Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2021 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31404 |
Resumo: | In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in cellular materials for structural applications, especially cellular metals (e.g., metal foams made of aluminium and its alloys). These closed-cell and open-cell foams usually have complex cellular structures resulting from the foaming process and their mechanical properties are governed by their cellular structures and by the properties of the base material. However, their mechanical characterization is difficult and most of the times can result in the destruction of the foam specimen. In this study, X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) was used together with finite element modelling to develop numerical models to estimate the elastic moduli and evaluate the effects of processing of the information obtained with the µCT scans in the final results. Such a technique complements experimental testing and brings great versatility. In order to accomplish this task, different thresholding techniques (segmentation) were applied to the 2D slices, which are the result of µCT scans, with special focus on a manual global technique with the mass as a quality indicator. Then, some reconstruction algorithms (e.g. Marching Cubes 33) were used to create 3D tessellated models in the STL format, which were oversampled (excessive number of faces) and with errors. Therefore, a simplification/clean-up procedure was applied to solve those issues, being analysed in terms of mass maintenance, shape maintenance with the Hausdorff algorithm and face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. Two different procedures were evaluated, with and without small structural imperfections, so that the impact of the procedures could be analysed as well as the effect of the presence of small defects. The results obtained were evaluated and compared to several analytical and theoretical models, models based on representative unit-cells and experimental results in terms of the relation between the relative density and the relative Young’s modulus. Results demonstrated that the developed procedures were very good at minimizing changes in mass and shape of the geometries while providing good face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. The models were also shown to be able to predict the properties of metallic foams in accordance with the findings of other researchers. In addition, the process of obtaining the models and the presence of small structural imperfections were shown to have a great impact on the final results. |
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Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomographyAluminium alloy foamsGeometrical and mechanical characterizationX-ray microcomputed tomographyFinite elements methodSegmentationIn recent years, there has been an increase in interest in cellular materials for structural applications, especially cellular metals (e.g., metal foams made of aluminium and its alloys). These closed-cell and open-cell foams usually have complex cellular structures resulting from the foaming process and their mechanical properties are governed by their cellular structures and by the properties of the base material. However, their mechanical characterization is difficult and most of the times can result in the destruction of the foam specimen. In this study, X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) was used together with finite element modelling to develop numerical models to estimate the elastic moduli and evaluate the effects of processing of the information obtained with the µCT scans in the final results. Such a technique complements experimental testing and brings great versatility. In order to accomplish this task, different thresholding techniques (segmentation) were applied to the 2D slices, which are the result of µCT scans, with special focus on a manual global technique with the mass as a quality indicator. Then, some reconstruction algorithms (e.g. Marching Cubes 33) were used to create 3D tessellated models in the STL format, which were oversampled (excessive number of faces) and with errors. Therefore, a simplification/clean-up procedure was applied to solve those issues, being analysed in terms of mass maintenance, shape maintenance with the Hausdorff algorithm and face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. Two different procedures were evaluated, with and without small structural imperfections, so that the impact of the procedures could be analysed as well as the effect of the presence of small defects. The results obtained were evaluated and compared to several analytical and theoretical models, models based on representative unit-cells and experimental results in terms of the relation between the relative density and the relative Young’s modulus. Results demonstrated that the developed procedures were very good at minimizing changes in mass and shape of the geometries while providing good face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. The models were also shown to be able to predict the properties of metallic foams in accordance with the findings of other researchers. In addition, the process of obtaining the models and the presence of small structural imperfections were shown to have a great impact on the final results.Nos últimos anos, tem-se verificado um aumento do interesse na área dos materiais celulares, mais especificamente metais celulares, para aplicações estruturais (por exemplo, espumas metálicas de alumínios e as suas ligas). Estas espumas de célula aberta e fechada têm, normalmente, uma estrutura celular complexa resultante do processo de espumação e as suas propriedades mecânicas dependem das suas estruturas celulares e das propriedades do material base. No entanto, a caracterização mecânicas destes materiais é difícil e resulta, regularmente, na destruição dos specimens de espuma. Neste estudo, Micro-Tomografia Computorizada de Raios-X (µCT) foi aplicada juntamente com modelação por elementos finitos para desenvolver modelos numéricos que conseguem estimar os módulos de elasticidade e avaliar os efeitos do processamento da informação obtida pelos scans de µCT nos resultados finais. Esta técnica complementa os procedimentos experimentais e traz uma grande