Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Dorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira
Data de Publicação: 2013
Tipo de documento: Dissertação
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
Texto Completo: https://ri.uea.edu.br/handle/riuea/2160
Resumo: Popurlamente known as Turtle-the-amazon, the Giant River turtle, Podocnemis expansa is an important representative of the turtle fauna of the Amazon, her large size makes it one of the most consumed turtles by the local human population, furthermore, is an altogether marketed illegally. For these reasons, your population was reduced and currently this species is classified as low risk/conservation dependent, according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). As a conservation measure, to ease the pressure of capture in nature, this species can be commercially maid in captivity. However, the lack of technical support regarding captivity important ecological information about the biology of the species hinders their proper management. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine, based on the analysis of relationship of clutch, the type of reproductive behavior in this species about samples of captivity and nature. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the femoral vein, of 191 offspring in captivity, from Fazenda São Francisco, Manacapuru-AM and 165 hatchlings from the Juruá, Carauari-AM. We genotyped a total of 356 offspring added two locations using 5 microsatellite loci. The analysis of the loci revealed 100% occurrence of multiple paternity both in captivity and in nature. The markers used in this study were quite polymorphic and highly discriminatory power for the analysis of kinship with identity values (I) IC=1,08 x 10-6 for samples of captivity and IC= 2,85x10-6 for samples of nature, and the probability of paternity exclusion (Q) QC = 99.9% in both cases, indicating the detection power paternity multiple of these loci used. The allele counting method, it is possible to estimate the number of males that were contributing each offspring, was observed contribution of at least 10 males from nests two in captive and nine males in one of the nests of nature. These results also reveal the ability of females of this species have in store sperm from multiple matings. Knowledge about the type of behavior that this species has is fundamental and has great implications when considering the conservation of P. expansa, the data obtained in this study will contribute to support the management and conservation programs suitable for this species, both natural populations and for the captivity
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spelling Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélitesAnalysis of kinship between offspring of the Amazon turtle (podocnemis expansa) from captivity and nature using microsatellite markersTartaruga-da-AmazôniaPodocnemis expansaZoologiaPopurlamente known as Turtle-the-amazon, the Giant River turtle, Podocnemis expansa is an important representative of the turtle fauna of the Amazon, her large size makes it one of the most consumed turtles by the local human population, furthermore, is an altogether marketed illegally. For these reasons, your population was reduced and currently this species is classified as low risk/conservation dependent, according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). As a conservation measure, to ease the pressure of capture in nature, this species can be commercially maid in captivity. However, the lack of technical support regarding captivity important ecological information about the biology of the species hinders their proper management. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine, based on the analysis of relationship of clutch, the type of reproductive behavior in this species about samples of captivity and nature. