UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2016 |
Outros Autores: | , , , , , , , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) |
Texto Completo: | http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2016000200174 |
Resumo: | ABSTRACT Graviola leaves (Annona muricata L., Annonaceae) are used by some people to try to treat or even cure cancer, even though over-consumption of the fruit, which contains the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin has caused an atypical form of Parkinson's disease. In previous analyses, the fruits were extracted with methanol under ambient conditions before analyses. In the present study, UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR were used to analyze freeze-dried graviola leaves that were extracted using dry methanol and ethanol at 100 ºC and 10 MPa (100 atm) pressure in a sealed container. Methanol solubilized 33% of the metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. Ethanol solubilized 41% of metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. The concentrations of total phenolic compounds were 100.3 ± 2.8 and 93.2 ± 2.0 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of sample, for the methanolic and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Moreover, the toxicophore (unsaturated γ-lactone) that is present in neurotoxic acetogenins was found in the lipophilic portion of this extract. The concentrations of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin were found by UPLC–QTOF–MS to be 305.6 ± 28.3 and 17.4 ± 0.89 µg/g-dw, respectively, in the dried leaves. Pressurized methanol solubilized more annonacin and squamocin than ethanol. On the other hand, a hot, aqueous infusion solubilized only 0.213% of the annonacin and too little of the squamocin to be detected. So, graviola leaves contain significant amounts of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin, as well as some potentially healthy phenolic compounds. Finally, the potential neurotoxicity of whole leaves in dietary supplements could be much higher than that of a tea (hot aqueous infusion) that is made from them. |
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UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leavesGraviolaAnnona muricataUPLC–QTOF–MSParkinson's diseaseNMRABSTRACT Graviola leaves (Annona muricata L., Annonaceae) are used by some people to try to treat or even cure cancer, even though over-consumption of the fruit, which contains the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin has caused an atypical form of Parkinson's disease. In previous analyses, the fruits were extracted with methanol under ambient conditions before analyses. In the present study, UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR were used to analyze freeze-dried graviola leaves that were extracted using dry methanol and ethanol at 100 ºC and 10 MPa (100 atm) pressure in a sealed container. Methanol solubilized 33% of the metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. Ethanol solubilized 41% of metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. The concentrations of total phenolic compounds were 100.3 ± 2.8 and 93.2 ± 2.0 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of sample, for the methanolic and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Moreover, the toxicophore (unsaturated γ-lactone) that is present in neurotoxic acetogenins was found in the lipophilic portion of this extract. The concentrations of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin were found by UPLC–QTOF–MS to be 305.6 ± 28.3 and 17.4 ± 0.89 µg/g-dw, respectively, in the dried leaves. Pressurized methanol solubilized more annonacin and squamocin than ethanol. On the other hand, a hot, aqueous infusion solubilized only 0.213% of the annonacin and too little of the squamocin to be detected. So, graviola leaves contain significant amounts of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin, as well as some potentially healthy phenolic compounds. Finally, the potential neurotoxicity of whole leaves in dietary supplements could be much higher than that of a tea (hot aqueous infusion) that is made from them.Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia2016-04-01info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersiontext/htmlhttp://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2016000200174Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia v.26 n.2 2016reponame:Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online)instname:Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia (SBFgnosia)instacron:SBFGNOSIA10.1016/j.bjp.2015.12.001info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessMoraes,Ingrid Vieira Machado deRibeiro,Paulo Riceli VasconcelosSchmidt,Flávio LuisCanuto,Kirley MarquesZocolo,Guilherme JuliãoBrito,Edy Sousa deLuo,RenshengRichards,Kristy M.Tran,KevinSmith,Robert E.eng2016-11-30T00:00:00Zoai:scielo:S0102-695X2016000200174Revistahttp://www.sbfgnosia.org.br/revista/https://old.scielo.br/oai/scielo-oai.phprbgnosia@ltf.ufpb.br1981-528X0102-695Xopendoar:2016-11-30T00:00Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) - Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia (SBFgnosia)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
title |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
spellingShingle |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves Moraes,Ingrid Vieira Machado de Graviola Annona muricata UPLC–QTOF–MS Parkinson's disease NMR |
title_short |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
title_full |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
title_fullStr |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
title_full_unstemmed |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
title_sort |
UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR analyses of graviola (Annona muricata) leaves |
author |
Moraes,Ingrid Vieira Machado de |
author_facet |
Moraes,Ingrid Vieira Machado de Ribeiro,Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Schmidt,Flávio Luis Canuto,Kirley Marques Zocolo,Guilherme Julião Brito,Edy Sousa de Luo,Rensheng Richards,Kristy M. Tran,Kevin Smith,Robert E. |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Ribeiro,Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Schmidt,Flávio Luis Canuto,Kirley Marques Zocolo,Guilherme Julião Brito,Edy Sousa de Luo,Rensheng Richards,Kristy M. Tran,Kevin Smith,Robert E. |
author2_role |
author author author author author author author author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Moraes,Ingrid Vieira Machado de Ribeiro,Paulo Riceli Vasconcelos Schmidt,Flávio Luis Canuto,Kirley Marques Zocolo,Guilherme Julião Brito,Edy Sousa de Luo,Rensheng Richards,Kristy M. Tran,Kevin Smith,Robert E. |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Graviola Annona muricata UPLC–QTOF–MS Parkinson's disease NMR |
topic |
Graviola Annona muricata UPLC–QTOF–MS Parkinson's disease NMR |
description |
ABSTRACT Graviola leaves (Annona muricata L., Annonaceae) are used by some people to try to treat or even cure cancer, even though over-consumption of the fruit, which contains the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin has caused an atypical form of Parkinson's disease. In previous analyses, the fruits were extracted with methanol under ambient conditions before analyses. In the present study, UPLC–QTOF–MS and NMR were used to analyze freeze-dried graviola leaves that were extracted using dry methanol and ethanol at 100 ºC and 10 MPa (100 atm) pressure in a sealed container. Methanol solubilized 33% of the metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. Ethanol solubilized 41% of metabolites in the lyophilized leaves. The concentrations of total phenolic compounds were 100.3 ± 2.8 and 93.2 ± 2.0 mg gallic acid equivalents per g of sample, for the methanolic and ethanolic extracts, respectively. Moreover, the toxicophore (unsaturated γ-lactone) that is present in neurotoxic acetogenins was found in the lipophilic portion of this extract. The concentrations of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin were found by UPLC–QTOF–MS to be 305.6 ± 28.3 and 17.4 ± 0.89 µg/g-dw, respectively, in the dried leaves. Pressurized methanol solubilized more annonacin and squamocin than ethanol. On the other hand, a hot, aqueous infusion solubilized only 0.213% of the annonacin and too little of the squamocin to be detected. So, graviola leaves contain significant amounts of the neurotoxins annonacin and squamocin, as well as some potentially healthy phenolic compounds. Finally, the potential neurotoxicity of whole leaves in dietary supplements could be much higher than that of a tea (hot aqueous infusion) that is made from them. |
publishDate |
2016 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2016-04-01 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2016000200174 |
url |
http://old.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0102-695X2016000200174 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
10.1016/j.bjp.2015.12.001 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
text/html |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia v.26 n.2 2016 reponame:Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) instname:Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia (SBFgnosia) instacron:SBFGNOSIA |
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Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia (SBFgnosia) |
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SBFGNOSIA |
institution |
SBFGNOSIA |
reponame_str |
Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) |
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Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) |
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Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia (Online) - Sociedade Brasileira de Farmacognosia (SBFgnosia) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
rbgnosia@ltf.ufpb.br |
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1752122469709250560 |