Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2018 |
Outros Autores: | |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868 |
Resumo: | The knowledge of the pathophysiology of tumour progression is crucial to understand the therapeutic targets in order to control the disease. The mechanisms used by the immune system to affect cancer development and progression has been a challenging question in immunology. It is now postulated that immunology plays a dual role in this process: it protects against tumour growth, destroying “aberrant” tumour cells, but may also promote tumour progression by selecting tumour cells that are able to escape the immune response and survive in an immunocompetent host. These findings gave rise to the concept of “cancer immunoediting”, which explains the influence of the immune system on tumour progression. Several observations like immunosuppression as a risk factor for melanoma, the possibility of partial or complete regression of primary tumour and development of vitiligo, have suggested that melanoma is an immunogenic tumour but a successful tumour evolution can occur in the light of the “immunoediting” concept. Immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD-1), were recognized to have important roles in regulating T cell responses during tumour development and were proven to be effective targets in treating advanced melanoma. This article will briefly review the process of tumour evolution and its interaction with the immune system as well as the mechanism of action of the immune checkpoint inhibitors to understand better the new targeted immunotherapies for advanced melanoma, that will be further discussed. |
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Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint InhibitorsResposta Imunológica no Melanoma: Base para a Compreensão do Papel da Imunoterapia com Inibidores de “Checkpoints” ImunológicosImmunologic SurveillanceImmunotherapyMelanoma/immunologyMelanoma/therapyProgrammed Cell Death 1 ReceptorImunoterapiaMelanoma/imunologiaMelanoma/tratamentoReceptor de Morte Celular Programada 1Vigilância ImunológicaThe knowledge of the pathophysiology of tumour progression is crucial to understand the therapeutic targets in order to control the disease. The mechanisms used by the immune system to affect cancer development and progression has been a challenging question in immunology. It is now postulated that immunology plays a dual role in this process: it protects against tumour growth, destroying “aberrant” tumour cells, but may also promote tumour progression by selecting tumour cells that are able to escape the immune response and survive in an immunocompetent host. These findings gave rise to the concept of “cancer immunoediting”, which explains the influence of the immune system on tumour progression. Several observations like immunosuppression as a risk factor for melanoma, the possibility of partial or complete regression of primary tumour and development of vitiligo, have suggested that melanoma is an immunogenic tumour but a successful tumour evolution can occur in the light of the “immunoediting” concept. Immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD-1), were recognized to have important roles in regulating T cell responses during tumour development and were proven to be effective targets in treating advanced melanoma. This article will briefly review the process of tumour evolution and its interaction with the immune system as well as the mechanism of action of the immune checkpoint inhibitors to understand better the new targeted immunotherapies for advanced melanoma, that will be further discussed.O conhecimento do processo de evolução tumoral é essencial para compreender os alvos terapêuticos no controle da doença. A forma como o sistema imune influência o desenvolvimento e a progressão do cancro é uma questão desafiante na área da imunologia. Atualmente reconhece-se o papel paradoxal do sistema imunológico neste processo: por um lado protege contra o crescimento tumoral, destruindo células exprimindo antigénios tumorais “aberrantes”, por outro pode favorecer a sua progressão, selecionando células tumorais que escapam à vigilância imunológica e são capazes de sobreviver num hospedeiro imunocompetente. Esta observação deu origem ao conceito de “cancer immunoediting”, que explica a influência do sistema imune na progressão tumoral. Tendo em conta algumas observações associadas ao melanoma, como por exemplo, o desenvolvimento de vitiligo, a possibilidade de regressão e a correlação com a imunossupressão, este tem sido considerado um exemplo de tumor imunogénico, cujo mecanismo patofisiológico reconhecido até à data se enquadra no conceito de “immunoediting”. Reconhecida a importância de CTLA-4 (antigénio linfócitário T citotóxico) e PD-1 (proteína de morte celular programada) como “checkpoints” imunológicos na regulação da atividade das células T em resposta à progressão tumoral, estas moléculas têm sido considerados alvos terapêuticos importantes no tratamento do melanoma avançado. O presente artigo pretende rever sucintamente o processo de evolução tumoral e respetiva interação com o sistema imune, bem como o mecanismo de ação dos “checkpoints” inibitórios por forma a melhor compreender os novos alvos da imunoterapia no melanoma avançado, que serão revistos em trabalho futuro.Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia2018-04-05T00:00:00Zjournal articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868oai:ojs.revista.spdv.com.pt:article/868Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology; Vol 76 No 1 (2018): Janeiro - Março; 47-52Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia; v. 76 n. 1 (2018): Janeiro - Março; 47-522182-24092182-2395reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAPenghttps://revista.spdv.com.pt/index.php/spdv/article/view/868https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868https://revista.spdv.com.pt/index.php/spdv/article/view/868/547Matos Pires, EugéniaMoura, Cecíliainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2022-10-06T12:35:06Zoai:ojs.revista.spdv.com.pt:article/868Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T16:11:05.167108Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Resposta Imunológica no Melanoma: Base para a Compreensão do Papel da Imunoterapia com Inibidores de “Checkpoints” Imunológicos |
title |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
spellingShingle |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors Matos Pires, Eugénia Immunologic Surveillance Immunotherapy Melanoma/immunology Melanoma/therapy Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Imunoterapia Melanoma/imunologia Melanoma/tratamento Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 Vigilância Imunológica |
title_short |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
title_full |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
title_fullStr |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
title_full_unstemmed |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
title_sort |
Immune Response in Melanoma: A Basis to Understand the Role of Immunotherapy with Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors |
author |
Matos Pires, Eugénia |
author_facet |
Matos Pires, Eugénia Moura, Cecília |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Moura, Cecília |
author2_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Matos Pires, Eugénia Moura, Cecília |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Immunologic Surveillance Immunotherapy Melanoma/immunology Melanoma/therapy Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Imunoterapia Melanoma/imunologia Melanoma/tratamento Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 Vigilância Imunológica |
topic |
Immunologic Surveillance Immunotherapy Melanoma/immunology Melanoma/therapy Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor Imunoterapia Melanoma/imunologia Melanoma/tratamento Receptor de Morte Celular Programada 1 Vigilância Imunológica |
description |
The knowledge of the pathophysiology of tumour progression is crucial to understand the therapeutic targets in order to control the disease. The mechanisms used by the immune system to affect cancer development and progression has been a challenging question in immunology. It is now postulated that immunology plays a dual role in this process: it protects against tumour growth, destroying “aberrant” tumour cells, but may also promote tumour progression by selecting tumour cells that are able to escape the immune response and survive in an immunocompetent host. These findings gave rise to the concept of “cancer immunoediting”, which explains the influence of the immune system on tumour progression. Several observations like immunosuppression as a risk factor for melanoma, the possibility of partial or complete regression of primary tumour and development of vitiligo, have suggested that melanoma is an immunogenic tumour but a successful tumour evolution can occur in the light of the “immunoediting” concept. Immune checkpoints, cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen (CTLA)-4 and programmed cell death (PD-1), were recognized to have important roles in regulating T cell responses during tumour development and were proven to be effective targets in treating advanced melanoma. This article will briefly review the process of tumour evolution and its interaction with the immune system as well as the mechanism of action of the immune checkpoint inhibitors to understand better the new targeted immunotherapies for advanced melanoma, that will be further discussed. |
publishDate |
2018 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2018-04-05T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
journal article info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868 oai:ojs.revista.spdv.com.pt:article/868 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868 |
identifier_str_mv |
oai:ojs.revista.spdv.com.pt:article/868 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://revista.spdv.com.pt/index.php/spdv/article/view/868 https://doi.org/10.29021/spdv.76.1.868 https://revista.spdv.com.pt/index.php/spdv/article/view/868/547 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Journal of the Portuguese Society of Dermatology and Venereology; Vol 76 No 1 (2018): Janeiro - Março; 47-52 Revista da Sociedade Portuguesa de Dermatologia e Venereologia; v. 76 n. 1 (2018): Janeiro - Março; 47-52 2182-2409 2182-2395 reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
instname_str |
Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
instacron_str |
RCAAP |
institution |
RCAAP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
collection |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
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1799130566762692608 |