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the femoral vein, of 191 offspring in captivity, from Fazenda São Francisco, Manacapuru-AM and 165 hatchlings from the Juruá, Carauari-AM. We genotyped a total of 356 offspring added two locations using 5 microsatellite loci. The analysis of the loci revealed 100% occurrence of multiple paternity both in captivity and in nature. The markers used in this study were quite polymorphic and highly discriminatory power for the analysis of kinship with identity values (I) IC=1,08 x 10-6 for samples of captivity and IC= 2,85x10-6 for samples of nature, and the probability of paternity exclusion (Q) QC = 99.9% in both cases, indicating the detection power paternity multiple of these loci used. The allele counting method, it is possible to estimate the number of males that were contributing each offspring, was observed contribution of at least 10 males from nests two in captive and nine males in one of the nests of nature. These results also reveal the ability of females of this species have in store sperm from multiple matings. Knowledge about the type of behavior that this species has is fundamental and has great implications when considering the conservation of P. expansa, the data obtained in this study will contribute to support the management and conservation programs suitable for this species, both natural populations and for the captivityConhecida popurlamente como Tartaruga-da-amazônia, Podocnemis expansa é um importante representante da fauna de quelônios da Amazônia, seu grande tamanho o torna um dos quelônios mais consumidos pela população humana local, além disso, é uma espécie bastante comercializada ilegalmente. Por esses motivos, sua população foi reduzida e atualmente essa espécie encontra-se classificada como baixo risco/dependente de conservação, segundo a IUCN (União Internacional para a Conservação da Natureza). Como medida de conservação, a fim de amenizar a pressão de captura na natureza, essa espécie pode ser comercialmente criada em cativeiro. No entanto, a falta de suporte técnico aos cativeiros em relação a informações ecológicas importantes a respeito da biologia da espécie dificulta seu adequado manejo. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar, a partir da análise de parentesco dos filhotes, o tipo de comportamento reprodutivo que essa espécie apresenta em amostras de cativeiro e natureza. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas, através da punção da veia femural, de 191 filhotes de cativeiro, provenientes da Fazenda São Francisco, Manacapuru-AM e 165 filhotes provenientes do rio Juruá, Carauari-AM. Foram genotipados no total 356 filhotes somados das duas localidades utilizando 5 locos de microssatélites. A análise dos locos revelou 100% a ocorrência de paternidade múltipla tanto em cativeiro quanto em natureza. Os marcadores utilizados neste trabalho mostraram-se bastante polimórficos e com grande poder discriminatório para a análise de parentesco com valores de identidade (I) IC=1,08 x 10-6 para as amostras de cativeiro e IC= 2,85x10-6 para as amostras de natureza, e de probabilidade de exclusão de paternidade de (Q) QC=99,9% nos dois casos, indicando o poder de detecção de paternidade múltipla dos locos utilizados. A partir do método de contagem de alelos, em que é possível estimar o número de machos que estavam contribuindo em cada prole, foi observado a contribuição de no mínimo 10 machos em dois ninhos provenientes de cativeiro e 9 machos em um dos ninhos de natureza. Esses resultados também revelam a capacidade que as fêmeas dessa espécie possuem em armazenar esperma de múltiplos acasalamentos. O conhecimento a respeito do tipo de comportamento que essa espécie apresenta é fundamental e possui grande implicação quando se pensa na conservação de P. expansa, os dados obtidos neste trabalho contribuirão como suporte a programas de manejo e conservação adequados para essa espécie, tanto para populações naturais quanto para os cativeiros.Universidade do Estado do AmazonasBrasilUEAPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da AmazôniaRezende, Cleiton FantinPereira, Dorothy Ivila de MeloDorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira2020-03-13T14:30:34Z2024-09-05T17:30:09Z2020-03-132020-03-13T14:30:34Z2013-10-26info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisapplication/pdfhttps://ri.uea.edu.br/handle/riuea/2160porALHO, C. J. R.; PÁDUA, L. F. M. Sincronia entre o regime de vazante do rio e o comportamento de nidificação da tartaruga da Amazônia Podocnemis expansa (Testudinata – Pelomedusidae). Acta Amazônica, v. 12. nº 2, p. 323-326, 1982. ANDRADE, P. C. M. Criação e Manejo de Quelônios no Amazonas. Projeto Diagnóstico da Criação de Animais Silvestres no Estado do Amazonas. In: I Seminário de Criação e Manejo de Quelônios da Amazônia Ocidental. 