Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Toledo, Roberta dos Santos
Data de Publicação: 2017
Outros Autores: Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso, Freire, Roberta Lemos
Tipo de documento: Artigo
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)
Texto Completo: https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459
Resumo: Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk.
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spelling Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle fecesVeiculação hídrica de Giardia e Cryptosporidium: contaminação de água de consumo humano por esgoto sanitário e fezes de bovinosSanitationGiardia duodenalisCryptosporidium parvumZoonosisRural areasMolecular characterization.SaneamentoGiardia duodenalisCryptosporidium parvumZoonosesRuralCcaracterização molecular.Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk.A água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológico auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.UEL2017-10-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionRevisão de Literaturaapplication/pdfhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/2645910.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395Semina: Ciências Agrárias; Vol. 38 No. 5 (2017); 3395-3416Semina: Ciências Agrárias; v. 38 n. 5 (2017); 3395-34161679-03591676-546Xreponame:Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)instname:Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)instacron:UELenghttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459/21841Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agráriashttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessToledo, Roberta dos SantosMartins, Felippe Danyel CardosoFreire, Roberta Lemos2022-10-21T14:46:13Zoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/26459Revistahttp://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrariasPUBhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/oaisemina.agrarias@uel.br1679-03591676-546Xopendoar:2022-10-21T14:46:13Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
Veiculação hídrica de Giardia e Cryptosporidium: contaminação de água de consumo humano por esgoto sanitário e fezes de bovinos
title Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
spellingShingle Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
Toledo, Roberta dos Santos
Sanitation
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonosis
Rural areas
Molecular characterization.
Saneamento
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonoses
Rural
Ccaracterização molecular.
title_short Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
title_full Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
title_fullStr Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
title_full_unstemmed Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
title_sort Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
author Toledo, Roberta dos Santos
author_facet Toledo, Roberta dos Santos
Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso
Freire, Roberta Lemos
author_role author
author2 Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso
Freire, Roberta Lemos
author2_role author
author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Toledo, Roberta dos Santos
Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso
Freire, Roberta Lemos
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Sanitation
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonosis
Rural areas
Molecular characterization.
Saneamento
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonoses
Rural
Ccaracterização molecular.
topic Sanitation
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonosis
Rural areas
Molecular characterization.
Saneamento
Giardia duodenalis
Cryptosporidium parvum
Zoonoses
Rural
Ccaracterização molecular.
description Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk.
publishDate 2017
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2017-10-03
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
Revisão de Literatura
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459
10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395
url https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459
identifier_str_mv 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459/21841
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agrárias
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
rights_invalid_str_mv Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agrárias
http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv UEL
publisher.none.fl_str_mv UEL
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Semina: Ciências Agrárias; Vol. 38 No. 5 (2017); 3395-3416
Semina: Ciências Agrárias; v. 38 n. 5 (2017); 3395-3416
1679-0359
1676-546X
reponame:Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)
instname:Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
instacron:UEL
instname_str Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
instacron_str UEL
institution UEL
reponame_str Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)
collection Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)
repository.name.fl_str_mv Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv semina.agrarias@uel.br
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