Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2020 |
Outros Autores: | , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/34768 |
Resumo: | Pharmaceuticals are a large and diverse group of compounds used to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. Among these, a group that has been recently detected in the aquatic environment is that of the azole compounds, commonly used as antifungals. Clotrimazole (CLO) is a nonbiodegradable persistent azole compound, with broad-spectrum antifungal activity for which virtually no toxicological data are available, especially towards aquatic plants. The few existent data point to a documented interference with cytochrome P450 system of exposed organisms. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of the fungicide CLO on two aquatic macrophyte species, namely, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. To attain this purpose, an acute assay (96 h) was performed with both species being exposed to CLO, in a concentration range of 0 to 5 μg L-1. The analyzed endpoints were levels of chlorophyll a and b, total, carotenoids, catalase (CAT) and glutathione -s-transferases activities (GSTs). In general, CLO exposure caused some minor alterations in L. minor and L. gibba pigment contents. Antioxidant enzymes exhibited a different pattern in both species, since the highest concentrations of CLO caused an increase on CAT activity, and a decrease on GSTs activity in L. minor, and the opposite in L. gibba, reflected by a decrease on CAT activity and an increase on GSTs activity in all tested concentrations. These results demonstrate that CLO exposure resulted in potential deleterious effects on macrophytes, namely with the involvement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms that were likely deployed to cope with pro-oxidative conditions established by CLO. |
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Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibbaAntioxidant defenseAquatic plantsBiomarkersMacrophyte ecotoxicologyPhotosynthetic pigment analysisPharmaceuticals are a large and diverse group of compounds used to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. Among these, a group that has been recently detected in the aquatic environment is that of the azole compounds, commonly used as antifungals. Clotrimazole (CLO) is a nonbiodegradable persistent azole compound, with broad-spectrum antifungal activity for which virtually no toxicological data are available, especially towards aquatic plants. The few existent data point to a documented interference with cytochrome P450 system of exposed organisms. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of the fungicide CLO on two aquatic macrophyte species, namely, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. To attain this purpose, an acute assay (96 h) was performed with both species being exposed to CLO, in a concentration range of 0 to 5 μg L-1. The analyzed endpoints were levels of chlorophyll a and b, total, carotenoids, catalase (CAT) and glutathione -s-transferases activities (GSTs). In general, CLO exposure caused some minor alterations in L. minor and L. gibba pigment contents. Antioxidant enzymes exhibited a different pattern in both species, since the highest concentrations of CLO caused an increase on CAT activity, and a decrease on GSTs activity in L. minor, and the opposite in L. gibba, reflected by a decrease on CAT activity and an increase on GSTs activity in all tested concentrations. These results demonstrate that CLO exposure resulted in potential deleterious effects on macrophytes, namely with the involvement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms that were likely deployed to cope with pro-oxidative conditions established by CLO.Elsevier2022-09-23T13:18:31Z2020-11-01T00:00:00Z2020-11info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10773/34768eng1532-045610.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108835Alkimin, Gilberto Dias deSantos, JoãoSoares, Amadeu M. V. M.Nunes, Brunoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-02-22T12:06:06Zoai:ria.ua.pt:10773/34768Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-20T03:05:36.764517Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
title |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
spellingShingle |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba Alkimin, Gilberto Dias de Antioxidant defense Aquatic plants Biomarkers Macrophyte ecotoxicology Photosynthetic pigment analysis |
title_short |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
title_full |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
title_fullStr |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
title_full_unstemmed |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
title_sort |
Ecotoxicological effects of the azole antifungal agent clotrimazole on the macrophyte species Lemna minor and Lemna gibba |
author |
Alkimin, Gilberto Dias de |
author_facet |
Alkimin, Gilberto Dias de Santos, João Soares, Amadeu M. V. M. Nunes, Bruno |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Santos, João Soares, Amadeu M. V. M. Nunes, Bruno |
author2_role |
author author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Alkimin, Gilberto Dias de Santos, João Soares, Amadeu M. V. M. Nunes, Bruno |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Antioxidant defense Aquatic plants Biomarkers Macrophyte ecotoxicology Photosynthetic pigment analysis |
topic |
Antioxidant defense Aquatic plants Biomarkers Macrophyte ecotoxicology Photosynthetic pigment analysis |
description |
Pharmaceuticals are a large and diverse group of compounds used to treat, prevent and diagnose disease. Among these, a group that has been recently detected in the aquatic environment is that of the azole compounds, commonly used as antifungals. Clotrimazole (CLO) is a nonbiodegradable persistent azole compound, with broad-spectrum antifungal activity for which virtually no toxicological data are available, especially towards aquatic plants. The few existent data point to a documented interference with cytochrome P450 system of exposed organisms. Therefore, the aim of this paper was to evaluate the ecotoxicological effects of the fungicide CLO on two aquatic macrophyte species, namely, Lemna minor and Lemna gibba. To attain this purpose, an acute assay (96 h) was performed with both species being exposed to CLO, in a concentration range of 0 to 5 μg L-1. The analyzed endpoints were levels of chlorophyll a and b, total, carotenoids, catalase (CAT) and glutathione -s-transferases activities (GSTs). In general, CLO exposure caused some minor alterations in L. minor and L. gibba pigment contents. Antioxidant enzymes exhibited a different pattern in both species, since the highest concentrations of CLO caused an increase on CAT activity, and a decrease on GSTs activity in L. minor, and the opposite in L. gibba, reflected by a decrease on CAT activity and an increase on GSTs activity in all tested concentrations. These results demonstrate that CLO exposure resulted in potential deleterious effects on macrophytes, namely with the involvement of the antioxidant defense mechanisms that were likely deployed to cope with pro-oxidative conditions established by CLO. |
publishDate |
2020 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2020-11-01T00:00:00Z 2020-11 2022-09-23T13:18:31Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10773/34768 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10773/34768 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
1532-0456 10.1016/j.cbpc.2020.108835 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Elsevier |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
instacron_str |
RCAAP |
institution |
RCAAP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
collection |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
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1799137711072739328 |