Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume
Autor(a) principal: | |
---|---|
Data de Publicação: | 2019 |
Tipo de documento: | Tese |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da UFSCAR |
Texto Completo: | https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614 |
Resumo: | For the transformation of animal skin into leather, a stable and not putrescible material, various chemicals are used to produce a material with good quality and appearance. Because it presents low cost and generates high strength product, Cr(III) is the main tanning agent used in leather processing. However, it is toxic, mainly in the oxidized form (Cr(VI)). The environmentally friendly alternative is the use of tannins (synthetic or vegetable), replacing Cr(III). Regardless of the tanning process, it is important to evaluate the quality of the leather produced and the generated waste, whose characteristics must be known for treatment or reuse. Thus, this thesis aims to evaluate the quality and thermal stability of sheep hides of different genotypes tanned with Cr(III) or tannin; the proposition of models for assessing the quality of bovine hides by combining near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with physic-mechanical data; and the development of procedures to determine the inorganic constituents in the final product (leather) and in the effluents generated during the tanning process. The influence of the genotype and the type of tanning, chromium or tannins, on the physical-mechanical properties and thermal stability of sheep hides, was evaluated with the aid of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results indicated a more significant influence on the type of tanning than those related to the genotype of the animals. Chromium-tanned leather is more stable thermally when compared to tanned leather, but this difference occurs only at temperatures above 250 °C. Differences were also observed in the direction that the physical-mechanical test was performed, longitudinal or transverse to the cephalous-caudal axis caused as a function of the way in which the collagen fibers are elongated during the physical-mechanical test. The combination of NIRS associated with chemometric tools was used in the construction of classification models to predict the quality of bovine hides from physical-mechanical data, such as tensile strength, elongation, and resistance to tear and tear two legs. The mean accuracy obtained with different models (kNN, SIMCA, and PLS-DA) was 88%. For the determination of chromium present in hides, the preparation of samples using acid digestion and alkaline solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were developed. The analyses were made by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). Samples of bovine, sheep, and goat hides were analyzed after digestion, according to the best conditions previously defined by experimental design, and the results were not statistically different (t-test) in both procedures used. Strategies for the preparation of samples of tannery effluents to determine the elements foreseen in the legislation (CONAMA 430/2011) were evaluated in a system of UV and H2O2 radiation and determination by MIP OES. Different analytical techniques were applied to evaluate the quality of leather and effluents of the tannery and are adequate, both from product quality and for the evaluation and proposal of treatment of the generated waste. |
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Braz, Carlos Eduardo MendesNogueira, Ana Rita de Araújohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/7034773971317045http://lattes.cnpq.br/1605378953053890beedc38b-1b1a-4d53-84d7-9b5ecbabba322019-08-05T20:10:35Z2019-08-05T20:10:35Z2019-04-02BRAZ, Carlos Eduardo Mendes. Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume. 2019. Tese (Doutorado em Química) – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2019. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614.https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614For the transformation of animal skin into leather, a stable and not putrescible material, various chemicals are used to produce a material with good quality and appearance. Because it presents low cost and generates high strength product, Cr(III) is the main tanning agent used in leather processing. However, it is toxic, mainly in the oxidized form (Cr(VI)). The environmentally friendly alternative is the use of tannins (synthetic or vegetable), replacing Cr(III). Regardless of the tanning process, it is important to evaluate the quality of the leather produced and the generated waste, whose characteristics must be known for treatment or reuse. Thus, this thesis aims to evaluate the quality and thermal stability of sheep hides of different genotypes tanned with Cr(III) or tannin; the proposition of models for assessing the quality of bovine hides by combining near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with physic-mechanical data; and the development of procedures to determine the inorganic constituents in the final product (leather) and in the effluents generated during the tanning process. The influence of the genotype and the type of tanning, chromium or tannins, on the physical-mechanical properties and thermal stability of sheep hides, was evaluated with the aid of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results indicated a more significant influence on the type of tanning than those related to the genotype of the animals. Chromium-tanned leather is more stable thermally when compared to tanned leather, but this difference occurs only at temperatures above 250 °C. Differences were also observed in the direction that the physical-mechanical test was performed, longitudinal or transverse to the cephalous-caudal axis caused as a function of the way in which the collagen fibers are elongated during the physical-mechanical test. The combination of NIRS associated with chemometric tools was used in the construction of classification models to predict the quality of bovine hides from physical-mechanical data, such as tensile strength, elongation, and resistance to tear and tear two legs. The mean accuracy obtained with different models (kNN, SIMCA, and PLS-DA) was 88%. For the determination of chromium present in hides, the preparation of samples using acid digestion and alkaline solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were developed. The analyses were made