1ª Edição. FAPEAM/SDS. Manaus/AM. p. 447 , 2004 BERGER-WOLF, T. Y.; SHEIKH, S. I.; DASGUPTA B.; ASHLEY, M. V.; CABALLERO, I. C.; CHAOVALITWONGSE, W.; PUTREVU, S. L. Reconstructing sibling relationships in wild populations. Bioinformatics, v. 23, p. 49-56, 2007. BOLLMER, J.; IRWIN, M.; RIEDER, J.; PARKER, P. Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle clutches. Copeia, p. 475–478, 1999. CHESSER, R. K.; BAKER, R. J. Effective sizes and dynamics of uniparentally and diparentally inherited genes. Genetics, v. 144, p. 1225-1235, 1996. DEWOODY, J. A.; SCHUPP, J.; KENEFIC, L., BUSCH, J.; MURFITT, L.; KEIM, P. Universal method for producing ROX-labeled size standards suitable for automated genotyping. Biotechniques, v. 37, p. 348-352, 2004. DOYLE, J. J.; DOYLE, J. L. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, v. 12, p. 13-15, 1987. EXCOFFIER, L.; LAVAL, G.; SCHNEIDER, S. Arlequin ver. 3.1: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, v. 1, p. 47-50, 2005. FANTIN, C.; CARVALHO, C. F.; HRBEK, T.; Sites JR, J. W.; MONJELÓ, L. A. S.; ASTOLFI-FILHO, S.; FARIAS, I. P. Microsatellite DNA markers for Podocnemis unifilis, the endangered yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle. Molecular Ecology Notes, p 1235-1238, 2007. 54 FANTIN, C. Desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares de microssatélites para o estudo do sistema reprodutivo em três espécies de tartarugas do gênero Podocnemis. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 99 p, 2008. FANTIN, C.; FARIA, I. P.; MONJELÓ, L. A. S; HRBEK, T. Polyandry in the red-headed river turtle Podocnemis erythrocephala (Testudines, Podocnemididae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Genetics and Molecular Researches, p. 435-440, 2010. FITZSIMMONS, N. N. Single paternity of clutches and sperm storage in the promiscuous green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Mol Ecol. , v. 7, p. 575–584, 1998. FRANKHAM, R.; BALLOU, J. D.; BRISCOE, D. A. Fundamentos de Genética da Conservação. Ribeirão Preto, SP; SBG (Sociedade Brasileira de Genética), 2008. IRELAND, J. S.; BRODERICK, A. C.; GLEN, F.; GODLEY, B. J.; HAYS, G. C.; LEE, P. L. M.; SKIBINSKI, D. O. F. Multiple paternity assessed using micro-satellite marker, in green turtles Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) of Ascension Island, South Atlantic. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol., v. 291, p. 149–160, 2003. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Disponível em: <www.iucnredlist.org>. Acesso em 10 February 2012. JENNIONS, M. D.; PETRIE, M. Why do females mate multiple? A review of a genetic benefits. Bio. Rev., v. 75, p. 21-64, 2000. JONES, A. G; ARDREN, W. R. Methods of parentage analysis innatural populations. Molecular Ecology, v. 12, p. 2511–2523, 2003. LEE, P. L. M.; HAYS, G. C. Polyandry in a marine turtle: females make the best of a bad job. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. v. 101, p. 6530–6535, 2004. McTAGGART, S. Good genes or sexy sons? Testing the benefits of female mate choice in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. Dissertation, University of Guelph, 2000. MOORE, M. K.; BALL, R. M. Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on Melbourne Beach, Florida: a microssatellite analysis. Mol Ecol, v. 11, p. 281–288, 2002. 