The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2021 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33369 |
Resumo: | The rise of emerging diseases is a threat to forest sustainability worldwide. Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium circinatum is an example of these diseases, for which there are no effective control measures available. The aim of this study was to evaluate foliar applications of Zn compounds, in ionic and nanoparticle (NP) forms, as a measure to control PPC. To attain our objectives, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies using ionic zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs), and ZnO NPs coated with alginatechitosan (ZnO CNP). In vivo, foliar applications of the compounds at 20 mg Zn/L were made to Pinus radiata seedlings one and two weeks before fungal inoculation. Growth, physiological performance (water potential, gas exchange performance, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity), and essential inorganic nutrients content were evaluated right before inoculation. When 50% of the plants of a treatment group showed symptoms, the same parameters were evaluated except for inorganic nutrient content and with the addition of survival, electrolyte leakage, and relative stem necrosis. In vitro studies did not show relevant results, nor results that could be extrapolated to the in vivo situation. In the in vivo tests performed before inoculation, ZnO NP treatment improved gas-exchange parameters with a 17% increase in CO2 assimilation. ZnSO4 had no effects and ZnO CNP caused a 37% reduction of CO2 assimilation, as well as a reduction in stomatal conductance. Over time, the positive influence of ZnO NP was nulled and ZnO NP and ZnSO4 showed no differences compared to control. ZnO CNP reversed the negative effects reaching 34% more CO2 assimilation than control plants. With fungus inoculation, plants treated with ZnO NP and ZnSO4 caused no differences in the normal symptom’s appearance. ZnO CNP treated plants had symptoms emergence 6 days before control and showed a tendency of decreased relative necrosis. These results may have been caused by the low performance of the plants on the day of inoculation and also by an earlier occlusion of the vascular vessels, possibly caused by the influence of chitosan on the plant’s defense system. The results of the gas exchange parameters showed that Zn applied in the form of ZnO NPs has advantages over the ionic form. In the interaction, P. radiata – F. circinatum, only ZnO CNP had an impact where the chitosan coating may have caused the earlier onset of disease symptoms. Our results reinforce the need to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the effects of the application of Zn NPs in Pinus radiata plants, and particularly to understand the mechanisms of action of chitosan on plant health, exploring different dosages, timings, and pathosystems. |
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The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interactionPine pitch cankerPinus radiataZinc oxide nanoparticlesChitosan coatingResistance inductionPlant performancePhysiologyThe rise of emerging diseases is a threat to forest sustainability worldwide. Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium circinatum is an example of these diseases, for which there are no effective control measures available. The aim of this study was to evaluate foliar applications of Zn compounds, in ionic and nanoparticle (NP) forms, as a measure to control PPC. To attain our objectives, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies using ionic zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs), and ZnO NPs coated with alginatechitosan (ZnO CNP). In vivo, foliar applications of the compounds at 20 mg Zn/L were made to Pinus radiata seedlings one and two weeks before fungal inoculation. Growth, physiological performance (water potential, gas exchange performance, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity), and essential inorganic nutrients content were evaluated right before inoculation. When 50% of the plants of a treatment group showed symptoms, the same parameters were evaluated except for inorganic nutrient content and with the addition of survival, electrolyte leakage, and relative stem necrosis. In vitro studies did not show relevant results, nor results that could be extrapolated to the in vivo situation. In the in vivo tests performed before inoculation, ZnO NP treatment improved gas-exchange parameters with a 17% increase in CO2 assimilation. ZnSO4 had no effects and ZnO CNP caused a 37% reduction of CO2 assimilation, as well as a reduction in stomatal conductance. Over time, the positive influence of ZnO NP was nulled and ZnO NP and ZnSO4 showed no differences compared to control. ZnO CNP reversed the negative effects reaching 34% more CO2 assimilation than control plants. With fungus inoculation, plants treated with ZnO NP and ZnSO4 caused no differences in the normal symptom’s appearance. ZnO CNP treated plants had symptoms emergence 6 days before control and showed a tendency of decreased relative necrosis. These results may have been caused by the low performance of the plants on the day of inoculation and also by an earlier occlusion of the vascular vessels, possibly caused by the influence of chitosan on the plant’s defense system. The results of the gas exchange parameters showed that Zn applied in the form of ZnO NPs has advantages over the ionic form. In the interaction, P. radiata – F. circinatum, only ZnO CNP had an impact where the chitosan coating may have caused the earlier onset of disease symptoms. Our results reinforce the need to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the effects of the application of Zn NPs in Pinus radiata plants, and particularly to understand the mechanisms of action of chitosan on plant health, exploring different dosages, timings, and pathosystems.O aumento de doenças emergentes é uma ameaça à sustentabilidade florestal a nível mundial. O Cancro Resinoso do Pinheiro (CRP) causado pelo fungo patogénico Fusarium circinatum é um exemplo dessas doenças, para a qual não existem medidas de controlo eficazes. O objetivo deste estudo consistiu em avaliar a aplicação foliar de compostos de Zn, nas formas iónica (sulfato de zinco) e em nanopartícula (NP), como uma medida para o controlo do CRP. Para atingir nossos objetivos, realizámos estudos in vitro e in vivo utilizando sulfato de zinco (ZnSO4), NPs de óxido de zinco (ZnO NP) e ZnO NPs com revestimento de alginato-quitosano (ZnO CNP). Foram feitas aplicações foliares dos compostos a 20 mg Zn / L, in vivo, em plantas de Pinus radiata, uma e duas semanas antes da inoculação do fungo. O crescimento, o desempenho fisiológico (potencial hídrico, trocas gasosas, peroxidação lipídica e capacidade antioxidante) e o teor