moral formation of men. However, education doesn’t guarantee that individuals will become enlightened since the enlightenment (Aufklärung) is an internal process that each individual must reach himself. There is not any external requirement able to make someone enlightened, it is contradictory, because the only motive strong enough to make the individual undergo the process of Aufklärung comes from the internal and is expressed as a categorical commandment: you must become enlightened, use the reason as the only criteria of action. The moral law, expressed in the categorical imperative, offers a strong commandment to force individuals to move from the “state of underage”. So, to move from the underage status and to pass to the Mündigkeit is what we name process of the Aufklärung and it calls the individual to assume himself as a rational subject owning his life and decisions. However, the process of Aufklärung can only happen in a situation where there is a certain social harmony, otherwise the people would concern with the defense of property and life than with leaving of underage. The State, through public laws, must guarantee the freedom and legal equality. Furthermore, it must allow the use of public reason by which the individual who performed the process of Aufklärung can publicly criticize the actions and decisions of the State. Thus, the State faces a continuous and evolutionary reform toward the idea of Republican State. Therefore, the relationship between the enlightened critic (aufgeklärter Kritiker) and the State is crucial, because while the State guarantees the harmonious coexistence between the subjects and allows the freedom to use the public reason, the aufgeklärter Kritiker uses the public reason to criticize the decisions, rules and laws of the State with the intention of improving it. The aufgeklärter Kritiker’s critique aims at the public improvement and doesn’t promote private interests or communitarian ideas, as well as it doesn’t incite the population to rebel.