Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Diwan, Pietra Stefania
Data de Publicação: 2020
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
Texto Completo: https://repositorio.pucsp.br/jspui/handle/handle/24029
Resumo: This research understands transhumanism as an invented process, permeated by the concept of improvement and only possible through a concept on the body displaced several times and for different reasons since the eighteenth century. This elasticity about the understanding of the body is evident in different relationships, but especially those between the field of science, technology and society. Within these relations, the history of eugenics will be observed, as a phenomenon born in England in the late nineteenth century, but mainly in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, and which disappeared as a political proposal at the end of World War II. From the investigation of the American eugenic movement it was detected the reorientation of this research field towards the studies of molecular genetics. In the process, geneticists under the from the utopian socialism and inspired by cosmism saw in genetics of population the opportunity to create conditions for freer humankind improvement only mediated by an international organization. Julian Huxley, a confessed eugenicist, part of this group, and first director of UNESCO, organized the debate to redefine the concept of race and from there consolidated the possibility of enhancing human potential via science, this time without linking any genetic trait to a specific individual, but populations. From now on, transhumanism will be built in two ways: as an intellectual, and future project. The guiding question is how it was possible for transhumanism to present itself as the viable solution for contemporary society? Our thesis is that transhumanism has appropriated the narrative structure of eugenics denying any kind of kinship or affiliation with it. This thesis will demonstrate that this discourse was engendered in the early decades of the twentieth century in the United States, re-signified and legitimized after 1945 by not only international agencies (such as the UN and UNESCO), but also massive investment in research and development by US federal agencies during the Cold War years, and research labs such as the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This process of legitimation was consolidated, and naturalized, in 1991, with the beginning of the Human Genome Project and its completion in 2001, when the ground was completely 'sanitized' from any remnants that linked eugenics to biotechnology and, consequently, to transhumanism
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spelling Sant'Anna, Denise Bernuzzi dehttp://lattes.cnpq.br/9100012030618652http://lattes.cnpq.br/1322098592250367Diwan, Pietra Stefania2021-11-23T21:16:22Z2021-11-23T21:16:22Z2020-04-27Diwan, Pietra Stefania. Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009). 2020. Tese (Doutorado em História) - Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020.https://repositorio.pucsp.br/jspui/handle/handle/24029This research understands transhumanism as an invented process, permeated by the concept of improvement and only possible through a concept on the body displaced several times and for different reasons since the eighteenth century. This elasticity about the understanding of the body is evident in different relationships, but especially those between the field of science, technology and society. Within these relations, the history of eugenics will be observed, as a phenomenon born in England in the late nineteenth century, but mainly in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, and which disappeared as a political proposal at the end of World War II. From the investigation of the American eugenic movement it was detected the reorientation of this research field towards the studies of molecular genetics. In the process, geneticists under the from the utopian socialism and inspired by cosmism saw in genetics of population the opportunity to create conditions for freer humankind improvement only mediated by an international organization. Julian Huxley, a confessed eugenicist, part of this group, and first director of UNESCO, organized the debate to redefine the concept of race and from there consolidated the possibility of enhancing human potential via science, this time without linking any genetic trait to a specific individual, but populations. From now on, transhumanism will be built in two ways: as an intellectual, and future project. The guiding question is how it was possible for transhumanism to present itself as the viable solution for contemporary society? Our thesis is that transhumanism has appropriated the narrative structure of eugenics denying any kind of kinship or affiliation with it. This thesis will demonstrate that this discourse was engendered in the early decades of the twentieth century in the United States, re-signified and legitimized after 1945 by not only international agencies (such as the UN and UNESCO), but also massive investment in research and development by US federal agencies during the Cold War years, and research labs such as the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This process of legitimation was consolidated, and naturalized, in 1991, with the beginning of the Human Genome Project and its completion in 2001, when the ground was completely 'sanitized' from any remnants that linked eugenics to biotechnology and, consequently, to transhumanismEsta pesquisa entende o transhumanismo como um processo inventado, perpassado pelo conceito de melhoramento e somente possível através de uma concepção sobre o corpo deslocada por diversas vezes e por diferentes razões desde o século XVIII. Essa elasticidade do entendimento sobre o corpo se evidencia em diferentes relações, mas principalmente àquelas inseridas no campo entre ciência, tecnologia e sociedade. No interior destas relações, será observada a história da eugenia, como fenômeno nascido na Inglaterra no final do século XIX, mas principalmente, nos Estados Unidos nas primeiras décadas do século XX, e que desapareceu como proposta política no final da Segunda Guerra Mundial. A partir da investigação do movimento eugenista norte-americano foi detectada a reorientação deste campo de pesquisa em direção aos estudos da genética molecular. Nesse processo, geneticistas sob a vertente do socialismo utópico e inspirados pelo cosmismo viram na genética das populações a oportunidade de criar condições para melhorar a humanidade de maneira mais livre, mediados por uma organização internacional. Julian Huxley, eugenista confesso e primeiro diretor da UNESCO, organizou o debate para redefinir o conceito de raça e, a partir daí consolidou a possibilidade de aperfeiçoar o potencial humano via ciência, dessa vez sem vincular qualquer traço genético a um indivíduo específico, mas populações analisadas pela ciência e pela antropologia. A partir de então, o transhumanismo será construído como um projeto intelectual e de futuro. A questão norteadora é como foi possível o transhumanismo se apresentar como a solução