de nutrientes inorgânicos essenciais foram avaliados imediatamente antes da inoculação. Quando 50% das plantas de um grupo de tratamento apresentaram sintomas, os mesmos parâmetros foram avaliados, exceto o teor de nutrientes inorgânicos e com a adição da taxa de sobrevivência, libertação de eletrólitos, e necrose relativa. Os estudos in vitro não mostraram resultados relevantes, nem resultados extrapoláveis para a situação in vivo. Nos testes in vivo realizados antes da inoculação, o tratamento com ZnO NP melhorou os parâmetros de trocas gasosas, com o aumento em 17% da assimilação de CO2. O ZnSO4 não teve efeitos e o ZnO CNP causou redução em 37% na assimilação de CO2, assim como redução na condutância estomática. Ao longo do tempo, a influência positiva de ZnO NP foi anulada e ZnO NP e ZnSO4 não mostraram diferenças comparativamente ao controlo. Já o tratamento com ZnO CNP reverteu os efeitos negativos, atingindo 34% mais assimilação de CO2 do que plantas controlo. Com a inoculação do fungo, plantas tratadas com ZnO NP e ZnSO4 não causaram diferenças no aparecimento dos sintomas, já plantas tratadas com ZnO CNP tiveram surgimento dos sintomas 6 dias antes do controlo e apresentaram tendência de diminuição da necrose relativa. Estes resultados podem ter sido causados pelo baixo desempenho das plantas no dia da inoculação e também por uma oclusão precoce dos vasos vasculares, possivelmente causada pela influência do quitosano no sistema de defesa da planta. Os resultados dos parâmetros de trocas gasosas mostraram que o Zn aplicado na forma de ZnO NPs tem vantagens relativamente à forma iónica. Na interação P. radiata - F. circinatum apenas ZnO CNP teve impacto, tendo a cobertura de quitosano influenciado o aparecimento precoce de sintomas. Os nossos resultados reforçam a necessidade de compreender melhor os mecanismos que regulam os efeitos da aplicação de NPs de Zn em plantas de Pinus radiata e mais particularmente compreender os mecanismos de ação do quitosano na saúde da planta, explorando diferentes doses, tempos e patossistemas.2022-12-22T00:00:00Z2021-12-09T00:00:00Z2021-12-09info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10773/33369engGraça, Pedro Manuel Vieira Almeidainfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-02-22T12:04:09Zoai:ria.ua.pt:10773/33369Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-20T03:04:47.573832Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
title |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
spellingShingle |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction Graça, Pedro Manuel Vieira Almeida Pine pitch canker Pinus radiata Zinc oxide nanoparticles Chitosan coating Resistance induction Plant performance Physiology |
title_short |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
title_full |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
title_fullStr |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
title_full_unstemmed |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
title_sort |
The effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles and chitosanalginate coating on Pinus radiata: Fusarium circinatum interaction |
author |
Graça, Pedro Manuel Vieira Almeida |
author_facet |
Graça, Pedro Manuel Vieira Almeida |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Graça, Pedro Manuel Vieira Almeida |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Pine pitch canker Pinus radiata Zinc oxide nanoparticles Chitosan coating Resistance induction Plant performance Physiology |
topic |
Pine pitch canker Pinus radiata Zinc oxide nanoparticles Chitosan coating Resistance induction Plant performance Physiology |
description |
The rise of emerging diseases is a threat to forest sustainability worldwide. Pine Pitch Canker (PPC) caused by the pathogenic fungi Fusarium circinatum is an example of these diseases, for which there are no effective control measures available. The aim of this study was to evaluate foliar applications of Zn compounds, in ionic and nanoparticle (NP) forms, as a measure to control PPC. To attain our objectives, we performed in vitro and in vivo studies using ionic zinc sulfate (ZnSO4), zinc oxide NPs (ZnO NPs), and ZnO NPs coated with alginatechitosan (ZnO CNP). In vivo, foliar applications of the compounds at 20 mg Zn/L were made to Pinus radiata seedlings one and two weeks before fungal inoculation. Growth, physiological performance (water potential, gas exchange performance, lipid peroxidation, and antioxidant capacity), and essential inorganic nutrients content were evaluated right before inoculation. When 50% of the plants of a treatment group showed symptoms, the same parameters were evaluated except for inorganic nutrient content and with the addition of survival, electrolyte leakage, and relative stem necrosis. In vitro studies did not show relevant results, nor results that could be extrapolated to the in vivo situation. In the in vivo tests performed before inoculation, ZnO NP treatment improved gas-exchange parameters with a 17% increase in CO2 assimilation. ZnSO4 had no effects and ZnO CNP caused a 37% reduction of CO2 assimilation, as well as a reduction in stomatal conductance. Over time, the positive influence of ZnO NP was nulled and ZnO NP and ZnSO4 showed no differences compared to control. ZnO CNP reversed the negative effects reaching 34% more CO2 assimilation than control plants. With fungus inoculation, plants treated with ZnO NP and ZnSO4 caused no differences in the normal symptom’s appearance. ZnO CNP treated plants had symptoms emergence 6 days before control and showed a tendency of decreased relative necrosis. These results may have been caused by the low performance of the plants on the day of inoculation and also by an earlier occlusion of the vascular vessels, possibly caused by the influence of chitosan on the plant’s defense system. The results of the gas exchange parameters showed that Zn applied in the form of ZnO NPs has advantages over the ionic form. In the interaction, P. radiata – F. circinatum, only ZnO CNP had an impact where the chitosan coating may have caused the earlier onset of disease symptoms. Our results reinforce the need to better understand the mechanisms that regulate the effects of the application of Zn NPs in Pinus radiata plants, and particularly to understand the mechanisms of action of chitosan on plant health, exploring different dosages, timings, and pathosystems. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-12-09T00:00:00Z 2021-12-09 2022-12-22T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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masterThesis |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33369 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10773/33369 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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