A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2017 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/1822/50717 |
Resumo: | Background: India is a patchwork of tribal and non-tribal populations that speak many different languages from various language families. Indo-European, spoken across northern and central India, and also in Pakistan and Bangladesh, has been frequently connected to the so-called "Indo-Aryan invasions" from Central Asia similar to 3.5 ka and the establishment of the caste system, but the extent of immigration at this time remains extremely controversial. South India, on the other hand, is dominated by Dravidian languages. India displays a high level of endogamy due to its strict social boundaries, and high genetic drift as a result of long-term isolation which, together with a very complex history, makes the genetic study of Indian populations challenging. Results: We have combined a detailed, high-resolution mitogenome analysis with summaries of autosomal data and Y-chromosome lineages to establish a settlement chronology for the Indian Subcontinent. Maternal lineages document the earliest settlement similar to 55-65 ka (thousand years ago), and major population shifts in the later Pleistocene that explain previous dating discrepancies and neutrality violation. Whilst current genome-wide analyses conflate all dispersals from Southwest and Central Asia, we were able to tease out from the mitogenome data distinct dispersal episodes dating from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bronze Age. Moreover, we found an extremely marked sex bias by comparing the different genetic systems. Conclusions: Maternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven, consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5 and 3.5 ka. |
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A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersalsMitochondrial DNAIndian SubcontinentGenome-wideY chromosomeNeolithicIndo-EuropeanCiências Agrárias::Ciências VeterináriasScience & TechnologyBackground: India is a patchwork of tribal and non-tribal populations that speak many different languages from various language families. Indo-European, spoken across northern and central India, and also in Pakistan and Bangladesh, has been frequently connected to the so-called "Indo-Aryan invasions" from Central Asia similar to 3.5 ka and the establishment of the caste system, but the extent of immigration at this time remains extremely controversial. South India, on the other hand, is dominated by Dravidian languages. India displays a high level of endogamy due to its strict social boundaries, and high genetic drift as a result of long-term isolation which, together with a very complex history, makes the genetic study of Indian populations challenging. Results: We have combined a detailed, high-resolution mitogenome analysis with summaries of autosomal data and Y-chromosome lineages to establish a settlement chronology for the Indian Subcontinent. Maternal lineages document the earliest settlement similar to 55-65 ka (thousand years ago), and major population shifts in the later Pleistocene that explain previous dating discrepancies and neutrality violation. Whilst current genome-wide analyses conflate all dispersals from Southwest and Central Asia, we were able to tease out from the mitogenome data distinct dispersal episodes dating from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bronze Age. Moreover, we found an extremely marked sex bias by comparing the different genetic systems. Conclusions: Maternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven, consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5 and 3.5 ka.This work was supported by FEDER funds through COMPETE (FCOMP-01-0124FEDER-029291) and COMPETE 2020 (Project number 016899) and by national funds through the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT) through the research projects PTDC/IVC-ANT/4917/2012 and PTDC/EPH-ARQ/4164/2014. MS is supported by a Leverhulme Doctoral Scholarship awarded to MBR.AB, MO and TR are supported by FCT grants (SFRH/BD/78990/2011, SFRH/BD/95626/2013 and SFRH/BPD/108126/2015). PS is supported by FCT, ESF, POPH and the FCT Investigator Programme (IF/01641/2013) and acknowledges FCT I. P. and ERDF (through COMPETE2020-POCI) for CBMA's strategic programme UID/BIA/04050/2013 (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007569). I3S is financed by FEDER funds through the COMPETE 2020-POCI, Portugal 2020, and by Portuguese funds through FCT/Ministerio da Ciencia, Tecnologia e Inovacao in the framework of the project "Institute for Research and Innovation in Health Sciences" (POCI-01-0145-FEDER-007274).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionBioMed Central (BMC)Universidade do MinhoSilva, MarinaOliveira, MarisaVieira, DanielBrandão, AndreiaRito, Teresa SPereira, Joana B.Fraser, Ross M.Hudson, BobGandini, FrancescaEdwards, CeiridwenPala, MariaKoch, JohnWilson, James F.Pereira, LuísaRichards, Martin B.Soares, Pedro2017-03-232017-03-23T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/1822/50717engSilva, M., Oliveira, M., Vieira, D., et. al. (2017). A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals. BMC evolutionary biology, 17(1), 881471-214810.1186/s12862-017-0936-928335724https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2023-07-21T12:35:59ZPortal AgregadorONG |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