55 MYERS, E. M.; ZAMUDIO, K. R. Multiple paternity in an aggregate breeding amphibian: the effect of reproductive skew on estimates of male reproductive success. Molecular Ecology, v. 13, p. 1951-1963, 2004. OLSSON, M.; MADSEN, T. Sexual selection and sperm competition in reptiles. In: Birkhead TR, Moeller AP (eds) Sperm competition and sexual selection. Academic Press, London, p. 503–577, 1998. OOSTERHOUT, C. V.; HUTCHINSON, W. F.; WILLS, D. P. M.; SHIPLEY, P. MICROCHECKER: software for identifying and correcting genotyping errors in microsatellite data. Molecular Ecology Notes, v. 4, p. 535-538, 2004. PAETKAU, D.; CALVERT, W.; STIRLING, I.; STROBECK, C. Microsatellite analysis of population structure in Canadian polar bears. Molecular Ecology, v. 4, p. 347-354, 1995. PEARSE, D. E.; JANZEN, F. J.; AVISE, J. C. Genetic markers substantiate long–term storage and utilization of sperm by female painted turtles. Heredity, v. 86, p. 378–384, 2001. PEARSE, D. E.; JANZEN, F. J.; AVISE, J. C. Multiple paternity, sperm storage, and reproductive success of female and male painted turtles (Chrysemys picta) in nature. Behav Ecol Sociobiol, v. 51, p. 164–171, 2002 PEARSE, D. E.; DASTRUP, R. B.; HERNANDEZ, O.; SITES Jr, J. W. Paternity in an Orinoco Population of Endangered Arrau River Turtles, Podocnemis expansa (Pleurodira; Podocnemididae), from Venezuela. Chelonian Conservation and Biology, v. 5, nº 2, p. 232- 238, 2006. PEREIRA, D. I. M.; VIANA, M. N.; FARIAS, I. P.; VOGT, R. C.; FANTIN, C. Study of the Mating System of Podocnemis sextuberculata (Testudines, Podocnemididae) Using Microsatellite DNA Makers. In: XL Annual Meeting of Brazilian Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Society, Resumo, Foz do Iguaçu: Sociedade Brasileira de Bioquímica e Biologia Molecular, 2011 PRITCHARD, P. C. H.; TREBBAU, P. The turtles of Venezuela. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, Ann Arbor, MI, 1984. 56 REFSNIDER, J. M. High frequency of multiple paternity in Blanding’s turtle (Emys blandingii). J Herpetol, v. 43, p. 74–81, 2009 RICE, W. R. Analysing tables of statistical tests. Evolution, v. 43, p. 223-225, 1989. ROQUES, S.; DIAZ-PANIAGUA, C.; PORTHEAULT, A.; PEREZ-SANTIGOSA, N.; HIDALGO-VILA, J. Sperm storage and low incidence of multiple paternity in the European pond turtle, Emys orbicularis: a secure but costly strategy?. Biol Conserv., v. 129, p. 236–243, 2006. ROWE, L. The costs of mating and mate choice in water striders. Anim Behav., v. 48, p. 1049– 1056, 1994. SCHUELKE, M. An economic method for the fluorescent labeling of PCR fragments. Nature Biotechnology, v. 18, nº 2, p. 233-234, 2000. STOCKLEY, P.; SEARLE, J. B.; MACDONALD, D. W.; JONES, C. S. Female multiple mating behaviour in the common shrew as a strategy to reduce inbreeding. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series. p.173–179, 1993. THRALL, P.H.; ANTONOVICS, J.; DOBSON, A. P.; 2000. Sexually transmitted diseases in polygynous mating systems: prevalence and impact on reproductive success. Proc Biol Sci., v. 267, p. 1555–1563, 2000. THEISSINGER, K.; FITZSIMMONS, N.; LIMPUS, C.; PARMENTER, C.; PHILLOTT, A. Mating system, multiple paternity and effective population size in the endemic flatback turtle (Natator depressus) in Australia. Conserv Genet., v. 10, p. 329–346, 2009. VALENZUELA, N. Multiple paternity in side-neck turtles Podocnemis expansa: evidence from microsatellite DNA data. Molecular Ecology, v. 9, p. 99-105, 2000. 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Mol Ecol., v. 16, p. 3703–3711, 2007.info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)instname:Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)instacron:UEA2024-09-05T18:00:58Zoai:ri.uea.edu.br:riuea/2160Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://ri.uea.edu.br/server/oai/requestbibliotecacentral@uea.edu.bropendoar:2024-09-05T18:00:58Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) - Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
Analysis of kinship between offspring of the Amazon turtle (podocnemis expansa) from captivity and nature using microsatellite markers
title Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
spellingShingle Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
Dorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira
Tartaruga-da-Amazônia
Podocnemis expansa
Zoologia
title_short Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
title_full Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
title_fullStr Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
title_full_unstemmed Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
