Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics?
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2023 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/39244 |
Resumo: | The persistence of microplastics (< 5 mm in size) and plastic additives (e.g., flame retardants commonly applied in clothing) in the marine environment is threatening their biota, potentially leading to the loss of ecological functions. To understand the impacts of these emerging contaminants, alone or in combination, in marine environments, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) (bivalve with ecological, economic, and gastronomic value, and a bioindicator of microplastic pollution) was selected as test species for in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicity assays, under relevant exposure scenarios (i.e., environmentally relevant concentrations, increasing temperatures) and considering the potential sensitivity or resilience of different populations (here, Atlantic vs. Adriatic). Nylon (commonly applied in clothing, fishing gear, and other consumer products) and the plastic additive tricresyl phosphate (TCP, a flame retardant) were privileged as contaminants due to their representativity and prevalence in marine environments. Exposure to nylon microplastics (63-125 μm, ~800 particles/L in the water column) and its ingestion (13 to 17 particles in their whole organisms) seem to affect the antioxidant and detoxification defences (a decrease by ~50 % in catalase, 33 % in glutathione reductase, and up to ~32 % in glutathione peroxidase activities) and neurotransmission (a decrease of ~40 %) in Atlantic mussels. On the other hand, exposure to TCP (1 μg/L) seemed to particularly interfere with the mussel’s biotransformation capacity, mainly in carboxylesterases using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate. The biochemical alterations observed in mussels after exposure to nylon or TCP did not prevail in the co-exposure, meaning that all biochemical responses in mussels exposed to both nylon and TCP remained similar as in control conditions. No lipid damage was observed in mussels exposed to nylon, TCP or both. When considering an increase of 4 ºC (i.e., from 17 ºC to 21 ºC), Atlantic mussels under control conditions revealed an expected increase (by ~57 %) in the aerobic metabolism, conversely to mussels exposed to nylon microplastics whose aerobic metabolism remained similar to the organisms at 17 ºC, indicating that energy is being spent to cope with potential stress caused by the presence of these particles. No other biochemical parameters varied among temperatures and in the presence/absence of nylon in Atlantic mussels. In the presence of different plastic additives and considering carboxylesterases activity that shown higher sensitivity to such contaminants, mussels from Adriatic Sea and Atlantic Ocean revealed similar capacities in in vitro assays, contrary to what was expected as natural (uncontaminated) Adriatic mussels had higher antioxidant, detoxification, and biotransformation basal capacities and greater neurotransmission than Atlantic mussels due to their adaptation to slightly more contaminated waters. Overall, mussels exposed to nylon and TCP (as individual contaminants) revealed impaired antioxidant/detoxificant defences and biotransformation capacity, respectively. Notwithstanding, such alterations did not result in lipid damage, and co-exposure of these two contaminants (which is more likely to happen in natural environments) did not result in significant biochemical alterations, indicating that these contaminants may not have a cumulative effect on mussels. Yet, further research is needed to better understand the long-term effects of exposure to these pollutants. |
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Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics?MusselsNylon (PA)Tricresyl phosphate (TCP)Plastic additivesMetabolismOxidative stressCarboxylesterasesThe persistence of microplastics (< 5 mm in size) and plastic additives (e.g., flame retardants commonly applied in clothing) in the marine environment is threatening their biota, potentially leading to the loss of ecological functions. To understand the impacts of these emerging contaminants, alone or in combination, in marine environments, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) (bivalve with ecological, economic, and gastronomic value, and a bioindicator of microplastic pollution) was selected as test species for in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicity assays, under relevant exposure scenarios (i.e., environmentally relevant concentrations, increasing temperatures) and considering the potential sensitivity or resilience of different populations (here, Atlantic vs. Adriatic). Nylon (commonly applied in clothing, fishing gear, and other consumer products) and the plastic additive tricresyl phosphate (TCP, a flame retardant) were privileged as contaminants due to their representativity and prevalence in marine environments. Exposure to nylon microplastics (63-125 μm, ~800 particles/L in the water column) and its ingestion (13 to 17 particles in their whole organisms) seem to affect the antioxidant and detoxification defences (a decrease by ~50 % in catalase, 33 % in glutathione reductase, and up to ~32 % in glutathione peroxidase activities) and neurotransmission (a decrease of ~40 %) in Atlantic mussels. On the other hand, exposure to TCP (1 μg/L) seemed to particularly interfere with the mussel’s biotransformation capacity, mainly in