Violência e realismo na particularidade russa

• Autor(a) principal: Santos, Kátia Hale dos
• Data de Publicação: 2018
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
• Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/21259
• topic: Violência - Rússia; Rússia - História; Realismo; Realismo socialista; Violence - Russia; Russia - History; Realism; Socialist realism; CNPQ::CIENCIAS SOCIAIS APLICADAS

Violence is an integral principle of capitalism from its historical origins to its modern development. The violence toward the semifeudal peasantry that came from English capitalists in the 14th to 17th centuries shaped the pre-history of capitalism. The continuity of this violence toward more primitive peoples shaped the modern history of capitalism. In the first case, this violence is used in order to establish capitalism; in the other, it develops and universalizes its concept. In both cases, violence is inevitable and inseparable from capital. However, in the case of peripheral countries, where the capitalist mode of production is combined with another mode of production, violence becomes even more evident. This paper has the objective of investigating violence in the particular case of Russia and its effect on Maxim Gorky’s realist literature. We start from the premise that structural and ‘naturalized’ violence in Russia between the last quarter of the 19th century to early 20th century – focus of this paper – is inherent to the implementation of the capitalist mode of production and liberal ideals in a feudal society, with different coexisting modes of production, when the brutal violence among the populace was even bigger than in the formality that characterized human relations in capitalism. The unequal rhythm of capitalist development in the international arena in locations that are lagging behind, according to Trotsky, ended up creating its own history in underdeveloped nations, when the late capitalism will be marked by the assimilation of more modern elements from advanced nations and its adaptation to archaic material and cultural conditions. Realist literature is by definition the one that, from reality itself, can go beyond an appearance of reality and meet its essence, representing it in its dynamic totality, in which beginning and end are man himself in his authenticity. Gorky’s work was chosen for its reflection upon the violence brought about in this period, revealing russian society’s contradictions in its process of adherence to capitalism in its imperialist phase, keeping traces of the old regime