Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso
Autor(a) principal: | |
---|---|
Data de Publicação: | 2023 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da UFG |
Texto Completo: | http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/13145 |
Resumo: | Through electrical energy, it is possible to operate machinery, generate heat, and transmit information. This energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed until final consumption. However, interruptions in the power supply pose obstacles, especially for producers located in the rural areas of the state of Goiás, within the concession area of the distributor EQUATORIAL-GO. These producers face losses due to spoiled stored food and the death of animals in breeding facilities. With the rise of distributed generation, consumers have been enabled to produce their own energy, thus becoming prosumer. This study conducts a case analysis on a rural property located in the municipality of Cezarina-GO, aiming to investigate the optimal solution for maintaining a consistent energy supply through alternative generation sources. Different scenarios are explored: 1) Grid Electricity + Backup Generator; 2) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System; and 3) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries. Based on the energy demand of the location, equipment is sized for each scenario, and a financial analysis is performed using indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted Payback Period, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The analysis considers the main implementation and operational costs for each configuration under study. The results show that the scenario "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" exhibits the best feasibility among the analyzed solutions. Despite having an initial investment nine times higher than the more traditional "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario, it presents a higher negative NPV and a lower LCOE over a 30-year period. Lastly, through a sensitivity analysis, parameters related to the cost of diesel fuel (R$), electricity tariff (R$/kWh), battery bank cost (R$), and the number of power interruptions were modified. Similarly, the "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" scenario remained the most viable for the first three analyzed parameters, while the "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario became more viable only when the number of power interruptions was reduced. |
id |
UFG-2_f723c931334965863868d10e88a6f9c9 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.bc.ufg.br:tede/13145 |
network_acronym_str |
UFG-2 |
network_name_str |
Repositório Institucional da UFG |
repository_id_str |
|
spelling |
Belchior, Fernando Nuneshttp://lattes.cnpq.br/5823317463324641Fonseca, Marcelo Nuneshttp://lattes.cnpq.br/9285142449945121Belchior, Fernando NunesSantos, Ivan NunesRabelo, Diogo de SouzaFonseca, Marcelo Nuneshttp://lattes.cnpq.br/4666861155148737Silva, Fernando Carvalho Assunção da2023-11-23T11:09:42Z2023-11-23T11:09:42Z2023-08-21SILVA, F. C. A. Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso. 2023. 166 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, 2023.http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/13145Through electrical energy, it is possible to operate machinery, generate heat, and transmit information. This energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed until final consumption. However, interruptions in the power supply pose obstacles, especially for producers located in the rural areas of the state of Goiás, within the concession area of the distributor EQUATORIAL-GO. These producers face losses due to spoiled stored food and the death of animals in breeding facilities. With the rise of distributed generation, consumers have been enabled to produce their own energy, thus becoming prosumer. This study conducts a case analysis on a rural property located in the municipality of Cezarina-GO, aiming to investigate the optimal solution for maintaining a consistent energy supply through alternative generation sources. Different scenarios are explored: 1) Grid Electricity + Backup Generator; 2) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System; and 3) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries. Based on the energy demand of the location, equipment is sized for each scenario, and a financial analysis is performed using indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted Payback Period, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The analysis considers the main implementation and operational costs for each configuration under study. The results show that the scenario "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" exhibits the best feasibility among the analyzed solutions. Despite having an initial investment nine times higher than the more traditional "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario, it presents a higher negative NPV and a lower LCOE over a 