carboxylesterases using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate. The biochemical alterations observed in mussels after exposure to nylon or TCP did not prevail in the co-exposure, meaning that all biochemical responses in mussels exposed to both nylon and TCP remained similar as in control conditions. No lipid damage was observed in mussels exposed to nylon, TCP or both. When considering an increase of 4 ºC (i.e., from 17 ºC to 21 ºC), Atlantic mussels under control conditions revealed an expected increase (by ~57 %) in the aerobic metabolism, conversely to mussels exposed to nylon microplastics whose aerobic metabolism remained similar to the organisms at 17 ºC, indicating that energy is being spent to cope with potential stress caused by the presence of these particles. No other biochemical parameters varied among temperatures and in the presence/absence of nylon in Atlantic mussels. In the presence of different plastic additives and considering carboxylesterases activity that shown higher sensitivity to such contaminants, mussels from Adriatic Sea and Atlantic Ocean revealed similar capacities in in vitro assays, contrary to what was expected as natural (uncontaminated) Adriatic mussels had higher antioxidant, detoxification, and biotransformation basal capacities and greater neurotransmission than Atlantic mussels due to their adaptation to slightly more contaminated waters. Overall, mussels exposed to nylon and TCP (as individual contaminants) revealed impaired antioxidant/detoxificant defences and biotransformation capacity, respectively. Notwithstanding, such alterations did not result in lipid damage, and co-exposure of these two contaminants (which is more likely to happen in natural environments) did not result in significant biochemical alterations, indicating that these contaminants may not have a cumulative effect on mussels. Yet, further research is needed to better understand the long-term effects of exposure to these pollutants.A persistência dos microplásticos (< 5 mm de tamanho) e aditivos plásticos (por exemplo, retardador de chama frequentemente aplicados em roupas) no ambiente marinho ameaça a biota, potencialmente levando à perda de funções ecológicas. Para entender os impactos desses contaminantes emergentes, sozinhos ou em combinação, em ambientes marinhos, o mexilhão Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) (bivalve com valor ecológico, económico e gastronómico, e um bioindicador da poluição por microplásticos) foi selecionado como espécie teste para ensaios ecotoxicológicos in vivo e in vitro, sob cenários de exposição relevantes (ou seja, concentrações ambientalmente relevantes e temperaturas crescentes) e considerando a sensibilidade ou resiliência potencial de diferentes populações (neste caso, Atlântico vs. Adriático). O nylon (comumente aplicado em roupas, equipamentos de pesca e outros produtos de consumo) e o aditivo plástico tricresilo fosfato (TCP, um retardador de chama) foram privilegiados como contaminantes devido à sua representatividade e prevalência em ambientes marinhos. A exposição a microplásticos de nylon (63- 125 μm, ~ 800 partículas/L na coluna de água) e sua ingestão (13 a 17 partículas em todo o organismo) parecem afetar as defesas antioxidantes e de desintoxicação (uma diminuição de cerca de ~50 % na atividade de catalase, ~33 % na atividade da glutationa redutase e até ~32 % na atividade de glutationa peroxidase), e a neurotransmissão (uma diminuição de cerca de ~40 %) em mexilhões do Atlântico. Por outro lado, a exposição ao TCP (1 μg/L) aparenta interferir particularmente na capacidade de biotransformação do mexilhão, principalmente nas carboxilesterases usando p-nitrofenil butirato como substrato. As alterações bioquímicas observadas nos mexilhões após exposição a nylon ou TCP não prevaleceram na coexposição, o que significa que todas as respostas bioquímicas dos mexilhões expostas a ambos (nylon e TCP) permaneceram semelhantes às condições de controlo. Não foi observado nenhum dano lipídico nos mexilhões expostos ao nylon, TCP ou ambos. Ao considerar um aumento de 4 ºC (ou seja, de 17 ºC para 21 ºC), os mexilhões do Atlântico em condições de controlo revelaram um aumento esperado (de cerca de ~57 %) no metabolismo aeróbico, ao contrário dos mexilhões expostos a microplásticos de nylon, cujo metabolismo aeróbico permaneceu semelhante aos organismos a 17 ºC, indicando que a energia está a ser gasta para lidar com um potencial stress causado pela presença dessas partículas. Nenhum outro parâmetro bioquímico variou entre as temperaturas e na presença/ausência de nylon nos mexilhões do Atlântico. Na presença de diferentes aditivos de plástico e, também, considerando a atividade das carboxilesterases que demonstram uma maior sensibilidade a tais contaminantes, mexilhões provenientes do mar Adriático e do oceano Atlântico revelaram ter capacidades similares num teste in vitro. Contudo, mexilhões presentes no Adriático demonstraram ter uma maior capacidade basal de antioxidantes/detoxificantes, de biotransformação, e maior neurotransmissão do que mexilhões do Atlântico, devido à sua adaptação a águas ligeiramente mais contaminadas. Em suma, os mexilhões expostos ao nylon e ao TCP (como contaminantes individuais) revelaram defesas antioxidantes/desintoxicantes e capacidade de biotransformação prejudicadas, respetivamente. No entanto, tais alterações não resultaram em danos lipídicos, e a coexposição desses dois contaminantes (que é provável de ocorrer em ambientes naturais) não resultou em alterações bioquímicas significativas, indicando que esses contaminantes podem não ter um efeito cumulativo nos mexilhões. Ainda assim, mais pesquisas são necessárias para entender melhor os efeitos a longo prazo da exposição a esses poluentes.2024-07-17T00:00:00Z2023-07-04T00:00:00Z2023-07-04info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10773/39244engBorges, Luís Filipe Durãesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-02-22T12:16:44Zoai:ria.ua.pt:10773/39244Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-20T03:09:30.319554Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