by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). Samples of bovine, sheep, and goat hides were analyzed after digestion, according to the best conditions previously defined by experimental design, and the results were not statistically different (t-test) in both procedures used. Strategies for the preparation of samples of tannery effluents to determine the elements foreseen in the legislation (CONAMA 430/2011) were evaluated in a system of UV and H2O2 radiation and determination by MIP OES. Different analytical techniques were applied to evaluate the quality of leather and effluents of the tannery and are adequate, both from product quality and for the evaluation and proposal of treatment of the generated waste.Para a transformação da pele de animais em couro, um material estável e imputrescível, diversos produtos químicos são utilizados para a produção de um material com boa qualidade e aspecto. Por ser de baixo custo e gerar um produto de alta resistência, o Cr(III) é o principal agente curtente utilizado na transformação de peles. No entanto, apresenta-se como tóxico, principalmente na forma oxidada (Cr(VI)). Alternativa considerada ambientalmente mais amigável é a utilização de taninos (sintéticos ou vegetais), em substituição ao Cr(III). Independente do processo de curtimento é importante avaliar a qualidade do couro produzido e os resíduos gerados, cujas características devem ser conhecidas, visando tratamento ou reutilização. Dessa forma, esta tese tem como objetivos avaliar a qualidade e a estabilidade térmica de couros de ovinos de diferentes genótipos curtidos ao Cr(III) ou ao tanino; propor modelos para avaliação da qualidade de couros bovinos combinando espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIRS) com dados físico-mecânicos; e o desenvolvimento de procedimentos para determinação dos teores de constituintes inorgânicos tanto no produto final (couro) quanto nos efluentes gerados no processo de curtimento. A influência do genótipo e do tipo de curtente, cromo ou taninos, nas propriedades físico-mecânicas e na estabilidade térmica de couros de ovinos foi avaliada com o auxílio de Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA). Os resultados indicaram maior influência do tipo de curtimento do que os relativos ao genótipo dos animais. O couro curtido ao cromo é termicamente mais estável quando comparado ao couro curtido ao tanino, porém, essa diferença ocorre somente em temperaturas superiores a 250°C. Também foram observadas diferenças na direção em que o teste físico-mecânico foi realizado, longitudinal ou transversal ao eixo céfalo-caudal causada em função da forma com que as fibras de colágenos são distendidas durante o ensaio físico-mecânico. A combinação da espectroscopia NIR associada a ferramentas quimiométricas foi empregada na construção de modelos de classificação para predição da qualidade de couros bovinos a partir dos dados físico-mecânicos de resistência a tração, alongamento e resistência ao rasgamento e rasgamento duas pernas. A exatidão média obtida com diferentes modelos (kNN, SIMCA e PLS-DA) foi de 88%. Para a determinação de cromo presente nos couros foram desenvolvidas estratégias de preparo de amostras empregando digestão ácida e solubilização alcalina com hidróxido de tetrametilamônio (TMAH). As determinações foram feitas por espectrometria de emissão óptica com plasma induzido por micro-ondas (MIP OES). Amostras de couros de bovinos, ovinos e caprinos foram analisadas após digestão de acordo com as melhores condições previamente definidas por planejamento experimental, sendo que os resultados não se apresentaram estatisticamente diferentes (teste-t) em ambos os procedimentos utilizados. Estratégias de preparo de amostras de efluentes de curtume para determinação dos elementos previstos na legislação (CONAMA 430/2011) foram avaliadas em um sistema de radiação UV e H2O2 e determinação por MIP OES. Diferentes técnicas analíticas foram aplicadas para avaliar a qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume e apresentam-se adequadas, tanto do ponto de vista de qualidade do produto quanto para a avaliação e proposta de tratamento dos resíduos gerados.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)CAPES: 88882.156994/2017-01CAPES: 88881.132285/2016-01porUniversidade Federal de São CarlosCâmpus São CarlosPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQUFSCarCouroEfluenteTaninosQualidadePreparo de amostrasLeatherEffluentTanninsQualitySample preparationCIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA::QUIMICA ANALITICA::METODOS OTICOS DE ANALISEAvaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtumeQuality and chemical evaluation of leather and effluent from tanning processinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisOnlinee83fd9a0-c0d6-4518-b677-9aa885aeffbcinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da UFSCARinstname:Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR)instacron:UFSCARORIGINALBRAZ, CEM.pdfBRAZ, CEM.pdfapplication/pdf5780658https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/ufscar/11614/3/BRAZ%2c%20CEM.pdf6b187b97f0cab47f32fe81da4178df3dMD53LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81957https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/ufscar/11614/5/license.txtae0398b6f8b235e40ad82cba6c50031dMD55TEXTBRAZ, CEM.pdf.txtBRAZ, CEM.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain183194https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/ufscar/11614/6/BRAZ%2c%20CEM.pdf.txt7e1576d2b9a8a1e8935b2847a31dde22MD56THUMBNAILBRAZ, CEM.pdf.jpgBRAZ, CEM.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg9192https://repositorio.ufscar.br/bitstream/ufscar/11614/7/BRAZ%2c%20CEM.pdf.jpg045e8b06555af00f59fb2cd3175f0e3fMD57ufscar/116142023-09-18 18:31:37.88oai:repositorio.ufscar.br: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Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://repositorio.ufscar.br/oai/requestopendoar:43222023-09-18T18:31:37Repositório Institucional da UFSCAR - Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCAR)false |
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Quality and chemical evaluation of leather and effluent from tanning process |
title |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
spellingShingle |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume Braz, Carlos Eduardo Mendes Couro Efluente Taninos Qualidade Preparo de amostras Leather Effluent Tannins Quality Sample preparation CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA::QUIMICA ANALITICA::METODOS OTICOS DE ANALISE |