30-year period. Lastly, through a sensitivity analysis, parameters related to the cost of diesel fuel (R$), electricity tariff (R$/kWh), battery bank cost (R$), and the number of power interruptions were modified. Similarly, the "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" scenario remained the most viable for the first three analyzed parameters, while the "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario became more viable only when the number of power interruptions was reduced.Através da energia elétrica se é capaz de movimentar maquinas, produzir calor e transmitir informações, energia esta que é gerada, transmitida e distribuída até o consumo final. Porém, interrupções no fornecimento de energia são obstáculos enfrentados principalmente para os produtores localizados na zona rural do estado de Goiás, área de concessão da distribuidora EQUATORIAL-GO, onde enfrentam prejuízos devido a perda de alimentos armazenado e morte de animais em criadouros. Com a popularização da geração distribuída possibilitou que o consumidor de energia fosse capaz de produzir sua própria energia, tornando assim um prossumidor. Este trabalho realiza um estudo de caso em uma propriedade rural localizado no município de Cezarina-GO, de modo a investigar a melhor solução para manter a continuidade do fornecimento de energia através de fontes alternativas de geração, assim utilizando diferentes cenários como: 1) Rede Elétrica + GMG; 2) Rede Elétrica + Sistema fotovoltaico off-Grid; e 3 Rede Elétrica + Sistema fotovoltaico off-Grid + Baterias. Com base na demanda energética do local são dimensionados os equipamentos para cada cenário e é, também, realizada uma análise financeira utilizando os indicadores financeiros VPL, TIR, Payback descontado e LCOE, considerando os principais custos de implantação e operação de cada configuração em estudo. Assim, foi observado que o cenário Rede Elétrica + Sistema fotovoltaico off-Grid + Baterias apresentou melhor viabilidade entre as soluções analisadas, pois apresentou maior VPL negativo e menor LCOE em 30 anos, mesmo apresentando investimento inicial 9 vezes maior que o cenário mais tradicional Rede Elétrica + GMG. Por fim, através de uma análise de sensibilidade, foram alterados os parâmetros relativos ao custo do óleo diesel (R$), tarifa de energia elétrica (R$/kWh), custo do banco de baterias (R$) e número de interrupções de tensão elétrica. Da mesma forma, o cenário Rede Elétrica + Sistema fotovoltaico off-Grid + Baterias foi o mais viável para os três primeiros parâmetros analisados, sendo o cenário Rede Elétrica + GMG o mais viável apenas quando o número de interrupções de tensão foi reduzido.Submitted by Marlene Santos (marlene.bc.ufg@gmail.com) on 2023-11-22T17:38:34Z workflow start=Step: editstep - action:claimaction No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Carvalho Assunção da Silva - 2023.pdf: 2362201 bytes, checksum: b3d7fd48e5c926fefbf287c0a05d85e0 (MD5) license_rdf: 805 bytes, checksum: 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 (MD5)Step: editstep - action:editaction Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira(lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2023-11-23T11:09:42Z (GMT)Made available in DSpace on 2023-11-23T11:09:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Fernando Carvalho Assunção da Silva - 2023.pdf: 2362201 bytes, checksum: b3d7fd48e5c926fefbf287c0a05d85e0 (MD5) license_rdf: 805 bytes, checksum: 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2023-08-21porUniversidade Federal de GoiásPrograma de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção (FCT)UFGBrasilFaculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - FCT (RMG)Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessEnergia solar fotovoltaicaInterrupçõesGMGOf-gridBateriasPhotovoltaic solar energyInterruptionsStandby generatorBatteriesCIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ENGENHARIA AGRICOLAAplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de casoApplication of off-grid photovoltaic system as energy backup in rural areas - case studyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisreponame:Repositório Institucional da UFGinstname:Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG)instacron:UFGORIGINALDissertação - Fernando Carvalho Assunção da Silva - 2023.pdfDissertação - Fernando Carvalho Assunção da Silva - 2023.pdfapplication/pdf2362201http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/2d21368b-0742-4225-9fd0-ce41fc0c9a85/downloadb3d7fd48e5c926fefbf287c0a05d85e0MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81748http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/188d27c6-ef38-4bc4-a25c-83ae011242fb/download8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33MD52CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/22a3d387-0b98-4434-9439-e816fcbd2b72/download4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD53tede/131452023-11-23 