title |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
spellingShingle |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? Borges, Luís Filipe Durães Mussels Nylon (PA) Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) Plastic additives Metabolism Oxidative stress Carboxylesterases |
title_short |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
title_full |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
title_fullStr |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
title_full_unstemmed |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
title_sort |
Are Mytilus galloprovincialis populations threatened by the presence of plastic additives and/or microplastics? |
author |
Borges, Luís Filipe Durães |
author_facet |
Borges, Luís Filipe Durães |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Borges, Luís Filipe Durães |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Mussels Nylon (PA) Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) Plastic additives Metabolism Oxidative stress Carboxylesterases |
topic |
Mussels Nylon (PA) Tricresyl phosphate (TCP) Plastic additives Metabolism Oxidative stress Carboxylesterases |
description |
The persistence of microplastics (< 5 mm in size) and plastic additives (e.g., flame retardants commonly applied in clothing) in the marine environment is threatening their biota, potentially leading to the loss of ecological functions. To understand the impacts of these emerging contaminants, alone or in combination, in marine environments, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819) (bivalve with ecological, economic, and gastronomic value, and a bioindicator of microplastic pollution) was selected as test species for in vivo and in vitro ecotoxicity assays, under relevant exposure scenarios (i.e., environmentally relevant concentrations, increasing temperatures) and considering the potential sensitivity or resilience of different populations (here, Atlantic vs. Adriatic). Nylon (commonly applied in clothing, fishing gear, and other consumer products) and the plastic additive tricresyl phosphate (TCP, a flame retardant) were privileged as contaminants due to their representativity and prevalence in marine environments. Exposure to nylon microplastics (63-125 μm, ~800 particles/L in the water column) and its ingestion (13 to 17 particles in their whole organisms) seem to affect the antioxidant and detoxification defences (a decrease by ~50 % in catalase, 33 % in glutathione reductase, and up to ~32 % in glutathione peroxidase activities) and neurotransmission (a decrease of ~40 %) in Atlantic mussels. On the other hand, exposure to TCP (1 μg/L) seemed to particularly interfere with the mussel’s biotransformation capacity, mainly in carboxylesterases using p-nitrophenyl butyrate as substrate. The biochemical alterations observed in mussels after exposure to nylon or TCP did not prevail in the co-exposure, meaning that all biochemical responses in mussels exposed to both nylon and TCP remained similar as in control conditions. No lipid damage was observed in mussels exposed to nylon, TCP or both. When considering an increase of 4 ºC (i.e., from 17 ºC to 21 ºC), Atlantic mussels under control conditions revealed an expected increase (by ~57 %) in the aerobic metabolism, conversely to mussels exposed to nylon microplastics whose aerobic metabolism remained similar to the organisms at 17 ºC, indicating that energy is being spent to cope with potential stress caused by the presence of these particles. No other biochemical parameters varied among temperatures and in the presence/absence of nylon in Atlantic mussels. In the presence of different plastic additives and considering carboxylesterases activity that shown higher sensitivity to such contaminants, mussels from Adriatic Sea and Atlantic Ocean revealed similar capacities in in vitro assays, contrary to what was expected as natural (uncontaminated) Adriatic mussels had higher antioxidant, detoxification, and biotransformation basal capacities and greater neurotransmission than Atlantic mussels due to their adaptation to slightly more contaminated waters. Overall, mussels exposed to nylon and TCP (as individual contaminants) revealed impaired antioxidant/detoxificant defences and biotransformation capacity, respectively. Notwithstanding, such alterations did not result in lipid damage, and co-exposure of these two contaminants (which is more likely to happen in natural environments) did not result in significant biochemical alterations, indicating that these contaminants may not have a cumulative effect on mussels. Yet, further research is needed to better understand the long-term effects of exposure to these pollutants. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2023-07-04T00:00:00Z 2023-07-04 2024-07-17T00:00:00Z |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10773/39244 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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