title |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
spellingShingle |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals Silva, Marina Mitochondrial DNA Indian Subcontinent Genome-wide Y chromosome Neolithic Indo-European Ciências Agrárias::Ciências Veterinárias Science & Technology |
title_short |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
title_full |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
title_fullStr |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
title_full_unstemmed |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
title_sort |
A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals |
author |
Silva, Marina |
author_facet |
Silva, Marina Oliveira, Marisa Vieira, Daniel Brandão, Andreia Rito, Teresa S Pereira, Joana B. Fraser, Ross M. Hudson, Bob Gandini, Francesca Edwards, Ceiridwen Pala, Maria Koch, John Wilson, James F. Pereira, Luísa Richards, Martin B. Soares, Pedro |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Oliveira, Marisa Vieira, Daniel Brandão, Andreia Rito, Teresa S Pereira, Joana B. Fraser, Ross M. Hudson, Bob Gandini, Francesca Edwards, Ceiridwen Pala, Maria Koch, John Wilson, James F. Pereira, Luísa Richards, Martin B. Soares, Pedro |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade do Minho |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Silva, Marina Oliveira, Marisa Vieira, Daniel Brandão, Andreia Rito, Teresa S Pereira, Joana B. Fraser, Ross M. Hudson, Bob Gandini, Francesca Edwards, Ceiridwen Pala, Maria Koch, John Wilson, James F. Pereira, Luísa Richards, Martin B. Soares, Pedro |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Mitochondrial DNA Indian Subcontinent Genome-wide Y chromosome Neolithic Indo-European Ciências Agrárias::Ciências Veterinárias Science & Technology |
topic |
Mitochondrial DNA Indian Subcontinent Genome-wide Y chromosome Neolithic Indo-European Ciências Agrárias::Ciências Veterinárias Science & Technology |
description |
Background: India is a patchwork of tribal and non-tribal populations that speak many different languages from various language families. Indo-European, spoken across northern and central India, and also in Pakistan and Bangladesh, has been frequently connected to the so-called "Indo-Aryan invasions" from Central Asia similar to 3.5 ka and the establishment of the caste system, but the extent of immigration at this time remains extremely controversial. South India, on the other hand, is dominated by Dravidian languages. India displays a high level of endogamy due to its strict social boundaries, and high genetic drift as a result of long-term isolation which, together with a very complex history, makes the genetic study of Indian populations challenging. Results: We have combined a detailed, high-resolution mitogenome analysis with summaries of autosomal data and Y-chromosome lineages to establish a settlement chronology for the Indian Subcontinent. Maternal lineages document the earliest settlement similar to 55-65 ka (thousand years ago), and major population shifts in the later Pleistocene that explain previous dating discrepancies and neutrality violation. Whilst current genome-wide analyses conflate all dispersals from Southwest and Central Asia, we were able to tease out from the mitogenome data distinct dispersal episodes dating from between the Last Glacial Maximum to the Bronze Age. Moreover, we found an extremely marked sex bias by comparing the different genetic systems. Conclusions: Maternal lineages primarily reflect earlier, pre-Holocene processes, and paternal lineages predominantly episodes within the last 10 ka. In particular, genetic influx from Central Asia in the Bronze Age was strongly male-driven, consistent with the patriarchal, patrilocal and patrilineal social structure attributed to the inferred pastoralist early Indo-European society. This was part of a much wider process of Indo-European expansion, with an ultimate source in the Pontic-Caspian region, which carried closely related Y-chromosome lineages, a smaller fraction of autosomal genome-wide variation and an even smaller fraction of mitogenomes across a vast swathe of Eurasia between 5 and 3.5 ka. |
publishDate |
2017 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2017-03-23 2017-03-23T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/1822/50717 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/1822/50717 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Silva, M., Oliveira, M., Vieira, D., et. al. (2017). A genetic chronology for the Indian Subcontinent points to heavily sex-biased dispersals. BMC evolutionary biology, 17(1), 88 1471-2148 10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9 28335724 https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-017-0936-9 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
BioMed Central (BMC) |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
BioMed Central (BMC) |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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