08:09:42.381http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalopen.accessoai:repositorio.bc.ufg.br:tede/13145http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tedeRepositório InstitucionalPUBhttp://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/oai/requesttasesdissertacoes.bc@ufg.bropendoar:2023-11-23T11:09:42Repositório Institucional da UFG - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG)falseTk9URTogUExBQ0UgWU9VUiBPV04gTElDRU5TRSBIRVJFClRoaXMgc2FtcGxlIGxpY2Vuc2UgaXMgcHJvdmlkZWQgZm9yIGluZm9ybWF0aW9uYWwgcHVycG9zZXMgb25seS4KCk5PTi1FWENMVVNJVkUgRElTVFJJQlVUSU9OIExJQ0VOU0UKCkJ5IHNpZ25pbmcgYW5kIHN1Ym1pdHRpbmcgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCB5b3UgKHRoZSBhdXRob3Iocykgb3IgY29weXJpZ2h0Cm93bmVyKSBncmFudHMgdG8gRFNwYWNlIFVuaXZlcnNpdHkgKERTVSkgdGhlIG5vbi1leGNsdXNpdmUgcmlnaHQgdG8gcmVwcm9kdWNlLAp0cmFuc2xhdGUgKGFzIGRlZmluZWQgYmVsb3cpLCBhbmQvb3IgZGlzdHJpYnV0ZSB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gKGluY2x1ZGluZwp0aGUgYWJzdHJhY3QpIHdvcmxkd2lkZSBpbiBwcmludCBhbmQgZWxlY3Ryb25pYyBmb3JtYXQgYW5kIGluIGFueSBtZWRpdW0sCmluY2x1ZGluZyBidXQgbm90IGxpbWl0ZWQgdG8gYXVkaW8gb3IgdmlkZW8uCgpZb3UgYWdyZWUgdGhhdCBEU1UgbWF5LCB3aXRob3V0IGNoYW5naW5nIHRoZSBjb250ZW50LCB0cmFuc2xhdGUgdGhlCnN1Ym1pc3Npb24gdG8gYW55IG1lZGl1bSBvciBmb3JtYXQgZm9yIHRoZSBwdXJwb3NlIG9mIHByZXNlcnZhdGlvbi4KCllvdSBhbHNvIGFncmVlIHRoYXQgRFNVIG1heSBrZWVwIG1vcmUgdGhhbiBvbmUgY29weSBvZiB0aGlzIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZm9yCnB1cnBvc2VzIG9mIHNlY3VyaXR5LCBiYWNrLXVwIGFuZCBwcmVzZXJ2YXRpb24uCgpZb3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgdGhlIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gaXMgeW91ciBvcmlnaW5hbCB3b3JrLCBhbmQgdGhhdCB5b3UgaGF2ZQp0aGUgcmlnaHQgdG8gZ3JhbnQgdGhlIHJpZ2h0cyBjb250YWluZWQgaW4gdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLiBZb3UgYWxzbyByZXByZXNlbnQKdGhhdCB5b3VyIHN1Ym1pc3Npb24gZG9lcyBub3QsIHRvIHRoZSBiZXN0IG9mIHlvdXIga25vd2xlZGdlLCBpbmZyaW5nZSB1cG9uCmFueW9uZSdzIGNvcHlyaWdodC4KCklmIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uIGNvbnRhaW5zIG1hdGVyaWFsIGZvciB3aGljaCB5b3UgZG8gbm90IGhvbGQgY29weXJpZ2h0LAp5b3UgcmVwcmVzZW50IHRoYXQgeW91IGhhdmUgb2J0YWluZWQgdGhlIHVucmVzdHJpY3RlZCBwZXJtaXNzaW9uIG9mIHRoZQpjb3B5cmlnaHQgb3duZXIgdG8gZ3JhbnQgRFNVIHRoZSByaWdodHMgcmVxdWlyZWQgYnkgdGhpcyBsaWNlbnNlLCBhbmQgdGhhdApzdWNoIHRoaXJkLXBhcnR5IG93bmVkIG1hdGVyaWFsIGlzIGNsZWFybHkgaWRlbnRpZmllZCBhbmQgYWNrbm93bGVkZ2VkCndpdGhpbiB0aGUgdGV4dCBvciBjb250ZW50IG9mIHRoZSBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgoKSUYgVEhFIFNVQk1JU1NJT04gSVMgQkFTRUQgVVBPTiBXT1JLIFRIQVQgSEFTIEJFRU4gU1BPTlNPUkVEIE9SIFNVUFBPUlRFRApCWSBBTiBBR0VOQ1kgT1IgT1JHQU5JWkFUSU9OIE9USEVSIFRIQU4gRFNVLCBZT1UgUkVQUkVTRU5UIFRIQVQgWU9VIEhBVkUKRlVMRklMTEVEIEFOWSBSSUdIVCBPRiBSRVZJRVcgT1IgT1RIRVIgT0JMSUdBVElPTlMgUkVRVUlSRUQgQlkgU1VDSApDT05UUkFDVCBPUiBBR1JFRU1FTlQuCgpEU1Ugd2lsbCBjbGVhcmx5IGlkZW50aWZ5IHlvdXIgbmFtZShzKSBhcyB0aGUgYXV0aG9yKHMpIG9yIG93bmVyKHMpIG9mIHRoZQpzdWJtaXNzaW9uLCBhbmQgd2lsbCBub3QgbWFrZSBhbnkgYWx0ZXJhdGlvbiwgb3RoZXIgdGhhbiBhcyBhbGxvd2VkIGJ5IHRoaXMKbGljZW5zZSwgdG8geW91ciBzdWJtaXNzaW9uLgo= |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Application of off-grid photovoltaic system as energy backup in rural areas - case study |
title |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
spellingShingle |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso Silva, Fernando Carvalho Assunção da Energia solar fotovoltaica Interrupções GMG Of-grid Baterias Photovoltaic solar energy Interruptions Standby generator Batteries CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ENGENHARIA AGRICOLA |
title_short |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
title_full |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
title_fullStr |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
title_full_unstemmed |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
title_sort |
Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso |
author |
Silva, Fernando Carvalho Assunção da |
author_facet |
Silva, Fernando Carvalho Assunção da |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Belchior, Fernando Nunes |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/5823317463324641 |
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv |
Fonseca, Marcelo Nunes |
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/9285142449945121 |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Belchior, Fernando Nunes |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Santos, Ivan Nunes |
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv |
Rabelo, Diogo de Souza |
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv |
Fonseca, Marcelo Nunes |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/4666861155148737 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Silva, Fernando Carvalho Assunção da |
contributor_str_mv |
Belchior, Fernando Nunes Fonseca, Marcelo Nunes Belchior, Fernando Nunes Santos, Ivan Nunes Rabelo, Diogo de Souza Fonseca, Marcelo Nunes |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Energia solar fotovoltaica Interrupções GMG Of-grid Baterias |
topic |
