Marcel Martiny: eugenia e biotipologia na França do século XX

• Autor(a) principal: Thomaz, Luciana Costa Lima
• Data de Publicação: 2011
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da PUC_SP
• Texto Completo: https://tede2.pucsp.br/handle/handle/13262
• topic: História da medicina; Século XX; Holismo médico; Biotipologia; Eugenia; Marcel Martiny; History of science; History of medicine; 20th century; Medical Holism; Biotypology; Eugenics; Marcel Martiny; CNPQ::CIENCIAS HUMANAS::HISTORIA::HISTORIA DAS CIENCIAS

The traditional approach to medicine in the West was grounded on the classification of the endless human diversity in classes (complexions). With the rise of modern science, the focus of medicine gradually shifted to the physical and chemical processes proper to living matter. Consequently, the practice of medicine became dependent on the diagnosis of clinical entities, which were classified according to their etiopathogenic mechanisms, in turn dependent of biomolecular phenomena. Despite this mainstream direction, countless typological classifications burst out in the first decades of the 20th century in a wide range of contexts anthropology, criminology, psychology, education, etc. including medicine. To understand this phenomenon, this study focused on biotypological theories grounded on the assertion that there is an intrinsic relationship between human types and embryological layers, the work by Marcel Martiny (1897-1982) in particular. Analysis carried out within three overlapping spheres addressing sociohistorical, epistemological and historiographical aspects allowed identifying strong eugenic element in biotypological theory as formulated in the first half of the 20th century within the context known as medical Holism . This was also the background for Martiny, whose experimental work is restricted to anthropometric measurements that then were related with physiological and biomolecular phenomena exclusively by way of analogy. After World War I biotypological theory was depurated from all eugenic elements, whereas its lack of any empirical foundation was neglected and despite its contradictions, it is discussed even in our own days as if it were sound science