e viável para a sociedade contemporânea? Nossa tese é que o transhumanismo se apropriou da estrutura narrativa da eugenia negando qualquer tipo de parentesco ou afiliação a esta última. Esta tese demonstrará que esse discurso foi engendrado nas primeiras décadas do século XX, nos Estados Unidos, ressignificado e legitimado após 1945 por não somente por agências de mediação internacional (tais como a ONU e a UNESCO), mas também pelo investimento massivo em pesquisa e desenvolvimento por agências federais norte-americanas, durante os anos da Guerra Fria, e laboratórios de pesquisa como o Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. Esse processo de legitimação foi consolidado, e naturalizado, em 1991, com o início do Projeto Genoma Humano e sua conclusão em 2001, quando o terreno estava completamente ‘higienizado’ de quaisquer resquícios que atrelassem a eugenia à biotecnologia e, consequentemente, ao transhumanismoCoordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior – CAPESConselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPqporPontifícia Universidade Católica de São PauloPrograma de Estudos Pós-Graduados em HistóriaPUC-SPBrasilFaculdade de Ciências SociaisCNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::HISTORIATranshumanismoEugeniaGenéticaTranshumanismEugenicsGeneticsEntre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SPinstname:Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP)instacron:PUC_SPORIGINALPietra Stefania Diwan.pdfapplication/pdf11425827https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/24029/1/Pietra%20Stefania%20Diwan.pdf8c09cb06791df03af8ffa24c2b081190MD51TEXTPietra Stefania Diwan.pdf.txtPietra Stefania Diwan.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain754427https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/24029/2/Pietra%20Stefania%20Diwan.pdf.txtae7c769d322daa9c15eee9f288db9c7eMD52THUMBNAILPietra Stefania Diwan.pdf.jpgPietra Stefania Diwan.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1322https://repositorio.pucsp.br/xmlui/bitstream/handle/24029/3/Pietra%20Stefania%20Diwan.pdf.jpgfe57db5402767f53b29f6136855486c9MD53handle/240292021-11-24 10:31:08.744oai:repositorio.pucsp.br:handle/24029Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://sapientia.pucsp.br/https://sapientia.pucsp.br/oai/requestbngkatende@pucsp.br||rapassi@pucsp.bropendoar:2021-11-24T13:31:08Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP - Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo (PUC-SP)false
dc.title.pt_BR.fl_str_mv Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
title Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
spellingShingle Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
Diwan, Pietra Stefania
CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::HISTORIA
Transhumanismo
Eugenia
Genética
Transhumanism
Eugenics
Genetics
title_short Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
title_full Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
title_fullStr Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
title_full_unstemmed Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
title_sort Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009)
author Diwan, Pietra Stefania
author_facet Diwan, Pietra Stefania
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Sant'Anna, Denise Bernuzzi de
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/9100012030618652
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/1322098592250367
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Diwan, Pietra Stefania
contributor_str_mv Sant'Anna, Denise Bernuzzi de
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::HISTORIA
topic CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::HISTORIA
Transhumanismo
Eugenia
Genética
Transhumanism
Eugenics
Genetics
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Transhumanismo
Eugenia
Genética
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Transhumanism
Eugenics
Genetics
description This research understands transhumanism as an invented process, permeated by the concept of improvement and only possible through a concept on the body displaced several times and for different reasons since the eighteenth century. This elasticity about the understanding of the body is evident in different relationships, but especially those between the field of science, technology and society. Within these relations, the history of eugenics will be observed, as a phenomenon born in England in the late nineteenth century, but mainly in the United States in the early decades of the twentieth century, and which disappeared as a political proposal at the end of World War II. From the investigation of the American eugenic movement it was detected the reorientation of this research field towards the studies of molecular genetics. In the process, geneticists under the from the utopian socialism and inspired by cosmism saw in genetics of population the opportunity to create conditions for freer humankind improvement only mediated by an international organization. Julian Huxley, a confessed eugenicist, part of this group, and first director of UNESCO, organized the debate to redefine the concept of race and from there consolidated the possibility of enhancing human potential via science, this time without linking any genetic trait to a specific individual, but populations. From now on, transhumanism will be built in two ways: as an intellectual, and future project. The guiding question is how it was possible for transhumanism to present itself as the viable solution for contemporary society? Our thesis is that transhumanism has appropriated the narrative structure of eugenics denying any kind of kinship or affiliation with it. This thesis will demonstrate that this discourse was engendered in the early decades of the twentieth century in the United States, re-signified and legitimized after 1945 by not only international agencies (such as the UN and UNESCO), but also massive investment in research and development by US federal agencies during the Cold War years, and research labs such as the Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory. This process of legitimation was consolidated, and naturalized, in 1991, with the beginning of the Human Genome Project and its completion in 2001, when the ground was completely 'sanitized' from any remnants that linked eugenics to biotechnology and, consequently, to transhumanism
publishDate 2020
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2020-04-27
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2021-11-23T21:16:22Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2021-11-23T21:16:22Z
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dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://repositorio.pucsp.br/jspui/handle/handle/24029
identifier_str_mv Diwan, Pietra Stefania. Entre Dédalo e Ícaro: cosmismo, eugenia e genética na invenção do transhumanismo norte-americano (1939-2009). 2020. Tese (Doutorado em História) - Programa de Estudos Pós-Graduados em História da Pontifícia Universidade Católica de São Paulo, São Paulo, 2020.
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