versatilidade. Para se completar a tarefa proposta, diferentes métodos de segmentação foram aplicados às fatias 2D, que são resultantes dos scans de µCT, com especial atenção num método de segmentação manual global que utiliza a massa como indicador de qualidade. Depois disso, alguns algoritmos de reconstrução, por exemplo, Marching Cubes 33, foram aplicados para criar modelos 3D de faces triangulares no formato STL que demonstram sobreamostragem (excessiva quantidade de faces) e alguns erros. Por essa razão, um procedimento de simplificação/limpeza foi aplicado para resolver estes problemas, sendo analisados em termos de preservação de massa, preservação de forma com o algoritmo de Hausdorff e qualidade das faces, ou seja, razão de proporção. Dois procedimentos diferentes foram avaliados, um com e outro sem pequenos defeitos estruturais para que se consiga analisar não só o impacto do processamento dos modelos assim como o efeito da presença de pequenos defeitos. Os resultados obtidos foram comparados com vários modelos analíticos e teóricos, modelos baseados em células unitárias representativas e resultados experimentais com base na relação entre a densidade relativa e o modulo de Young relativo. Os resultados demonstraram que os procedimentos desenvolvidos são bons a preservar a massa e forma das geometrias deixando as faces com boa qualidade. Verificou-se também que os modelos foram capazes de prever as propriedades das espumas metálicas em concordância com o trabalho de outros investigadores. Adicionalmente, mostrou-se que o processo de obtenção dos modelos e a presença de pequenas imperfeiçoes estruturais tem um impacto relevante nos resultados finais.2021-05-20T13:46:11Z2021-02-15T00:00:00Z2021-02-15info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10773/31404engHeitor, Diogo Coutoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-02-22T12:00:37Zoai:ria.ua.pt:10773/31404Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-20T03:03:17.877368Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
title |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
spellingShingle |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography Heitor, Diogo Couto Aluminium alloy foams Geometrical and mechanical characterization X-ray microcomputed tomography Finite elements method Segmentation |
title_short |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
title_full |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
title_fullStr |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
title_full_unstemmed |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
title_sort |
Mechanical behaviour of aluminium alloy foams modelled with X-ray microcomputed tomography |
author |
Heitor, Diogo Couto |
author_facet |
Heitor, Diogo Couto |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Heitor, Diogo Couto |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Aluminium alloy foams Geometrical and mechanical characterization X-ray microcomputed tomography Finite elements method Segmentation |
topic |
Aluminium alloy foams Geometrical and mechanical characterization X-ray microcomputed tomography Finite elements method Segmentation |
description |
In recent years, there has been an increase in interest in cellular materials for structural applications, especially cellular metals (e.g., metal foams made of aluminium and its alloys). These closed-cell and open-cell foams usually have complex cellular structures resulting from the foaming process and their mechanical properties are governed by their cellular structures and by the properties of the base material. However, their mechanical characterization is difficult and most of the times can result in the destruction of the foam specimen. In this study, X-ray microcomputed tomography (µCT) was used together with finite element modelling to develop numerical models to estimate the elastic moduli and evaluate the effects of processing of the information obtained with the µCT scans in the final results. Such a technique complements experimental testing and brings great versatility. In order to accomplish this task, different thresholding techniques (segmentation) were applied to the 2D slices, which are the result of µCT scans, with special focus on a manual global technique with the mass as a quality indicator. Then, some reconstruction algorithms (e.g. Marching Cubes 33) were used to create 3D tessellated models in the STL format, which were oversampled (excessive number of faces) and with errors. Therefore, a simplification/clean-up procedure was applied to solve those issues, being analysed in terms of mass maintenance, shape maintenance with the Hausdorff algorithm and face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. Two different procedures were evaluated, with and without small structural imperfections, so that the impact of the procedures could be analysed as well as the effect of the presence of small defects. The results obtained were evaluated and compared to several analytical and theoretical models, models based on representative unit-cells and experimental results in terms of the relation between the relative density and the relative Young’s modulus. Results demonstrated that the developed procedures were very good at minimizing changes in mass and shape of the geometries while providing good face quality, i.e., face aspect ratio. The models were also shown to be able to predict the properties of metallic foams in accordance with the findings of other researchers. In addition, the process of obtaining the models and the presence of small structural imperfections were shown to have a great impact on the final results. |
publishDate |
2021 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2021-05-20T13:46:11Z 2021-02-15T00:00:00Z 2021-02-15 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
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masterThesis |
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publishedVersion |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31404 |
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http://hdl.handle.net/10773/31404 |
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eng |
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eng |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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