Estudo do comportamento hidrológico superficial, erosão do solo e análise do potencial de poluição difusa da bacia hidrográfica do Ribeirão Maringá-PR

• Autor(a) principal: Freire, Rosane
• Data de Publicação: 2013
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da Universidade Estadual de Maringá (RI-UEM)
• Texto Completo: http://repositorio.uem.br:8080/jspui/handle/1/3641
• topic: Erosão do solo; Poluição difusa; Escoamento superficial; Poluição hídrica; Monitoramento acústico; Bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Maringá; Paraná; (Estado); Brasil.; Engenharias; Engenharia Química

This work aimed to track soil loss process, from the analysis of the potential for diffuse pollution, provided by the runoff, as well as determining the relationship between the properties of sound propagation and the factors of Equation Universal Soil Loss (USLE), in a particular part of the river basin Maringá - PR, using erosive plots. The characterization of the soil followed the methods described in EMBRAPA (1997), IAPAR (1992) and Camargo et al. (2009). At all, were constructed four erosion plots in reduced scale, following proportions recommended by Wischmeier and Smith (1978), with 2.0 x 12.5 m each other. Regarding the type of coverage plots, one remained without planting, the second one with pasture (Brachiaria), the third one with perennial crop (maize) and the last one with temporary crop (soybean/wheat). At the end of each erosion plot, it was positioned a collector of transported materials, with a capacity of 1000L. It was implemented a sprinkler system, whose configuration provided a simulated rainfall intensity averaging 50 mm.h-1. The physical and chemical analysis of the material collected following the methods described in APHA (1998) and Silva & Oliveira (2001). For the acoustic system, it was used the pink noise in measurements of the proposed monitoring, collecting information about the incident and reflected sound pressure level. The soil was characterized as Distroferric Red Nitosols, with latosolics characteristics. The physical and chemical analysis confirmed the clayey texture (loamy), high degree of weathering, high presence of iron, aluminum and manganese, high porosity and high bulk density indicating a compacted soil, especially in their surface horizon. In terms of the water losses, it was observed that 3.5% of the volume precipitated was drained to the collectors. Probably there was a relation between the high porosity soil and these results. In general, the values obtained for soil losses, nutrients and other compounds losses confirmed that 75.6% of the material exported to the basin came from the exposed soil, 9.7% were contributions of perennial crops (maize), 9.6% were temporary crop (soybean/wheat) and 5.1% were from area with pasture. It was found that the water used for sprinkling and some compounds present in the formulation of the herbicide applied in field should have contributed to the presence of lead, cobalt and mercury in runoff water. Regarding the parameters of the USLE, the R factor computed had total value of 190.3 MJ.mm.ha-1 .1.25 year-1. The K factor for the study period was 0.01401 Mg.h.MJ-1.mm-1, a typical value for this soil, indicating moderate resistance to erosion process. The C factor value was 0.23 (kg ha-1). (kg ha-1) -1 for plot 2, 0.44 (kg ha-1). (kg ha-1) -1 for plot 3 and 0.41 (kg ha-1). (kg ha-1) -1 for plot 4. In relation to acoustic monitoring, it was noted that in16 kHz there was a great influence on the type of coverage in erosive plots on acoustic absorption coefficient (α). High correlation coefficients were found between α and soil losses (A factor from USLE), confirming that the acoustic technique, if carried out with emission signal at high frequency, it is feasible to determine soil loss directly in the field. Finally, the results reflect the potential of continuity of the present study once it proposes a new methodology for the determination and quantification of environment variables and which aims, above all, the introduction of new techniques and technologies in the environmental area, emphasizing the preservation and conservation of natural resources.