Energia solar fotovoltaica Interrupções GMG Of-grid Baterias Photovoltaic solar energy Interruptions Standby generator Batteries CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ENGENHARIA AGRICOLA |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Photovoltaic solar energy Interruptions Standby generator Batteries |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ENGENHARIA AGRICOLA |
description |
Through electrical energy, it is possible to operate machinery, generate heat, and transmit information. This energy is generated, transmitted, and distributed until final consumption. However, interruptions in the power supply pose obstacles, especially for producers located in the rural areas of the state of Goiás, within the concession area of the distributor EQUATORIAL-GO. These producers face losses due to spoiled stored food and the death of animals in breeding facilities. With the rise of distributed generation, consumers have been enabled to produce their own energy, thus becoming prosumer. This study conducts a case analysis on a rural property located in the municipality of Cezarina-GO, aiming to investigate the optimal solution for maintaining a consistent energy supply through alternative generation sources. Different scenarios are explored: 1) Grid Electricity + Backup Generator; 2) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System; and 3) Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries. Based on the energy demand of the location, equipment is sized for each scenario, and a financial analysis is performed using indicators such as Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted Payback Period, and Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE). The analysis considers the main implementation and operational costs for each configuration under study. The results show that the scenario "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" exhibits the best feasibility among the analyzed solutions. Despite having an initial investment nine times higher than the more traditional "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario, it presents a higher negative NPV and a lower LCOE over a 30-year period. Lastly, through a sensitivity analysis, parameters related to the cost of diesel fuel (R$), electricity tariff (R$/kWh), battery bank cost (R$), and the number of power interruptions were modified. Similarly, the "Grid Electricity + Off-Grid Photovoltaic System + Batteries" scenario remained the most viable for the first three analyzed parameters, while the "Grid Electricity + Backup Generator" scenario became more viable only when the number of power interruptions was reduced. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-23T11:09:42Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2023-11-23T11:09:42Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2023-08-21 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
format |
masterThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv |
SILVA, F. C. A. Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso. 2023. 166 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, 2023. |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/13145 |
identifier_str_mv |
SILVA, F. C. A. Aplicação de sistema fotovoltaico off-grid como backup de energia na zona rural - estudo de caso. 2023. 166 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Engenharia de Produção) - Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Aparecida de Goiânia, 2023. |
url |
http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/13145 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
por |
language |
por |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Goiás |
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-graduação em Engenharia de Produção (FCT) |
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFG |
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv |
Brasil |
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv |
Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia - FCT (RMG) |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Goiás |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFG instname:Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) instacron:UFG |
instname_str |
Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) |
instacron_str |
UFG |
institution |
UFG |
reponame_str |
Repositório Institucional da UFG |
collection |
Repositório Institucional da UFG |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/2d21368b-0742-4225-9fd0-ce41fc0c9a85/download http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/188d27c6-ef38-4bc4-a25c-83ae011242fb/download http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/bitstreams/22a3d387-0b98-4434-9439-e816fcbd2b72/download |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
b3d7fd48e5c926fefbf287c0a05d85e0 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Institucional da UFG - Universidade Federal de Goiás (UFG) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
tasesdissertacoes.bc@ufg.br |
_version_ |
1798044352617906176 |