A plurinacionalidade em disputa: Sumak kawsay, autonomia indígena e Estado plurinacional no Equador

• Autor(a) principal: Santos, Marina Ghirotto
• Data de Publicação: 2015
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
• Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/3685
• topic: Plurinacionalidade; Sumak kawsay; Desenvolvimento; Pobreza; Extrativismo; Decolonialidade; Povos indígenas; Plurinationality; Development; Poverty; Extractivism; Decoloniality; Indigenous people; CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS

In recent years, the Latin America political scene was marked by the election of leftist governments that fostered a process called by some as "revolutionary neoconstitutionalism", of which Constitutions of Ecuador (2008) and Bolivia (2009) are emblematic. The Equadorian Constitution incorporates plurinationality and sumak kawsay (in kichwa, translated as "buen vivir" or good living) concepts, as well as interculturality and the rights of nature, which conform the bases of the new plurinational Ecuador State. This study, a result of bibliographic research and fieldwork, analyzes two of these concepts settled in practices and knowledge of indigenous people: plurinationality, which inspires a discussion of decolonizing political forms, structures and institutions of the modern State, as well as the nation as an unique and monocultural concept that corresponds to it; and sumak kawsay, that describes the "life in plenitude" rooted in the indigenous community and built upon a harmonious relationship with the nature (Mother Earth or Pachamama), that points to a post-development and post-extractivist perspective. Both the plurinationality and the sumak kawsay are political projects that implies multiple ways of practicing indigenous autonomy with the aim of decolonize the society and refound the nation State, its structures and institutions, as well as the narratives that legitimize it, and not just incorporate the indigenous into the existing institutional framework. The decolonial impulse of this project aims to overcome practices and discourses based on the coloniality of power, of knowledge, of being and of nature that have remained active even after the formal independence of Ecuador in the XIX century and still supports the subalternization of those taken as "different" of the national referent the indigenous people. Therefore, the indigenous political project simultaneously builds the decoloniality perspective - as a theoretical and methodological field of social thought - at the same time that it is influenced by it. In the post-constitutional scenario, the apparent consensus that had been reached between different political forces is diluted, leading to a bifurcation between governmental and indigenous political project and a dispute over meanings and forms of implementation of plurinationality and sumak kawsay. The current government defends the State's role in eliminating poverty and promoting development, based on revenues from the deepening of extractivism - particularly oil and mining - and placing the citizen as its main interlocutor. The oil extraction intends to move forward indigenous territories of the called "South-Eastern Amazon", historically out of the exploration route concentrated in Northern Amazon. For the vast majority of indigenous people who inhabit affected communities, it is precisely this policy that will make them poor, as it impedes the reproduction of "life in plenitude" that sumak kawsay makes reference to and denies the alterity contained in the plurinational and intercultural proposal. In this scenario, socio-environmental, political, cultural and epistemic struggles are emerging and relighting a dispute for this decolonizing concepts, tensioning the consolidation of the plurinational State to sumak kawsay. This highlights the existence of multiple paths to the realization of indigenous autonomy within the constitutional framework - and also beyond that