title_short |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
title_full |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
title_fullStr |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
title_full_unstemmed |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
title_sort |
Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume |
author |
Braz, Carlos Eduardo Mendes |
author_facet |
Braz, Carlos Eduardo Mendes |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.authorlattes.por.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/1605378953053890 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Braz, Carlos Eduardo Mendes |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Nogueira, Ana Rita de Araújo |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/7034773971317045 |
dc.contributor.authorID.fl_str_mv |
beedc38b-1b1a-4d53-84d7-9b5ecbabba32 |
contributor_str_mv |
Nogueira, Ana Rita de Araújo |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Couro Efluente Taninos Qualidade Preparo de amostras |
topic |
Couro Efluente Taninos Qualidade Preparo de amostras Leather Effluent Tannins Quality Sample preparation CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA::QUIMICA ANALITICA::METODOS OTICOS DE ANALISE |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Leather Effluent Tannins Quality Sample preparation |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::QUIMICA::QUIMICA ANALITICA::METODOS OTICOS DE ANALISE |
description |
For the transformation of animal skin into leather, a stable and not putrescible material, various chemicals are used to produce a material with good quality and appearance. Because it presents low cost and generates high strength product, Cr(III) is the main tanning agent used in leather processing. However, it is toxic, mainly in the oxidized form (Cr(VI)). The environmentally friendly alternative is the use of tannins (synthetic or vegetable), replacing Cr(III). Regardless of the tanning process, it is important to evaluate the quality of the leather produced and the generated waste, whose characteristics must be known for treatment or reuse. Thus, this thesis aims to evaluate the quality and thermal stability of sheep hides of different genotypes tanned with Cr(III) or tannin; the proposition of models for assessing the quality of bovine hides by combining near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with physic-mechanical data; and the development of procedures to determine the inorganic constituents in the final product (leather) and in the effluents generated during the tanning process. The influence of the genotype and the type of tanning, chromium or tannins, on the physical-mechanical properties and thermal stability of sheep hides, was evaluated with the aid of Principal Component Analysis (PCA). The results indicated a more significant influence on the type of tanning than those related to the genotype of the animals. Chromium-tanned leather is more stable thermally when compared to tanned leather, but this difference occurs only at temperatures above 250 °C. Differences were also observed in the direction that the physical-mechanical test was performed, longitudinal or transverse to the cephalous-caudal axis caused as a function of the way in which the collagen fibers are elongated during the physical-mechanical test. The combination of NIRS associated with chemometric tools was used in the construction of classification models to predict the quality of bovine hides from physical-mechanical data, such as tensile strength, elongation, and resistance to tear and tear two legs. The mean accuracy obtained with different models (kNN, SIMCA, and PLS-DA) was 88%. For the determination of chromium present in hides, the preparation of samples using acid digestion and alkaline solubilization with tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) were developed. The analyses were made by microwave-induced plasma optical emission spectrometry (MIP OES). Samples of bovine, sheep, and goat hides were analyzed after digestion, according to the best conditions previously defined by experimental design, and the results were not statistically different (t-test) in both procedures used. Strategies for the preparation of samples of tannery effluents to determine the elements foreseen in the legislation (CONAMA 430/2011) were evaluated in a system of UV and H2O2 radiation and determination by MIP OES. Different analytical techniques were applied to evaluate the quality of leather and effluents of the tannery and are adequate, both from product quality and for the evaluation and proposal of treatment of the generated waste. |
publishDate |
2019 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2019-08-05T20:10:35Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2019-08-05T20:10:35Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2019-04-02 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
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doctoralThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv |
BRAZ, Carlos Eduardo Mendes. Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume. 2019. Tese (Doutorado em Química) – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2019. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614. |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614 |
identifier_str_mv |
BRAZ, Carlos Eduardo Mendes. Avaliação química da qualidade de couros e efluentes de curtume. 2019. Tese (Doutorado em Química) – Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, 2019. Disponível em: https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614. |
url |
https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/11614 |
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por |
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por |
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e83fd9a0-c0d6-4518-b677-9aa885aeffbc |
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info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de São Carlos Câmpus São Carlos |
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Química - PPGQ |
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFSCar |
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Universidade Federal de São Carlos Câmpus São Carlos |
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UFSCAR |
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