title_sort Análise de parentesco entre filhotes da tartaruga-da-Amazônia (podocnemis expansa) provenientes de cativeiro e natureza utilizando marcadores microssatélites
author Dorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira
author_facet Dorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Rezende, Cleiton Fantin
Pereira, Dorothy Ivila de Melo
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Dorothy Ivila de Melo, Pereira
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Tartaruga-da-Amazônia
Podocnemis expansa
Zoologia
topic Tartaruga-da-Amazônia
Podocnemis expansa
Zoologia
description Popurlamente known as Turtle-the-amazon, the Giant River turtle, Podocnemis expansa is an important representative of the turtle fauna of the Amazon, her large size makes it one of the most consumed turtles by the local human population, furthermore, is an altogether marketed illegally. For these reasons, your population was reduced and currently this species is classified as low risk/conservation dependent, according to the IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature). As a conservation measure, to ease the pressure of capture in nature, this species can be commercially maid in captivity. However, the lack of technical support regarding captivity important ecological information about the biology of the species hinders their proper management. In this context, the aim of this study was to determine, based on the analysis of relationship of clutch, the type of reproductive behavior in this species about samples of captivity and nature. Blood samples were collected by puncture of the femoral vein, of 191 offspring in captivity, from Fazenda São Francisco, Manacapuru-AM and 165 hatchlings from the Juruá, Carauari-AM. We genotyped a total of 356 offspring added two locations using 5 microsatellite loci. The analysis of the loci revealed 100% occurrence of multiple paternity both in captivity and in nature. The markers used in this study were quite polymorphic and highly discriminatory power for the analysis of kinship with identity values (I) IC=1,08 x 10-6 for samples of captivity and IC= 2,85x10-6 for samples of nature, and the probability of paternity exclusion (Q) QC = 99.9% in both cases, indicating the detection power paternity multiple of these loci used. The allele counting method, it is possible to estimate the number of males that were contributing each offspring, was observed contribution of at least 10 males from nests two in captive and nine males in one of the nests of nature. These results also reveal the ability of females of this species have in store sperm from multiple matings. Knowledge about the type of behavior that this species has is fundamental and has great implications when considering the conservation of P. expansa, the data obtained in this study will contribute to support the management and conservation programs suitable for this species, both natural populations and for the captivity
publishDate 2013
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2013-10-26
2020-03-13T14:30:34Z
2020-03-13
2020-03-13T14:30:34Z
2024-09-05T17:30:09Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
format masterThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://ri.uea.edu.br/handle/riuea/2160
url https://ri.uea.edu.br/handle/riuea/2160
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv por
language por
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv ALHO, C. J. R.; PÁDUA, L. F. M. Sincronia entre o regime de vazante do rio e o comportamento de nidificação da tartaruga da Amazônia Podocnemis expansa (Testudinata – Pelomedusidae). Acta Amazônica, v. 12. nº 2, p. 323-326, 1982. ANDRADE, P. C. M. Criação e Manejo de Quelônios no Amazonas. Projeto Diagnóstico da Criação de Animais Silvestres no Estado do Amazonas. In: I Seminário de Criação e Manejo de Quelônios da Amazônia Ocidental. 1ª Edição. FAPEAM/SDS. Manaus/AM. p. 447 , 2004 BERGER-WOLF, T. Y.; SHEIKH, S. I.; DASGUPTA B.; ASHLEY, M. V.; CABALLERO, I. C.; CHAOVALITWONGSE, W.; PUTREVU, S. L. Reconstructing sibling relationships in wild populations. Bioinformatics, v. 23, p. 49-56, 2007. BOLLMER, J.; IRWIN, M.; RIEDER, J.; PARKER, P. Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle clutches. Copeia, p. 475–478, 1999. CHESSER, R. K.; BAKER, R. J. Effective sizes and dynamics of uniparentally and diparentally inherited genes. Genetics, v. 144, p. 1225-1235, 1996. DEWOODY, J. A.; SCHUPP, J.; KENEFIC, L., BUSCH, J.; MURFITT, L.; KEIM, P. Universal method for producing ROX-labeled size standards suitable for automated genotyping. Biotechniques, v. 37, p. 348-352, 2004. DOYLE, J. J.; DOYLE, J. L. Isolation of plant DNA from fresh tissue. Focus, v. 12, p. 13-15, 1987. EXCOFFIER, L.; LAVAL, G.; SCHNEIDER, S. Arlequin ver. 3.1: An integrated software package for population genetics data analysis. Evolutionary Bioinformatics Online, v. 1, p. 47-50, 2005. FANTIN, C.; CARVALHO, C. F.; HRBEK, T.; Sites JR, J. W.; MONJELÓ, L. A. S.; ASTOLFI-FILHO, S.; FARIAS, I. P. Microsatellite DNA markers for Podocnemis unifilis, the endangered yellow-spotted Amazon River turtle. Molecular Ecology Notes, p 1235-1238, 2007. 54 FANTIN, C. Desenvolvimento de marcadores moleculares de microssatélites para o estudo do sistema reprodutivo em três espécies de tartarugas do gênero Podocnemis. Tese de Doutorado, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Manaus, Amazonas, 99 p, 2008. FANTIN, C.; FARIA, I. P.; MONJELÓ, L. A. S; HRBEK, T. Polyandry in the red-headed river turtle Podocnemis erythrocephala (Testudines, Podocnemididae) in the Brazilian Amazon. Genetics and Molecular Researches, p. 435-440, 2010. FITZSIMMONS, N. N. Single paternity of clutches and sperm storage in the promiscuous green turtle (Chelonia mydas). Mol Ecol. , v. 7, p. 575–584, 1998. FRANKHAM, R.; BALLOU, J. D.; BRISCOE, D. A. Fundamentos de Genética da Conservação. Ribeirão Preto, SP; SBG (Sociedade Brasileira de Genética), 2008. IRELAND, J. S.; BRODERICK, A. C.; GLEN, F.; GODLEY, B. J.; HAYS, G. C.; LEE, P. L. M.; SKIBINSKI, D. O. F. Multiple paternity assessed using micro-satellite marker, in green turtles Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) of Ascension Island, South Atlantic. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol., v. 291, p. 149–160, 2003. IUCN 2011. IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2011.2. Disponível em: <www.iucnredlist.org>. Acesso em 10 February 2012. JENNIONS, M. D.; PETRIE, M. Why do females mate multiple? A review of a genetic benefits. Bio. Rev., v. 75, p. 21-64, 2000. JONES, A. G; ARDREN, W. R. Methods of parentage analysis innatural populations. Molecular Ecology, v. 12, p. 2511–2523, 2003. LEE, P. L. M.; HAYS, G. C. Polyandry in a marine turtle: females make the best of a bad job. Proc Natl Acad Sci. USA. v. 101, p. 6530–6535, 2004. McTAGGART, S. Good genes or sexy sons? Testing the benefits of female mate choice in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta. Dissertation, University of Guelph, 2000. MOORE, M. K.; BALL, R. M. Multiple paternity in loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) nests on Melbourne Beach, Florida: a microssatellite analysis. Mol Ecol, v. 11, p. 281–288, 2002. 55 MYERS, E. M.; ZAMUDIO, K. R. Multiple paternity in an aggregate breeding amphibian: the effect of reproductive skew on estimates of male reproductive success. Molecular Ecology, v. 13, p. 1951-1963, 2004. OLSSON, M.; MADSEN, T. Sexual selection and sperm competition in reptiles. 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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade do Estado do Amazonas
Brasil
UEA
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade do Estado do Amazonas
Brasil
UEA
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia e Recursos Naturais da Amazônia
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
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reponame_str Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
collection Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositório Institucional da Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA) - Universidade do Estado do Amazonas (UEA)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bibliotecacentral@uea.edu.br
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