Obesity: hormonal regulation
Autor(a) principal: | |
---|---|
Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | https://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421 |
Resumo: | Obesity is considered by WHO a public health problem, as the number of overweight people worldwide is now 1.9 billion, out of which approximately 600 million are obese. This condition is correlated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. This pathology arises as a consequence of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expended. This imbalance can result from psychological, environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors, which are inducers of eating disorders such as increased food intake and a sedentary lifestyle. The regulation of energy balance results from a variety of afferent stimuli that are processed in the central nervous system, and efferent responses regulate appetite and satiety. Afferent impulses may occur by stimulating the vagus nerve or involving hormones released by adipose tissue (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin) and the gastrointestinal tract (ghrelin, PYY, PP, GPL-1, and CCK). The response to the stimulus causes activation or inhibition of orexigenic neurons (NPY, AgRP) and/or anorexigenic neurons (POMC, CART), primarily expressed in the hypothalamus. While the activation of neurons that express AgRP and NPY increases appetite, the activation of neurons that express POMC provides satiety. Many studies have sought to understand these regulatory mechanisms of energy balance. However, the results are still not precise and arguably even contradictory. With this article, we intend to review the mechanisms of hormonal regulation involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, with particular emphasis on hormones produced in fat tissue, stomach, and intestine. As an epidemic of the XXI century because of its high prevalence and associated complications, it is crucial that obesity becomes the topic of further studies in order to find new therapeutic approaches. |
id |
RCAP_351a95907f04d0ad2d5a33ba8c74bce8 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:journals.ipl.pt:article/611 |
network_acronym_str |
RCAP |
network_name_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository_id_str |
7160 |
spelling |
Obesity: hormonal regulationObesidade: regulação hormonalObesidadeHormonasTecido adiposoTrato gastrointestinalAbordagem terapêuticaObesityHormonesAdipose tissueGastrointestinal tractTherapeutic approachesObesity is considered by WHO a public health problem, as the number of overweight people worldwide is now 1.9 billion, out of which approximately 600 million are obese. This condition is correlated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. This pathology arises as a consequence of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expended. This imbalance can result from psychological, environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors, which are inducers of eating disorders such as increased food intake and a sedentary lifestyle. The regulation of energy balance results from a variety of afferent stimuli that are processed in the central nervous system, and efferent responses regulate appetite and satiety. Afferent impulses may occur by stimulating the vagus nerve or involving hormones released by adipose tissue (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin) and the gastrointestinal tract (ghrelin, PYY, PP, GPL-1, and CCK). The response to the stimulus causes activation or inhibition of orexigenic neurons (NPY, AgRP) and/or anorexigenic neurons (POMC, CART), primarily expressed in the hypothalamus. While the activation of neurons that express AgRP and NPY increases appetite, the activation of neurons that express POMC provides satiety. Many studies have sought to understand these regulatory mechanisms of energy balance. However, the results are still not precise and arguably even contradictory. With this article, we intend to review the mechanisms of hormonal regulation involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, with particular emphasis on hormones produced in fat tissue, stomach, and intestine. As an epidemic of the XXI century because of its high prevalence and associated complications, it is crucial that obesity becomes the topic of further studies in order to find new therapeutic approaches. A obesidade é considerada um problema de saúde pública pela OMS, existindo mundialmente cerca de 1,9 mil milhões de pessoas com excesso de peso e, destas, 600 milhões são obesas. Esta patologia representa um risco elevado para doenças cardiovasculares, diabetes, hipertensão e cancro. Na sua génese está um desequilíbrio entre a energia ingerida e a energia despendida. Este desequilíbrio pode resultar de fatores psicológicos, ambientais, genéticos e metabólicos, indutores de perturbações do comportamento alimentar, como o aumento de ingestão alimentar ou de um estilo de vida sedentário. A regulação do balanço energético resulta de uma variedade de estímulos aferentes que são processados no sistema nervoso central e respostas eferentes, reguladoras do apetite e saciedade. Os sinais aferentes podem ser transmitidos ao cérebro através do nervo vago ou pela via sistémica e envolver hormonas libertadas pelo tecido adiposo (leptina, adiponectina, resistina e visfatina) e pelo trato gastrointestinal (ghrelina, PYY, PP, GPL-1 e CCK). A resposta aos estímulos provoca ativação ou inibição de neurónios orexígenos (NPY, AgRP) e/ou anorexígenos (POMC, CART) localizados no hipotálamo. Enquanto a ativação dos neurónios que expressam NPY e AgRP aumenta o apetite, a ativação dos neurónios que expressam POMC ou CART origina saciedade. Muitos são os estudos que procuraram compreender os mecanismos do balanço energético. Contudo, os resultados são ainda, em alguns casos, pouco esclarecedores ou mesmo contraditórios. Pretende-se, com este artigo, fazer uma revisão sobre os mecanismos de regulação hormonal envolvidos na patogénese da obesidade, dando especial relevo às hormonas produzidas no tecido adiposo, estômago e intestino. Considerada uma epidemia do século XXI pela sua elevada prevalência e complicações associadas, tornam-se cruciais mais estudos nesta área a fim de encontrar novas abordagens terapêuticas.Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa)2022-09-06info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttps://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421oai:journals.ipl.pt:article/611Saúde e Tecnologia; No. 16 (2016): Novembro 2016; 05-15Saúde & Tecnologia; N.º 16 (2016): Novembro 2016; 05-151646-9704reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAPporhttps://journals.ipl.pt/stecnologia/article/view/611https://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421https://journals.ipl.pt/stecnologia/article/view/611/506Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Saúde & Tecnologiainfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessVeiga, Luísa2022-12-20T10:58:59Zoai:journals.ipl.pt:article/611Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T16:21:24.068838Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Obesity: hormonal regulation Obesidade: regulação hormonal |
title |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
spellingShingle |
Obesity: hormonal regulation Veiga, Luísa Obesidade Hormonas Tecido adiposo Trato gastrointestinal Abordagem terapêutica Obesity Hormones Adipose tissue Gastrointestinal tract Therapeutic approaches |
title_short |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
title_full |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
title_fullStr |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
title_full_unstemmed |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
title_sort |
Obesity: hormonal regulation |
author |
Veiga, Luísa |
author_facet |
Veiga, Luísa |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Veiga, Luísa |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Obesidade Hormonas Tecido adiposo Trato gastrointestinal Abordagem terapêutica Obesity Hormones Adipose tissue Gastrointestinal tract Therapeutic approaches |
topic |
Obesidade Hormonas Tecido adiposo Trato gastrointestinal Abordagem terapêutica Obesity Hormones Adipose tissue Gastrointestinal tract Therapeutic approaches |
description |
Obesity is considered by WHO a public health problem, as the number of overweight people worldwide is now 1.9 billion, out of which approximately 600 million are obese. This condition is correlated with a high risk of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, and cancer. This pathology arises as a consequence of an imbalance between energy intake and energy expended. This imbalance can result from psychological, environmental, genetic, and metabolic factors, which are inducers of eating disorders such as increased food intake and a sedentary lifestyle. The regulation of energy balance results from a variety of afferent stimuli that are processed in the central nervous system, and efferent responses regulate appetite and satiety. Afferent impulses may occur by stimulating the vagus nerve or involving hormones released by adipose tissue (leptin, adiponectin, resistin, and visfatin) and the gastrointestinal tract (ghrelin, PYY, PP, GPL-1, and CCK). The response to the stimulus causes activation or inhibition of orexigenic neurons (NPY, AgRP) and/or anorexigenic neurons (POMC, CART), primarily expressed in the hypothalamus. While the activation of neurons that express AgRP and NPY increases appetite, the activation of neurons that express POMC provides satiety. Many studies have sought to understand these regulatory mechanisms of energy balance. However, the results are still not precise and arguably even contradictory. With this article, we intend to review the mechanisms of hormonal regulation involved in the pathogenesis of obesity, with particular emphasis on hormones produced in fat tissue, stomach, and intestine. As an epidemic of the XXI century because of its high prevalence and associated complications, it is crucial that obesity becomes the topic of further studies in order to find new therapeutic approaches. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-09-06 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421 oai:journals.ipl.pt:article/611 |
url |
https://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421 |
identifier_str_mv |
oai:journals.ipl.pt:article/611 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
por |
language |
por |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://journals.ipl.pt/stecnologia/article/view/611 https://doi.org/10.25758/set.1421 https://journals.ipl.pt/stecnologia/article/view/611/506 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Saúde & Tecnologia info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Direitos de Autor (c) 2022 Saúde & Tecnologia |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa) |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Escola Superior de Tecnologia da Saúde de Lisboa (Instituto Politécnico de Lisboa) |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Saúde e Tecnologia; No. 16 (2016): Novembro 2016; 05-15 Saúde & Tecnologia; N.º 16 (2016): Novembro 2016; 05-15 1646-9704 reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
instname_str |
Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
instacron_str |
RCAAP |
institution |
RCAAP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
collection |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
|
_version_ |
1799130661085249536 |