Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
Texto Completo: | http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37277 |
Resumo: | The last two years have been marked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This virus is found in the intestinal tract; it reaches wastewater systems and, consequently, the natural receiving water bodies. As such, inefficiently treated wastewater (WW) can be a means of contamination. The currently used methods for the disinfection of WW can lead to the formation of toxic compounds and can be expensive or inefficient. As such, new and alternative approaches must be considered, namely, photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, the bacteriophage ϕ6 (or, simply, phage ϕ6), which has been used as a suitable model for enveloped RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs), was used as a model of SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, to understand the virus’s survival in the environment, phage ϕ6 was subjected to different laboratory-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and solar and UV-B irradiation), and its persistence over time was assessed. Second, to assess the efficiency of PDI towards the virus, assays were performed in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a commonly used aqueous matrix, and a secondarily treated WW (a real WW matrix). Third, as WW is generally discharged into the marine environment after treatment, the safety of PDI-treated WW was assessed through the determination of the viability of native marine water microorganisms after their contact with the PDI-treated effluent. Overall, the results showed that, when used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, phage ϕ6 remains viable in different environmental conditions for a considerable period. Moreover, PDI proved to be an efficient approach in the inactivation of the viruses, and the PDI-treated effluent showed no toxicity to native aquatic microorganisms under realistic dilution conditions, thus endorsing PDI as an efficient and safe tertiary WW disinfection method. Although all studies were performed with phage ϕ6, which is considered a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2, further studies using SARS-CoV-2 are necessary; nevertheless, the findings show the potential of PDI for controlling SARS-CoV-2 in WW. |
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Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safetyCoronavirusEnvironmental factorsPhage ϕ6Photodynamic inactivation (PDI)PorphyrinsPseudomonas syringaeSARS-CoV-2VirusesWastewaterThe last two years have been marked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This virus is found in the intestinal tract; it reaches wastewater systems and, consequently, the natural receiving water bodies. As such, inefficiently treated wastewater (WW) can be a means of contamination. The currently used methods for the disinfection of WW can lead to the formation of toxic compounds and can be expensive or inefficient. As such, new and alternative approaches must be considered, namely, photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, the bacteriophage ϕ6 (or, simply, phage ϕ6), which has been used as a suitable model for enveloped RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs), was used as a model of SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, to understand the virus’s survival in the environment, phage ϕ6 was subjected to different laboratory-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and solar and UV-B irradiation), and its persistence over time was assessed. Second, to assess the efficiency of PDI towards the virus, assays were performed in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a commonly used aqueous matrix, and a secondarily treated WW (a real WW matrix). Third, as WW is generally discharged into the marine environment after treatment, the safety of PDI-treated WW was assessed through the determination of the viability of native marine water microorganisms after their contact with the PDI-treated effluent. Overall, the results showed that, when used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, phage ϕ6 remains viable in different environmental conditions for a considerable period. Moreover, PDI proved to be an efficient approach in the inactivation of the viruses, and the PDI-treated effluent showed no toxicity to native aquatic microorganisms under realistic dilution conditions, thus endorsing PDI as an efficient and safe tertiary WW disinfection method. Although all studies were performed with phage ϕ6, which is considered a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2, further studies using SARS-CoV-2 are necessary; nevertheless, the findings show the potential of PDI for controlling SARS-CoV-2 in WW.Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica PortuguesaGomes, MartaBartolomeu, MariaVieira, CátiaGomes, Ana T. P. C.Faustino, Maria Amparo F.Neves, Maria Graça P. M. S.Almeida, Adelaide2022-04-06T17:28:19Z2022-032022-03-01T00:00:00Zinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articleapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37277eng2076-260710.3390/microorganisms1003065985126769697PMC895481835336234000774161500001info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos)instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãoinstacron:RCAAP2024-01-16T01:43:24Zoai:repositorio.ucp.pt:10400.14/37277Portal AgregadorONGhttps://www.rcaap.pt/oai/openaireopendoar:71602024-03-19T18:30:19.282067Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informaçãofalse |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
