General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/3878 |
Resumo: | ABSTRACT: Titanium ore minerals have a unique spectrum of properties useful for modern-day industrial applications. This study focuses on the global distribution, genesis, processing, and economics of titanium ore minerals. Titanium ore deposits are distributed in 20 countries. Ilmenite (FeOTiO2), leucoxene (Fe2O3.nTiO2), and rutile (TiO2) are the major Ti ores. Titanium ore minerals in rocks (i.e., primary deposits) are products of magmatic, hydrothermal, metasomatic, and metamorphic processes. Titanium ore minerals are also concentrated as unconsolidated/placer deposits (i.e., secondary deposits) due to weathering (chemical, physical and biological), erosion, and transportation of sediments. About 60% of global Ti ore production comes from unconsolidated mineral sand deposits. China is the leading producer of ilmenite accounting for 31% of global production, primarily from hard-rock deposits. Australia and South Africa are also leading producers of ilmenite. In addition, Australia leads rutile production with a global share of 52%. Titanium ore minerals are used to extract TiO2 and Ti metal, using three major processes pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Therefore, processed TiO2 and Ti metal are used in advanced applications such as the production of paints, aircraft, photovoltaic cells, medicines, and biomedical engineering. Substitutions are virtually impossible in most applications of TiO2 due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Time series analysis and forecast (using the R studio software) of global production and price variations of ilmenite and rutile indicate satisfactory growth rates, based on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database and mineral yearbooks over 65 years from 1950 to 2015. |
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General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecastRevisão geral dos minérios de titânio em exploração: estado atual e previsãoTitanium oresIlmeniteRutileTitanium dioxideTitanium metalMinérios de titânioRútiloDióxido de titânioMetal de titânioABSTRACT: Titanium ore minerals have a unique spectrum of properties useful for modern-day industrial applications. This study focuses on the global distribution, genesis, processing, and economics of titanium ore minerals. Titanium ore deposits are distributed in 20 countries. Ilmenite (FeOTiO2), leucoxene (Fe2O3.nTiO2), and rutile (TiO2) are the major Ti ores. Titanium ore minerals in rocks (i.e., primary deposits) are products of magmatic, hydrothermal, metasomatic, and metamorphic processes. Titanium ore minerals are also concentrated as unconsolidated/placer deposits (i.e., secondary deposits) due to weathering (chemical, physical and biological), erosion, and transportation of sediments. About 60% of global Ti ore production comes from unconsolidated mineral sand deposits. China is the leading producer of ilmenite accounting for 31% of global production, primarily from hard-rock deposits. Australia and South Africa are also leading producers of ilmenite. In addition, Australia leads rutile production with a global share of 52%. Titanium ore minerals are used to extract TiO2 and Ti metal, using three major processes pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Therefore, processed TiO2 and Ti metal are used in advanced applications such as the production of paints, aircraft, photovoltaic cells, medicines, and biomedical engineering. Substitutions are virtually impossible in most applications of TiO2 due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Time series analysis and forecast (using the R studio software) of global production and price variations of ilmenite and rutile indicate satisfactory growth rates, based on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database and mineral yearbooks over 65 years from 1950 to 2015.LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e GeologiaRepositório do LNEGSubasinghe, Hevapathiranage Chandima SudanthaRatnayake, Amila Sandaruwan2022-07-13T13:48:10Z2022-06-01T00:00:00Z2022-06-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/3878engSubasinghe, H. C. S... [et.al.] - General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast. In: Comunicações Geológicas, 2022, vol. 109, nº 1, p. 21-310873-948Xhttps://doi.org/10.34637/aab4-mk811647-581Xinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2022-09-06T12:29:44Zoai:repositorio.lneg.pt:10400.9/3878Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T15:37:07.945077Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast Revisão geral dos minérios de titânio em exploração: estado atual e previsão |
title |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
spellingShingle |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast Subasinghe, Hevapathiranage Chandima Sudantha Titanium ores Ilmenite Rutile Titanium dioxide Titanium metal Minérios de titânio Rútilo Dióxido de titânio Metal de titânio |
title_short |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
title_full |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
title_fullStr |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
title_full_unstemmed |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
title_sort |
General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast |
author |
Subasinghe, Hevapathiranage Chandima Sudantha |
author_facet |
Subasinghe, Hevapathiranage Chandima Sudantha Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan |
author2_role |
author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Repositório do LNEG |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Subasinghe, Hevapathiranage Chandima Sudantha Ratnayake, Amila Sandaruwan |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Titanium ores Ilmenite Rutile Titanium dioxide Titanium metal Minérios de titânio Rútilo Dióxido de titânio Metal de titânio |
topic |
Titanium ores Ilmenite Rutile Titanium dioxide Titanium metal Minérios de titânio Rútilo Dióxido de titânio Metal de titânio |
description |
ABSTRACT: Titanium ore minerals have a unique spectrum of properties useful for modern-day industrial applications. This study focuses on the global distribution, genesis, processing, and economics of titanium ore minerals. Titanium ore deposits are distributed in 20 countries. Ilmenite (FeOTiO2), leucoxene (Fe2O3.nTiO2), and rutile (TiO2) are the major Ti ores. Titanium ore minerals in rocks (i.e., primary deposits) are products of magmatic, hydrothermal, metasomatic, and metamorphic processes. Titanium ore minerals are also concentrated as unconsolidated/placer deposits (i.e., secondary deposits) due to weathering (chemical, physical and biological), erosion, and transportation of sediments. About 60% of global Ti ore production comes from unconsolidated mineral sand deposits. China is the leading producer of ilmenite accounting for 31% of global production, primarily from hard-rock deposits. Australia and South Africa are also leading producers of ilmenite. In addition, Australia leads rutile production with a global share of 52%. Titanium ore minerals are used to extract TiO2 and Ti metal, using three major processes pyrometallurgy, hydrometallurgy, and electrometallurgy. Therefore, processed TiO2 and Ti metal are used in advanced applications such as the production of paints, aircraft, photovoltaic cells, medicines, and biomedical engineering. Substitutions are virtually impossible in most applications of TiO2 due to its unique physical and chemical properties. Time series analysis and forecast (using the R studio software) of global production and price variations of ilmenite and rutile indicate satisfactory growth rates, based on the United States Geological Survey (USGS) database and mineral yearbooks over 65 years from 1950 to 2015. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-07-13T13:48:10Z 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z 2022-06-01T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/3878 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.9/3878 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Subasinghe, H. C. S... [et.al.] - General review of titanium ores in exploitation: present status and forecast. In: Comunicações Geológicas, 2022, vol. 109, nº 1, p. 21-31 0873-948X https://doi.org/10.34637/aab4-mk81 1647-581X |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
LNEG - Laboratório Nacional de Energia e Geologia |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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