Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2017 |
Outros Autores: | , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) |
Texto Completo: | https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459 |
Resumo: | Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. |
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Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle fecesVeiculação hídrica de Giardia e Cryptosporidium: contaminação de água de consumo humano por esgoto sanitário e fezes de bovinosSanitationGiardia duodenalisCryptosporidium parvumZoonosisRural areasMolecular characterization.SaneamentoGiardia duodenalisCryptosporidium parvumZoonosesRuralCcaracterização molecular.Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk.A água é um importante veículo de transmissão de patógenos, entre eles Cryptosporidium spp e Giardia duodenalis, respectivamente responsáveis por 58% e 38% dos surtos de veiculação hídrica registrados em cerca de 60 anos. Características relacionadas às fases ambientais destes protozoários e a grande quantidade de hospedeiros são importantes fatores relacionados à contaminação ambiental. Em surtos de criptosporidiose e giardíase por veiculação hídrica são apontados como principais fatores de risco a contaminação dos mananciais, utilizados para a dessedentação humana, por esgoto não tratado e o desague de fezes de animais devido ao carreamento por água da chuva. Além destes fatores, esta revisão aborda aspectos taxonômicos, biológicos e epidemiológicos, como prevalência, fatores de risco e caracterização molecular destes protozoários em humanos e bovinos como forma de elucidar a importância destes hospedeiros na contaminação ambiental e, consequentemente, como fonte de infecção para humanos suscetíveis, especialmente em áreas rurais. Nestas áreas são frequentemente utilizadas fontes alternativas de abastecimento de água, como poços e nascentes, sem tratamento e monitoramento de potabilidade. Dados epidemiológico auxiliam, porém não são suficientes para caracterizar fontes de infecção, sendo necessário o uso de adequadas ferramentas de caracterização molecular para subtipagem de protozoários identificados em fezes e amostras ambientais e avaliação do risco de saúde pública.UEL2017-10-03info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionRevisão de Literaturaapplication/pdfhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/2645910.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395Semina: Ciências Agrárias; Vol. 38 No. 5 (2017); 3395-3416Semina: Ciências Agrárias; v. 38 n. 5 (2017); 3395-34161679-03591676-546Xreponame:Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online)instname:Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)instacron:UELenghttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459/21841Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agráriashttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessToledo, Roberta dos SantosMartins, Felippe Danyel CardosoFreire, Roberta Lemos2022-10-21T14:46:13Zoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/26459Revistahttp://www.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrariasPUBhttps://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/oaisemina.agrarias@uel.br1679-03591676-546Xopendoar:2022-10-21T14:46:13Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces Veiculação hídrica de Giardia e Cryptosporidium: contaminação de água de consumo humano por esgoto sanitário e fezes de bovinos |
title |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
spellingShingle |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces Toledo, Roberta dos Santos Sanitation Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonosis Rural areas Molecular characterization. Saneamento Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonoses Rural Ccaracterização molecular. |
title_short |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
title_full |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
title_fullStr |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
title_full_unstemmed |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
title_sort |
Waterborne Giardia and Cryptosporidium: contamination of human drinking water by sewage and cattle feces |
author |
Toledo, Roberta dos Santos |
author_facet |
Toledo, Roberta dos Santos Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso Freire, Roberta Lemos |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso Freire, Roberta Lemos |
author2_role |
author author |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Toledo, Roberta dos Santos Martins, Felippe Danyel Cardoso Freire, Roberta Lemos |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Sanitation Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonosis Rural areas Molecular characterization. Saneamento Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonoses Rural Ccaracterização molecular. |
topic |
Sanitation Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonosis Rural areas Molecular characterization. Saneamento Giardia duodenalis Cryptosporidium parvum Zoonoses Rural Ccaracterização molecular. |
description |
Water is an important vehicle for pathogens such as Cryptosporidium spp. and Giardia duodenalis. In fact, these organisms are responsible for almost 58% and 38% of the waterborne outbreaks reported in ~60 years. Characteristics related to the environmental phase of these protozoa and the different types of hosts are important factors related to environmental contamination. In cryptosporidiosis and giardiasis, outbreaks caused by waterborne pathogens are identified as major risk factors for contamination of water resources by untreated sewage and the entrainment of cattle feces in rainwater. Further, this review covers taxonomic, biologic, and epidemiologic aspects such as prevalence, risk factors, and molecular characterization of these protozoa observed in humans and cattle in order to elucidate the role of these hosts in environmental pollution, and consequently, as a source of infection for susceptible humans, especially in rural areas. Alternative water resources such as wells and springs are used without water treatment and potability monitoring. Epidemiological data are useful, but insufficient to characterize the source of infection, thereby requiring the use of appropriate molecular methods for subtyping the protozoa detected in environmental and feces samples as well as for assessing public health risk. |
publishDate |
2017 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2017-10-03 |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion Revisão de Literatura |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459 10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395 |
url |
https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459 |
identifier_str_mv |
10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n5p3395 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
https://ojs.uel.br/revistas/uel/index.php/semagrarias/article/view/26459/21841 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agrárias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Copyright (c) 2017 Semina: Ciências Agrárias http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0 |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
UEL |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
UEL |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Semina: Ciências Agrárias; Vol. 38 No. 5 (2017); 3395-3416 Semina: Ciências Agrárias; v. 38 n. 5 (2017); 3395-3416 1679-0359 1676-546X reponame:Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) instname:Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) instacron:UEL |
instname_str |
Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) |
instacron_str |
UEL |
institution |
UEL |
reponame_str |
Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) |
collection |
Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Semina. Ciências Agrárias (Online) - Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
semina.agrarias@uel.br |
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1799306076415328256 |