title |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
spellingShingle |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety Gomes, Marta Coronavirus Environmental factors Phage ϕ6 Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) Porphyrins Pseudomonas syringae SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Wastewater |
title_short |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
title_full |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
title_fullStr |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
title_full_unstemmed |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
title_sort |
Photoinactivation of phage phi6 as a SARS-CoV-2 model in wastewater: evidence of efficacy and safety |
author |
Gomes, Marta |
author_facet |
Gomes, Marta Bartolomeu, Maria Vieira, Cátia Gomes, Ana T. P. C. Faustino, Maria Amparo F. Neves, Maria Graça P. M. S. Almeida, Adelaide |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Bartolomeu, Maria Vieira, Cátia Gomes, Ana T. P. C. Faustino, Maria Amparo F. Neves, Maria Graça P. M. S. Almeida, Adelaide |
author2_role |
author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Veritati - Repositório Institucional da Universidade Católica Portuguesa |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Gomes, Marta Bartolomeu, Maria Vieira, Cátia Gomes, Ana T. P. C. Faustino, Maria Amparo F. Neves, Maria Graça P. M. S. Almeida, Adelaide |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Coronavirus Environmental factors Phage ϕ6 Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) Porphyrins Pseudomonas syringae SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Wastewater |
topic |
Coronavirus Environmental factors Phage ϕ6 Photodynamic inactivation (PDI) Porphyrins Pseudomonas syringae SARS-CoV-2 Viruses Wastewater |
description |
The last two years have been marked by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic. This virus is found in the intestinal tract; it reaches wastewater systems and, consequently, the natural receiving water bodies. As such, inefficiently treated wastewater (WW) can be a means of contamination. The currently used methods for the disinfection of WW can lead to the formation of toxic compounds and can be expensive or inefficient. As such, new and alternative approaches must be considered, namely, photodynamic inactivation (PDI). In this work, the bacteriophage ϕ6 (or, simply, phage ϕ6), which has been used as a suitable model for enveloped RNA viruses, such as coronaviruses (CoVs), was used as a model of SARS-CoV-2. Firstly, to understand the virus’s survival in the environment, phage ϕ6 was subjected to different laboratory-controlled environmental conditions (temperature, pH, salinity, and solar and UV-B irradiation), and its persistence over time was assessed. Second, to assess the efficiency of PDI towards the virus, assays were performed in both phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), a commonly used aqueous matrix, and a secondarily treated WW (a real WW matrix). Third, as WW is generally discharged into the marine environment after treatment, the safety of PDI-treated WW was assessed through the determination of the viability of native marine water microorganisms after their contact with the PDI-treated effluent. Overall, the results showed that, when used as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, phage ϕ6 remains viable in different environmental conditions for a considerable period. Moreover, PDI proved to be an efficient approach in the inactivation of the viruses, and the PDI-treated effluent showed no toxicity to native aquatic microorganisms under realistic dilution conditions, thus endorsing PDI as an efficient and safe tertiary WW disinfection method. Although all studies were performed with phage ϕ6, which is considered a suitable model of SARS-CoV-2, further studies using SARS-CoV-2 are necessary; nevertheless, the findings show the potential of PDI for controlling SARS-CoV-2 in WW. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-06T17:28:19Z 2022-03 2022-03-01T00:00:00Z |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37277 |
url |
http://hdl.handle.net/10400.14/37277 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
2076-2607 10.3390/microorganisms10030659 85126769697 PMC8954818 35336234 000774161500001 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) instname:Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação instacron:RCAAP |
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Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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RCAAP |
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RCAAP |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) |
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Repositório Científico de Acesso Aberto de Portugal (Repositórios Cientìficos) - Agência para a Sociedade do Conhecimento (UMIC) - FCT - Sociedade da Informação |
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