Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro
| Autor(a) principal: | |
|---|---|
| Data de Publicação: | 2011 |
| Tipo de documento: | Tese |
| Idioma: | por |
| Título da fonte: | Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ |
| Texto Completo: | https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/9744 |
Resumo: | Anaplasma phagocytophilum é um patógeno emergente capaz de infectar humanos, equinos e cães em todo o mundo. Essa bactéria é transmitida por carrapatos ixodídeos e mantida na natureza por uma variedade de pequenos mamíferos silvestres. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães e carrapatos da microrregião de Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, além de estabelecer os fatores associados (idade, sexo, raça, infestação por carrapatos, etc) e as possíveis alterações hematológicas com a infecção por A. phagocytophilum em cães desta região. Essa bactéria foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em cães e carrapatos de áreas rurais e urbanas da microrregião de Itaguai, RJ através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. Dos 398 cães amostrados, 24 (6,03%) foram considerados positivos, com limite de detecção (CT) variando entre 26 a 35 ciclos. As amostras positivas clonadas em pGEM-T apresentaram 100% de identidade com outras sequências de A. phagocytophilum depositadas no GenBank. Utilizando números definidos de cópias do plasmídio contendo um inserto de 122pb do gene msp2 a sensibilidade analítica do ensaio de PCR em tempo real através do sistema SYBR green foi capaz de detectar até três cópias do plasmídio. O ensaio foi considerado específico quando DNA de bactérias proximamente relacionadas à A. phagocytophilum foi colocado na reação. Um fragmento de 122pb do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum foi detectado através da TaqMan- PCR em um carrapato fêmea da espécie Amblyomma cajennense e em cinco Rhipicephalus sanguineus, sendo quatro machos e uma fêmea. As amostras de carrapatos positivas obtiveram CT que variaram entre 26,75 e 33,14 ciclos. A técnica de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema TaqMan foi capaz de detectar uma única cópia do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum em amostras de DNA de carrapatos. Infestação por carrapatos foram observadas em 66,67% (n=16) dos cães positivos na PCR. As espécies de carrapatos identificadas nos cães positivos foram R. sanguineus e A. cajennense, com predominância desta última espécie de carrapato. O histórico de infestação por carrapatos, acesso a áreas de mata e condição de limpeza do ambiente foram os fatores que apresentaram associação com a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães na região estudada. Os principais achados hematológicos em cães infectados com A. phagocytophilum foram trombocitopenia, linfopenia e aumento do volume plaquetário médio. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o agente da Anaplasmose Granulocítica Canina circula na região estudada e os cães podem servir como fonte de infecção para carrapatos vetores do agente. Este é o primeiro relato de A. phagocytophilum no Brasil, um agente zoonótico emergente responsável pela Anaplasmose Granulocítica Humana. |
| id |
UFRRJ-1_2b32cce1ceb750e269124a7903d7833c |
|---|---|
| oai_identifier_str |
oai:rima.ufrrj.br:20.500.14407/9744 |
| network_acronym_str |
UFRRJ-1 |
| network_name_str |
Repositório Institucional da UFRRJ |
| repository_id_str |
|
| spelling |
Santos, Huarrisson AzevedoMassard, Carlos Luiz257781297-34http://lattes.cnpq.br/7743112049924654Baldani, Cristiane DivanThomé, Sandra Maria GomesLeite, Romario CerqueiraSalcedo, Joaquim Hernan PatarroyoMachado, Rosangela ZacariasAlmosny, Nadia Regina Pereira083833295-04http://lattes.cnpq.br/37516094920493062023-12-21T18:43:26Z2023-12-21T18:43:26Z2011-04-11SANTOS, Huarrisson Azevedo. Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. 76 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica - RJ, 2011.https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/9744Anaplasma phagocytophilum é um patógeno emergente capaz de infectar humanos, equinos e cães em todo o mundo. Essa bactéria é transmitida por carrapatos ixodídeos e mantida na natureza por uma variedade de pequenos mamíferos silvestres. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães e carrapatos da microrregião de Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, além de estabelecer os fatores associados (idade, sexo, raça, infestação por carrapatos, etc) e as possíveis alterações hematológicas com a infecção por A. phagocytophilum em cães desta região. Essa bactéria foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em cães e carrapatos de áreas rurais e urbanas da microrregião de Itaguai, RJ através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. Dos 398 cães amostrados, 24 (6,03%) foram considerados positivos, com limite de detecção (CT) variando entre 26 a 35 ciclos. As amostras positivas clonadas em pGEM-T apresentaram 100% de identidade com outras sequências de A. phagocytophilum depositadas no GenBank. Utilizando números definidos de cópias do plasmídio contendo um inserto de 122pb do gene msp2 a sensibilidade analítica do ensaio de PCR em tempo real através do sistema SYBR green foi capaz de detectar até três cópias do plasmídio. O ensaio foi considerado específico quando DNA de bactérias proximamente relacionadas à A. phagocytophilum foi colocado na reação. Um fragmento de 122pb do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum foi detectado através da TaqMan- PCR em um carrapato fêmea da espécie Amblyomma cajennense e em cinco Rhipicephalus sanguineus, sendo quatro machos e uma fêmea. As amostras de carrapatos positivas obtiveram CT que variaram entre 26,75 e 33,14 ciclos. A técnica de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema TaqMan foi capaz de detectar uma única cópia do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum em amostras de DNA de carrapatos. Infestação por carrapatos foram observadas em 66,67% (n=16) dos cães positivos na PCR. As espécies de carrapatos identificadas nos cães positivos foram R. sanguineus e A. cajennense, com predominância desta última espécie de carrapato. O histórico de infestação por carrapatos, acesso a áreas de mata e condição de limpeza do ambiente foram os fatores que apresentaram associação com a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães na região estudada. Os principais achados hematológicos em cães infectados com A. phagocytophilum foram trombocitopenia, linfopenia e aumento do volume plaquetário médio. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o agente da Anaplasmose Granulocítica Canina circula na região estudada e os cães podem servir como fonte de infecção para carrapatos vetores do agente. Este é o primeiro relato de A. phagocytophilum no Brasil, um agente zoonótico emergente responsável pela Anaplasmose Granulocítica Humana.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES, Brasil.Anaplasma phagocytophilum is an emerging pathogen of humans, horses, and dogs worldwide that is transmitted by Ixodid ticks and maintained in a variety of small wild mammal species.The objective of the present study was to evaluate the presence of A. phagocytophilum DNA in dogs and ticks of Itaguai microregion, Rio de Janeiro, as well as establish the associated factors (age, gender, breed, tick infestation, etc) and possible hematological alterations with A. phagocytophilum infection in dogs. Anaplasma phagocytophilum was detected for the first time from Brazil, in dogs the ticks of urban the rural areas in the Itaguai microregion, Rio de Janeiro state, by real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Of 398 samples, 24 (6.03%) were positive, with a CT ranging from 26 to 35 cycles. Amplicons from one positive sample were cloned in the pGEM-T and sequenced. The sequence obtained demonstrated 100% identity with other A. phagocytophilum sequences published in the GenBank database. The analytical sensitivity of RT-PCR using SYBR green system was able to detect three plasmid copies when defined numbers of plasmid copies containing 122 base pairs from the msp2 gene were used. The assay was considered specific when DNA from bacteria closely related to A. phagocytophilum was placed in the reaction. A fragment of 122pb msp2 gene of A. phagocytophilum was detected by TaqMan-PCR in one female tick of Amblyomma cajennense and in five Rhipicephalus sanguineus, being four males and one female. Positive tick samples obtained CT that ranged from 26.75 to 33.14 cycles. The TaqMan-PCR assay was capable to detect a single copy of A. phagocytophilum msp2 gene in DNA tick sample. Tick infestation was observed in 66.67% (n = 16) of PCR positive dogs. The tick species identified in positive dogs were R. sanguineus and A. cajennense, with predominance of the latter tick species. The history of tick infestation, access to forest areas and environment condition of cleanliness were factors associated with A. phagocytophilum infection in dogs. The main hematologic findings in dogs infected with A. phagocytophilum were thrombocytopenia, lymphopenia and increased mean platelet volume.These results demonstrate that the canine granulocytic anaplasmosis agent is present in regions in which dogs could be a source of infection for tick vectors. This is the first report of A. phagocytophilum in Brazil, a emergent zoonotic agent responsible of Human Granulocitic Anaplasmosis.application/pdfporUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Ciências VeterináriasUFRRJBrasilInstituto de VeterináriaAnaplasma phagocytophilumCãesPCR em Tempo RealHematologiaEpidemiologiaAnaplasma phagocytophilumdogsreal-time PCRHematologyEpidemiologyMedicina VeterináriaDiagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de JaneiroMolecular diagnostic of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) in domestic dogs and ticks of urban and rural areas from Itaguai microregion, Rio de Janeiro stateinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisAGUERO-ROSENFELD, M. E.; KALANTARPOUR, F.; BALUCH, M.; HOROWITZ, H. W.; MCKENNA, D. F.; RAFFALLI, J. T.; HSIETH, T. C.; WU, J.; DUMLER, J. S.; WORMSER, G.P. Serology of culture-confirmed cases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n.2, p.635–638, 2000. AGUERO-ROSENFELD, M.E. Diagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis: State of the art. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.2, n.4, p.233–239, 2002. AKKOYUNLU, M.; FIKRIG, E. Gamma interferon dominates the murine cytokine response to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and helps to control the degree of early rickettsemia. Infection and Immunity, v.68, n.4, p.1827-1833, 2000. AKKOYUNLU, M.; MALAWISTA, S.E.; ANGUITA, J.; FIKRIG, E. Exploitation of interleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Infection and Immunity, v.69, n.9, p.5577–5588, 2001. ALBERDI, M.P.; WALKER, A.R.; URQUHART, K.A. Field evidence that roe deer (Caprioles carpeolus) are natural host for Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Epidemiology and Infection, v.124, n.2, p.315-323, 2000. ALLEMAN, A.R.; WAMSLEY, H.L. An update on anaplasmosis in dogs. Veterinary Medicine, v.103, n.4, p.212-214, 2008. AMUSATEGUI, I.; TESOURO, M.A.; KAKOMA, I.; SAINZ, A. Serological reactivity to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Rickettsia conorii in dogs from northwestern Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Disease, v.8, n.6, p.797–803, 2008. ANDERSON, B.E.; GREENE, C.E.; JONES, D.C.; DAWSON, J.E. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, v.42, n.2, p.299-302, 1992. ARAGÃO, H. Ixodidas brasileiros e de alguns paizes limitrophes. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.31, p.759-843, 1936. ARAGÃO, H.; FONSECA, F. Notas de Ixodologia. VIII lista e chave para os representantes para a fauna ixodológica brasileira. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.59, n.2, p.115- 129, 1961. ARSENAULT, W.G.; MESSICK, J.B. Acute granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a Rottweiler. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, v.41, p.323-326, 2005. AYRES, M. BioEstat 2.0 – Aplicações Estatísticas nas Áreas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, Tefé, 2000. 272 p. BAKKEN, J.S.; DUMLER, S. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, v.22, n.12, p.443-448, 2008. BAKKEN, J.S.; KRUETH, J.; WILSON-NORDSKOG, C.; TILDEN, R.L.; ASANOVICH, K.; DUMLER, J.S. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.275, n.12 p.199-205, 1996a. BAKKEN, J.S.; KRUETH, J.K.; LUND, T.; MALKOVITCH, D.; ASANOVICH, K.; DUMLER, J.S. Exposure to deer blood may be a cause of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.23, n.1, p.198, 1996b. 53 BARBET, A.F.; LUNDGREN, A.; YI, J.; RURANGIRWA, F.R.; PALMER, G.H. Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale by expression of MSP2 mosaics. Infection and Immunity, v.68, n.11, p.6133-6138, 2000. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E. KRAMER, V.L.; CLOVER, J.R.; SHELLY, S.M.; DUMLER, J.S. Ehrlichia strain from a llama (Lama glama) and llama-associated ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, n.4, p.1005-1007, 1997a. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E.; KRAMER, V.L.; CLOVER, J.R.; HUI, L.T.; WEBB, J.P.; VREDEVOE, L.K. Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, p.2018– 2021, 1997b. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E.; DEROCK, E.; DUMLER, J.S.; BAKKEN, J.S. Protection against Ehrlichia equi is conferred by prior infection with the human granulocytotropic ehrlichia (HGE agent). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.33, n.12, p.3333-3334, 1996. BARROS-BATTESTI, D.M.; ARZUA, M.; BECHARA, G.H. Carrapatos de Importância Médico-Veterinária da Região Neotropical: Um guia ilustrado para identificação de espécies. 1° ed. São Paulo: VOX/ICTTD-3/BUTANTAN, 2006. v.14. 223 p. BARUTZKI, D.; DE NICOLA, A.; ZEZIOLA, M.; REULE, M. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, v.119, n.7-8, p.342-347, 2006. BEALL, M.J.; CHANDRASHEKAR, R.; EBERTS, M.D.; CYR, K.E.; DINIZ, P.P.; MAINVILLE, C.; HEGARTY, B.C.; CRAWFORD, J.M. BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Serological and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.8, n.4, p.455-464, 2008. BEHL, R.; KLEIN, M.B.; DANDELET, L.; BACH, R.R.; GOODMAN, J.L.; KEY, N.S. Induction of tissue factor procoagulant activity in myelomonocytic cells inoculated by the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, v.83, n.1, p.114- 118, 2000. BELL, C.; PATEL, R. A real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infection Diseases, v. 53, n.1, p. 301-306, 2005. BEXFIELD, N.H.; VILLIERS, E.J.; HERRTAGE, M.E. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog. The Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.46, n.11, p.543-548, 2005. BIRKNER, K.; STEINER, B.; RINKLER, C.; KERN, Y.; AICHELE, P.; BOGDAN, C.; LOEWENICH, F.D. The elimination of Anaplasma phagocytophilum requires CD41 T cells, but is indepen-dent of Th1 cytokines and a wide spectrum of effector mechanisms. European Journal of Immunology, v.38, p.3395-3410, 2008. BJOERSDORFF, A.; SVENDENIUS, L.; OWENS, J. H.; MASSUNG, R. F. Feline granulocytic ehrlichiosis--a report of a new clinical entity and characterization of the infectious agent. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 40, n.1, p. 20-24, 1999. BLANCO, J.R.; OTEO, J.A. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, v.8, n.12, p.763-772, 2002. 54 BORJESSON, D.L.; SIMON, S.I.; TABLIN, F.; BARTHOLD, S.W. Thrombocytopenia in a mouse model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.184, n.11, p.1475-1479, 2001. BOWMAN, D.; LITTLE, S.E.; LORENTZEN, L.; SHIELDS, J.; SULLIVAN, M.P.; CARLIN, E.P. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: Results of a national clinic-based serologic survey. Veterinary Parasitology, v.160, n.1-2, p.138-148, 2009. BOWN KJ, BEGON M, BENNETT M, WOLDEHIWET Z, OGDEN NH. Seasonal dynamics of Anaplasma phagocytophila in a rodenttick (Ixodes trianguliceps) system, United Kingdom. Emerging Infection Diseases, v.9, p.63–70, 2003. BRAYTON, K. A., KNOWLES, D. P., MCGUIRE, T. C., PALMER, G. H. Efficient use of a small genome to generate antigenetic diversity in tick-borne ehrlichial pathogens. Proceeding National American Society, v. 98, p.4130-4135, 2001. BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; HANCOCK, S.I. Sequential evaluation of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.36, n.9, p.2645-2651, 1998. BURKET, C.T.; VANN, C.N.; PINGER, R.R.; CHATOT, C.L.; STEINER, F.E. Minimum infection rate of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) by Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in southern Indiana. Journal Medical Entomology, v.35, n.5, p.653–659, 1998. CAO, W.C.; ZHAN, L.; HE, J.; FOLEY, J. E.; DE VLAS, S.J.; MINGWU, X.; YANG, H.; RICHARDUS, J. H.; J. HABBEMA, D.F. Natural Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ticks and rodents from a forest area of Jilin Province, China. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.75, n.4, p. 664–668, 2006. CAO, W.C.; ZHAO, Q.M.; ZHANG, P.H.; DUMLER, J.S.; ZHANG, X.T.; FANG, L.Q.; YANG, H. Granulocytic ehrlichiae in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in China where Lyme disease is endemic. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n.11, p.4208-4210, 2000. CARLYON, J.A.; FIKRIG, E. Mechanism of evasion of neutrophil killing by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Current Opinion in Hematology, v.13, n.1, p.28-33, 2006. CHEN, S.M.; DUMLER, J.S.; BAKKEN, J.; WALKER, D.H. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.32, n.3, p.589-595, 1994. CHOI, K.S.; GARYU, J.; PARK, J.; DUMLER, S. Diminished adhesion of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils to endothelial cells is associated with reduced expression of leukocyte surface selectin. Infection and Immunity, v.71, n.8, p.4586-4594, 2003. COCKWILL, K.R.; TAYLOR, S.M.; SNEAD, E.C.R.; DICKINSON, R.; COSFORD, K.; MALEK, S.; LINDSAY, L.R.; DINIZ, P.P. Granulocytic anaplasmosis in three dogs from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.50, n.8, p.835-840, 2009. COLES, E.H. Patologia Clínica Veterinária. 3° Ed. Manole, São Paulo. 1984. 566p. COURTNEY, J. W.; KOSTELNIK, L. M.; NORDIN, S. Z.; MASSUNG, R. F. Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 42, p. 3164-3168, 2004. 55 COWELL, R.L.; TYLER, R.D.; CLINKENBEARD, K.D.; MEINKOTH, J.H. Ehrlichiosis and polyarthritis in three dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.192, n.8 p.1093-1095, 1988. DAGNONE, A.S.; SOUZA, A. I.; ANDRÉ, M.R.; MACHADO, R.Z. Molecular diagnosis of Anaplasmataceae organisms in dogs with clinical and microscopical signs of ehrlichiosis. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, v.18, n.4, p. 20-25, 2009. DE LA FUENTE, J.; LEW, A.; LUTZ, H.; MELI, M. L.; HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R.; SHKAP, V.; MOLAD, T.; MANGOLD, A.J.; ALMAZÁN, C.; NARANJO, V.; GORTÁZAR, C.; TORINA, A.; CARACAPPA, S.; GARCÍA-PÉREZ, A.L.; BARRAL, M.; OPORTO, B.; CECI, L.; CARELLI, G.; BLOUIN, E.F.; KOCAN, K.M. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Animal Health Research Reviews, v.6, n.1, p.75–89, 2005a. DE LA FUENTE, J.; MASSUNG, R.F.; WONG, S.J.; CHU, F.K.; LUTZ, H.; MELI, M.; VON LOEWENICH, F.D.; GRZESZCZUK, A.; TORINA, A.; CARACAPPA, S.; MANGOLD, A.J.; NARANJO, V.; STUEN, S.; KOCAN, K.M. Sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.43, n.3, p.1309-1317, 2005b. DE LA FUENTE, J.; NARANJO, V.; RUIZ-FONS, F.; VICENTE, J.; ESTRADA-PEÑA, A.; ALMAZÁN, C.; KOCAN, K.M.; MARTÍN, M.P.; GORTÁZAR, C. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in central Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, v. 50, n. 1, p. 187–196, 2004. DE LA FUENTE, J.; RUIZ-FONS, F.; NARANJO, V.; TORINA, A.; RODRÍGUEZ, O.; GORTÁZAR, C. Evidence of Anaplasma infections in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from southern Spain. Research in Veterinary Science, v.84, n.3, p.382-386, 2008. DE PAIVA DINIZ, P.P; SCHWARTZ, D.S; DE MORAIS, H.S; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Surveillance for zoonotic vector-borne infections using sick dogs from southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, v.7, n.4, p.689–697, 2007. DINIZ, P.; BEALL, M.J.; OMARK, K.; CHANDRASHEKAR, R.; DANILUK, D.A.; CYR , K.E.; KOTERSKI, J.F.; ROBBINS, R.G.; LALO, P.G.; HEGARTY, B.C.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. High prevalence of tickborne pathogens in dogs from an Indian Reservation in northeastern Arizona. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.10, n.2, p.117- 123, 2010. DRAZENOVICH, N.; BROWN, R.N.; FOLEY, J.E. Use of real-time quantitative PCR targeting the msp2 protein gene to identify cryptic Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wildlife and domestic animals. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.6, n.1, p.83-90, 2006. DUMLER, J.S.; BARAT, N.C.; BARAT, C.E.; BAKKEN, J.S. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and macrophage activation. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.45, n.2, p.199-204, 2007. DUMLER, J.S.; BARBET, A.F.; BEKKER, C.P.J.; DASCH, G.A.; PALMER, G.H.; RAY, S.C.; RIKIHISA, Y.; RURANGIRWA, F.R. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, 56 descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and ‘HGE agent’ as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, v.51, n.6, p.2145-2165, 2001. DUMLER, J.S.; MADIGAN, J.E.; PUSTERLA, N.; BAKKEN, J.S. Ehrlichioses in humans: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.45, Suppl. 1, p.S45–S51, 2007. EBANI, V.; CERRI, D.; FRATINI, F.; AMPOLA, M.; ANDREANI, E. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic and wild animals from central Italy. New Microbiologica, v.31, n.3, p.371-375, 2008. EGENVALL, A.; BJOERSDORFF, A.; LILLIEHOOK, I.; ENGVALL, E.O.; KARLSTAM, E.; ARTURSSON, K.; HEDHAMMAR, A.; GUNNARSSON, A. Early manifestations of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs inoculated experimentally with a Swedish Ehrlichia species isolate. Veterinary Record, v.143, n.15, p.412-417, 1998. EGENVALL, A.; BONNETT, B.N.; GUNNARSSON, A.; HEDHAMMAR, A.; SHOUKRI, M.; BORNSTEIN, S.; ARTURSSON, K. Sero-prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Swedish dogs 1991–94. Scandinavian Journal Infectious Diseases, v.32, n.1, p.19-25, 2000a. EGENVALL, A.; LILLIHOO, K.I.; KARLSTAM, E.; BJOERSDORFF, A.; ENGVALL, E.O.; ARTURSSON, K.; HELDTANDER, M.; GUNNARSSON, A. Detection of granulocytic Ehrlichia species DNA by PCR in persistently infected dogs. Veterinary Record, v.146, n.7, p.186-190, 2000b. EGENVALL, A.E.; HEDHAMMAR, A.A.; BJOERSDORFF, A.I. Clinical features and serology of 14 dogs affected by granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Sweden. Veterinary Record, v.140, n.9, p.222-226, 1997. EGENVALL, E.O.; PETTERSSON, B.; PERSSON, M.; ARTURSSON, K.; JOHANSSON, K.E. A 16S rRNAbased PCR assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses, and cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.34, n.9, p.2170-2174, 1996. FACCINI, J.L.H.; PRATA, M.C.A.; DAEMON, E.; BARROS-BATTESTI, D.M. Características biológicas da fase não parasitária do Ixodes amarali (Acari: Ixodidae) em gambá (Didelphis sp.) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 51, n. 3, p. 267-270, 1999. FENOLLAR, F.; RAOULT, D. Molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of fastidious microorganisms. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, v. 112, n. 11, p.785–807, 2004. FERREIRA, M.E.; GRATTAPAGLIA, D. Introdução ao uso de marcadores moleculares em análise genética. 3ª Edição. EMBRAPA-CENARGEN, 1998, 103p. FOGGIE, A. Studies on the infectious agent of tick-borne fever in sheep. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, v.63, n.1, p.1-15, 1951. FOGGIE, A. Studies on tick pyaemia and tick-borne fever. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, v.6, n.1, p.51-58, 1962. FOGGIE, A. Studies on tick-borne fever. Journal of General Microbiology. III: Proceedings, v–vi. 1949. 57 FOGGIE, A. The effect of tick-borne fever on the resistance of lambs to staphylococci. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.66, p.278-285, 1956. FOLEY, J.; DRAZENOVICH, N.; LEUTENEGGER, C.; CHOMMEL, B.B. Association between polyarthritis and thrombocytopenia and increased prevalence of vectorborne pathogens in Californian dogs. Veterinary Record, v.160, n.5, p.159-162, 2007a. FOLEY, J.E.; BROWN, R.N.; GABRIEL, M.W.; HENN, J.; DRAZENOVICH, N.; KASTEN, R.; GREEN, S.L.; CHOMEL, B.B. Spatial analysis of the exposure of dogs in rural north-coastal California to vectorborne pathogens. Veterinary Record, v.161, n.19, p.653- 657, 2007b. FOLEY, J.E.; FOLEY, P.; BROWN, R.N.; LANE, R.S.; DUMLER, J.S.; MADIGAN, J.E. Ecology of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in the western United States. Journal of Vector Ecology, v.29, n.1, p.41-50, 2004. FOLEY, J.E.; FOLEY, P.; MADIGAN, J.E. Spatial distribution of seropositivity to the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs in California. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.62, n.10, p.1599-1605, 2001. FOLEY, J.E.; KRAMER, V.L.; WEBER, D. Experimental ehrlichiosis in dusky footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.38, n.1, p.194-198, 2002. FOLEY, J.E.; NIETO, N.C.; ADJEMIAN, J.; ADJEMIAN, J.; DABRITZ, H.; BROWN, R.N. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in small mammal hosts of Ixodes ticks, western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v.14, n.7, p.1147-1150, 2008a. FOLEY, J.E.; NIETO, N.C.; MADIGAN, J.; SYKES, J. Possible differential host tropism in Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in the western United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.1149, p.94-97, 2008b. FOLEY, J. E.; NIETO, N.C.; FOLEY, P. Emergence of Tick-Borne Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Associated with Habitat Type and Forest Change in Northern California. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.81, n.6, p. 1132–1140, 2009. FOSTER, W.N.M.; GREIG, J.C. Isolation of tick-borne fever from feral goats in New Galloway. Veterinary Record, v.85, p. 585-586, 1969. FREIRE, J.J. Revisão das espécies da família Ixodidae. Revista de Medicina Veterinária, v.8, p.1-16, 1972. GARCIA-GARCIA, J.C.; RENNOLL-BANKERT, K.E.; PELLY, S.; MILSTONE, A.M.; DUMLER, J.S. Silencing of host cell CYBB gene expression by the nuclear effector AnkA of the intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Infection and Immunity, v.77, n.6, p.2385-2391, 2009. GARRITY, G.M.; BELL, J.A.; LILBURN, T. "Phylum XIV. Proteobacteria phyl. nov." In: BRENNER, D.J.; KRIEG, N.R.; STALEY, J.T.; GARRITY, G.M. (eds.) Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2° edição, v. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p.1. GARRITY, G.M.; BELL, J.A.; LILBURN, T. Class I. Alphaproteobacteria class. nov. In: BRENNER, D.J.; KRIEG, N.R.; STALEY, J.T.; GARRITY, G. M. (eds.) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2° edição, v.2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2006, p.1. 58 GARY, A.T.; WEBB, J.A.; HEGARTY, B.C.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.47, n.12, p.1194-1200, 2006. GARYU, J.W.A.; CHOI, K.S.; GRAB, D.J.; DUMLER, J.S. Defective phagocytosis in Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils. Infection and Immunity, v.73, n.2, p.1187-1190, 2005. GIBSON, U.; HEID, C.; WILLIAMS, P. A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Research, v. 6, n. 10, p. 995-1001, 1996. GILMOUR, J.L.; BRODIE, T.A.; HOLMES, P.H. Tick-borne fever and pasteurellosis in sheep. Veterinary Record, v.111, n.22, p.512, 1982. GINZINGER, D. G. Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: Na emerging technology hits the mainstream. Experimental Hematology. v. 30, n. 6, p. 503-512, 2002. GOLDMAN, E.E.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; GRINDEM, C.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; WALLS, J.J.; DUMLER, J.S. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.12, n.2, p.61-70, 1998. GOODMAN, J.L.; NELSON, C.; VITALE, B.; ET AL. Direct cultivation of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 334, p. 209–215, 1996. GOODMAN, J.L.; NELSON, C.M.; KLEIN, M.B.; HAYES, S.F.; WESTON, B.W. Leukocyte infection by the granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent is linked to expression of a selectin ligand. Journal of Clinical Investigation, v.103, n.3, p.407-412, 1999. GRANICK, J.L.; RENEER, D.V.; CARLYON, J.A.; BORJESSON, D.L. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects cells of the megakaryocyte lineage through sialyated ligands but fails to alter platelet production. Journal of Medical Microbiology, v.57, p.416-423, 2008. GRANQUIST, E.G.; STUEN, S.; LUNDGREN, A.M.; BRATEN, M.; BARBET, A.F. Outer membrane protein sequence variation in lambs experimentally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Infection and Immunity, v.76, n.1, p.120-126, 2008. GRAVINO, A.E.; CAPRARIIS, S.; MANNA, L.; CERUNDOLO, R.; SAGAZIO, P.; BUONAVOGLIA, C. Preliminary report of infection in dogs related to Ehrlichia equi: Description of three cases. New Microbiologica, v.20, n.3, p.361-363, 1997. GRAY, D.; WEBSTER, K.; BERRY, J.E. Evidence of louping ill and tickborne fever in goats. Veterinary Record, v.122, n.3, p.66, 1988. GREENE, C.E. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3°ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier. 2006, 1387 p. GREIG, B.; ASANOVICH, K.M.; ARMSTRONG, P.J. DUMLER, J.S. Geographic, clinical, serologic, and molecular evidence of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a likely zoonotic disease, in Minnesota and Wisconsin dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.34, n.1, p.44–48, 1996. GREISENEGGER, S.; ENDLER, G.; HSIEH, K.; TENTSCHERT, S.; MANNHALTER, C.; LALOUSCHEK, W. Is Elevated Mean Platelet Volume Associated With a Worse Outcome in Patients With Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events? Stroke, v.35, n. 7 p.1688-1691, 2004 GRONSTOL, H.; OVERA, S.J. Listeriosis in sheep. Tick-borne fever used as a model to study predisposing factors. Acta Veterinary Scandinavica, v.21, n.4, p.533-545, 1980. 59 GUY, E.; TASKER, S.; JOYNSON, D.H. Detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in UK ticks using polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiology of Infection, v.121, p.681–683, 1998. HEID, C. A.; STEVENS, J.; LIVAK, K. J.; WILLIAMS, P. M. Real-time quantitative PCR. Genome Research, v. 6, n. 10, p. 986-994, 1996. HENN, J.B.; GABRIEL, M.W.; KASTEN, R.W.; BROWN, R.N.; THEIS, J.H.; FOLEY, J.E.; CHOMEL, B.B. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a potential reservoir of a Bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and domestic dogs as sentinels for zoonotic arthropodborne pathogens in northern California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.45, n.8, p.2411- 2418, 2007. HODZIC, E.; IJDO, J.W.; FENG, S.; KATAVOLOS, P.; SUN, W.; MARETZKI, C.H.; FISH, D.; FIKRIG, E.; TELFORD, S.R.3rd; BARTHOLD, S.W. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the laboratory mouse. Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.177, n.3, p.737-745, 1998. HOROWITZ, H.W.; KILCHEVSKY, E.; HABER, S.; AGUERO-ROSENFELD, M.; KRANWINKEL, R.; JAMES, E.K.; WONG, S.J.; CHU, F.; LIVERIS, D.; SCHWARTZ, I. Perinatal transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, v.339, n.6, p.375-378, 1998. INOKUMA, H.; OHNO, K.; ONISHI, T.; RAOULT, D.; BROUQUI, P. Detection of ehrlichial infection by PCR in dogs from Yamaguchi and Okinawa Prefectures, Japan. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v.63, n.7, p.815-817, 2001. JADERLUND, K.H.; EGENVALL, A.; BERGSTROM, K.; HEDHAMMAR, A. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs with neurological signs. Veterinary Record, v.160, n.24, p.825-831, 2007. JENKINS, A.; HANDELAND, K.; STUEN, S.; SCHOULS, L.; VAN DE POL, I.; MEEN, R.; KRISTIANSEN, B.E. Ehrlichiosis in a moose calf in Norway. Journal Wildlife Diseases, v.37, n.1, 201–203, 2001. JENSEN, J.; SIMON, D.; MURUA ESCOBAR, H.; SOLLER, J.T.; BULLERDIEK, J.; BEELITZ, P.; PFISTER, K.; NOLTE, I. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Germany. Zoonoses and Public Health, v.54, n.2, p.94-101, 2007. JOHANSSON, K.E.; PETTERSSON, B.; UHLEN, M.; GUNNARSSON, A.; MALMQVIST, M.; OLSSON, E. Identification of the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Swedish dogs and horse by direct solid phase sequencing of PCR products. Research in Veterinary Science, v.58, n.2, p.109-112, 1995. KATAVOLOS, P.; ARMSTRONG, P.M.; DAWSON, J.E.; TELFORD, S.R.3rd. Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal Infectious Diseases, v.177, n.5, p.1422-1425, 1998. KEMPERMAN, M.; NEITZEL, D.; JENSEN, K.; J. GORLIN, J.; E. PERRY, E.; MYERS, T.; MILEY, T.; MCQUISTON, J.; EREMEEVA, M.E.; NICHOLSON, W.; SINGLETON, J.; ADJEMIAN, J. Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted through blood transfusion- Minnesota, 2007. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.300, n.23, p.2718-2720, 2008. KIM, C.M.; KIM, M.S.; PARK, M.S.; PARK, J.H.; CHAE, J.S. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and A. bovis in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Disease, v.3, p.17–26, 2003. 60 KIRTZ, B., CZETTEL, B., THUM, D., LEIDINGER, E. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in einer österreichischen Hundepopulation: eine Prävalenz-Studie (2001–2006). Kleintierpraxis, v.52, p.562–568, 2007. KIRTZ, G.; MELI, M.; LEIDINGER, E.; LUDWIG, P.; THUM, D.; CZETTEL, B.; KÖLBL, S.; LUTZ, H. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog: Identifying the causative agent using PCR. The Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.46, n.6, p.300-303, 2005. KLEIN, M.B.; MILLER, J.S.; NELSON, C.M.; GOODMAN, J.L. Primary bone marrow progenitors of both granulocytic and monocytic lineages are susceptible to infection with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.176, n.5, p.1405-1409, 1997. KOHN, B.; GALKE, D.; BEELITZ, P.; PFISTER, K. Clinical features of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 18 naturally infected dogs. Journal of Vetinary Internal Medicine, v.22, n.6, p.1289-1295, 2008. KOHN, B.; SILAGHI, C.; GALKE, D.; ARNDT, G.; PFISTER K. Infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Germany. Research in Veterinary Science, 2010, in press. KORDICK, S.K.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; SOUTHWICK, K.L.; COLITZ, C.M.; HANCOCK, S.I.; BRADLEY, J.M.; RUMBOUGH, R.; MCPHERSON, J.T.; MACCORMACK, J.N. Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.37, n.8, p.2631-2638, 1999. KRAUSE, P.J.; WORMSER, G.P. Nosocomial transmission of granulocytic anaplasmosis? Journal of the American Medical Association, v.300, n.19, p.2308-2309, 2008. LABRUNA, M.B., HOMEM, V.S.F., HEINEMANN, M.B. et al. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with rural dogs in Uruará, Eastern Amazon-Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, v.37, p.774-776, 2000. LABRUNA, M.B.; KASAI, N.; FERREIRA, F.; FACCINI, J.L.H.; GENNARI, S.M. Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, v.105, n.1, p.65-77, 2002. LAI, T.H.; KUMAGAI, Y.; HYODO, M.; HAYAKAWA, Y.; RIKIHISA, Y. The Anaplasma phagocytophilum PleC histidine kinase and PleD diguanylate cyclase two-component system and role of cyclic Di-GMP in host cell infection. Journal Bacteriology. v.191, n.3, p.693- 700, 2009. LAPPIN, M.R.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; JENSEN, W.A.; DUNNIGAN, B.; RHA, J.Y.; WILLIAMS, C.R.; BREWER, M.; FALL, M. Molecular and serologic evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats in North America. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.225, n.6, p.893-896, 2004. LASCOLA, K.; VANDIS, M.; BAIN, P.; BEDENICE, D. Concurrent infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Mycoplasma haemolamae in a young alpaca. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.23, n.2, p.379-382, 2009. LEE, F.S.; CHU, F.K.; TACKLEY, M.; WU, A.D.; ATRI, A.; WESSELS, M.R. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis presenting as facial diplegia in a 42-year-old woman. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.31, n.5, p.1288-1291, 2000. LEE, H.C.; KIOI, M.; HAN, J.; PURI, R.K.; GOODMAN, J.L. Anaplasma phagocytophilum induced gene expression in both human neutrophils and HL-60 cells. Genomics, v.92, n.3, p.144-151, 2008. 61 LEPIDI, H.; BUNNELL, J.E.; MARTIN, M.E. Comparative pathology and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.62, n.1, p.29-37, 2000. LESTER, S.J.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; COLLIS, C.D.; HEGARTY, B.C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (granulocytic anaplasmosis) in a dog from Vancouver Island. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; v.46, n.9, p.825-827, 2005. LEVI, O.; WANER, T.; BANETH, G.; KEYSARY, A.; BRUCHIM, Y.; SILVERMAN, J.; HARRUS, S. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among healthy dogs and horses in Israel. Journal of Veterniray Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, v.53, p.78-80, 2006. LIDDELL, A.M.; STOCKHAM, S.L.; SCOTT, M.A.; SUMNER, W.; PADDOCK, C.D.; GAUDREAULT-KEENER, M.; ARENS, M.Q.; STORCH, G.A. Predominance of Ehrlichia ewingii in Missouri dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.41, n.10, p.4617-4622, 2003. LILLIEHOOK, I.; EGENVALL, A.; TVEDTEN, H.W. Hematopathology in dogs experimentally infected with a Swedish granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.27, n.4, p.116-122, 1998. LILLIEHOOK, I.; JOHANNISSON, A.; MAGNUSSON, U.; EGENVALL, A.; TROWALDWIGH, G.; HÀKANSSON, L. Granulocyte function in dogs experimentally infected with a Swedish granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.67, n.2, p.141-152, 1999. LINARDI, P.M., NAGEM, R.L. Pulicídeos e outros ectoparasitos de cães de Belo Horizonte e municípios vizinhos. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, v.33, p.529-538, 1973. LIZ, J.S.; SUMNER, J.W.; PFISTER, K.; BROSSARD, M. PCR detection of and serological evidence of granulocytic Ehrlichia; infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.40, p.892-897, 2002. LOTRIC-FURLAN, S.; AVSIC-ZUPANC, T.; PETROVEC, M.; NICHOLSON, W.L.; SUMNER, J.W; CHILDS, J.E; STRLE, F. Clinical and serological follow-up of patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Slovenia. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, v.8, n.5, p.899-903, 2001. M’GHIRBI, Y.; GHORBEL, A.; AMOURI, M.; NEBAOUI, A.; HADDAD, S. Clinical, serological and molecular evidence of ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis in dogs in Tunisia. Parasitology Research, v.104, n. 4, p.767-774, 2009. MACLEOD, J. Studies on tick-borne fever of sheep. II. Experiment on transmission and distribution of the disease. Parasitology, v.28, p.320-329, 1936. MACLEOD, J.; GORDON, W.S. Studies on tick-borne fever of sheep. I. Transmission by the tick Ixodes ricinus with a description of the disease produced. Parasitology, v.25, p.273-283, 1933. MADEWELL, B.; GRIBBLE, D. Infection in two dogs with an agent resembling Ehrlichia equi. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.180, n. 5, p.512-514, 1982. MADIGAN, J.E.; GRIBBLE, D. Equine ehrlichiosis in northern California: 49 cases (1968- 1981). Journal of the American Medical Association, v.190, n. 4, p.445- 448, 1987. MAGNARELLI, L.; IJDO, J.; ANDERSON, K.; MADIGAN, J.E.; DUMLER, J.S.; FIKRING, E. Antibodies to Ehrlichia equi in dogs from the northeastern United States. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.211, n. 9, p.1134-1137, 1997. 62 MAGNARELLI, L.A.; IJDO, J.W.; VAN ANDEL, A.E.; WU, C.; FIKRIG, E. Evaluation of a polyvalent enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay incorporating a recombinant p44 antigen for diagnosis of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs and horses. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.62, n.1, p.29-32, 2001. MANNA, L.; ALBERTI, A.; PAVONE, L.M.; SCIBELLI, A.; STAIANO, N.; GRAVINO, A.E. First molecular characterization of a granulocytic Ehrlichia strain isolated from a dog in South Italy. Veterinary Journal, v.167, n. 3, p.224-227, 2004. MARETZKI, C.H.; FISHER, D.J.; GREENE, C.E. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis and meningitis in a dog. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.205, n. 11, p.1554-1556, 1994. MARTIN, M.E.; CASPERSEN, K.; DUMLER, J.S. Immunopathology and ehrlichial propagation are regulated by interferon-gamma and interleukin-10 in a murine model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. American Journal Pathology, v.158, n.5, p.1881-1888, 2001. MASSARD, C.A., MASSARD, C.L., REZENDE, H.E.B. et al. Carrapatos de cães em áreas urbanas e rurais de alguns estados brasileiros. In: Congresso Brasileiro de Parasitologia, 6, 1981, Belo Horizonte. Anais...Belo Horizonte: SBP, 1981. p.201. MASSUNG, R.F.; COURTNEY, J.W.; HIRATZKA, S.L.; PITZER, V.E.; SMITH, G.; DRYDEN, R.L. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in white-tailed deer. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v.11, n. 10, p.1604-1606, 2005. MASSUNG, R.F.; MATHER, T.N.; LEVIN, M.L. Reservoir competency of goats for the Apvariant 1 strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Infection and Immunity, v.74, n. 2, p.1373- 1375, 2006. MASSUNG, R.F.; MAUEL, M.J.; OWENS, J.H.; ALLAN, N.; COURTNEY, J.W.; STAFFORD 3rd, K.C.; MATHER, T.N. Genetic variants of Ehrlichia phagocytophila, Rhode Island and Connecticut. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v. 8, n. 5, p.467-472, 2002. MASSUNG, R.F.; PRIESTLEY, R.A.; MILLER, N.J.; MATHER, T.N.; LEVIN, M.L. Inability of a variant strain of Anaplasma phagocytophilum to infect mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.188, n. 11, p.1757-1763, 2003. MASSUNG, R.F.; SLATER, K.G. Comparison of PCR assays for detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.41, n. 2, p.717-722, 2003. MAZEPA, A.W.; KIDD, L.B.; YOUNG, K.M.; TREPANIER, L.A. Clinical Presentation of 26 Anaplasma phagocytophilum-Seropositive Dogs Residing in an Endemic Area. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v. 46, n. 6, p.405-12, 2010. MCDIARMID, A. Modern trends in animal health and husbandry. Some infectious diseases of free-living wild-life. British Veterinary Journal, v.121, p.245-257, 1965. MUNDERLOH, U.G.; LYNCH, M.J.; HERRON, M.J.; PALMER, A.T.; KURTTI, T.J.; NELSON, R.D.; GOODMAN, J.L. Infection of endothelial cells with Anaplasma marginale and A. phagocytophilum. Veterinary Microbiology, v.101, n. 1, p.53-64, 2004. MUNRO, R.; HUNTER, A.R.; MACKENZIE, G.; MCMARTIN, D.A. Pulmonary lesions in sheep following experimental infection by Ehrlichia phagocytophilia and Chlamydia psittaci. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v. 92, p.117–129, 1982. NEER, T.M.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; GREENE, R.T.; LAPIN, M.R. Consensus statement on ehrlichial disease of small animals from the infectious disease study group of the ACVIM. 63 American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medical, v.16, p. 30–315, 2002. NIETO, N.C.; FOLEY, J. Evaluation of squirrels (Rodentia: Sciuridae) as ecologically significant hosts for Anaplasma phagocytophilum in California. Journal of Medical Entomology, v.45, n. 4, p.763-769, 2008. NIETO, N.C.; FOLEY, J.E.; BETTASO, J.; LANE, R.S. Reptile infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, the causative agent of granulocytic anaplasmosis. Journal Parasitology, v.95, n.5, p.1165–1170, 2009. NIJHOF, A.M.; BODAAN, C.; POSTIGO, M.; , NIEUWENHUIJS, H.; OPSTEEGH, M.; FRANSSEN, L.; JEBBINK, F.; JONGEJAN, F. Ticks and associated pathogens collected from domestic animals in the Netherlands. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.7, n. 4, p.585-595, 2007. NOVAIS, C. M.; PIRES-ALVES, M. PCR em Tempo Real. Revista Biotecnologia Ciência e Desenvolvimento, n. 33, p. 10-13, 2004. NYARKO, E.; GRAB, D.J.; DUMLER, J.S. Anaplasma phagocytophilum- infected neutrophils enhance transmigration of Borrelia burgdorferi across the human blood brain barrier in vitro. International Journal for Parasitology, v.36, n. 5, p.601-605, 2006. OGDEN, N.H.; CASEY, A.N.J.; FRENCH, N.P.; WOLDEHIWET, Z. A review of studies on the transmission of Anaplasma phagocytophilum from sheep: implications for the force of infection in endemic cycles. Experimental and Applied Acarology, v.28, n. 1-4, p.195-202, 2002. OHASHI, N.; INAYOSHI, M.; KITAMURA, K.; KAWAMORI, F.; KAWAGUCHI, D.; NISHIMURA, Y.; NAITOU, H.; HIROI, M.; MASUZAWA, T. Anaplasma phagocytophilum–infected ticks, Japan. Emerging Infection Diseases, v.11, p.1780–1783, 2005. OLIVEIRA P.R.; BORGES, L.M.F.; LOPES, C.M.L.; LEITE, R.C. Population dynamics of the free-living stages of Amblyomma cajennense (Fabricius, 1987) (Acari: Ixodidae) on pastures of Pedro Leopoldo, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, v.92, n.4, p.295-301, 2000. OLIVEIRA, L.S.; OLIVEIRA, K.A.; MOURAO, L.C.; PESCATORE, A.M.; ALMEIDA, M.R.; CONCEICAO, L.G.; GALVAO, M.A.M.; MAFRA, C. First report of Ehrlichia ewingii detected by molecular investigation in dogs from Brazil. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, v.15, p.55–56, 2009. OVERAS, J.; LUND, A.; ULVUND, M.J.; WALDELAND, H. Tick-borne fever as a possible predisposing factor in septicaemic pasteurellosis in lambs. Veterinary Record, v.133, n. 16, p.398, 1993. PANCHOLI, P.; KOLBERT, C.P.; MITCHELL, P.D.; REED, K.D.J.; DUMLER, J.S.; BAKKEN, J.S.; TELFORD, S.R.; PERSING, D.H. Ixodes dammini as a potential vector of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Infection Diseases, v.172, p.1007–1012, 1995. PEDRA, J.H.; SUTTERWALA, F.S.; SUKUMARAN, B.; et al. ASC/ PYCARD and Caspase-1 regulate the IL-18/IFN-gamma axis during Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection. The Journal of Immunology, v.179, n. 7, p.4783-4791, 2007a. PEDRA, J.H.; TAO, J.; SUTTERWALA, F.S.; SUKUMARAN, B.; BERLINER, N.; BOCKENSTEDT, L.K.; FLAVELL, R.A.; YIN, Z.; FIKRIG, E. IL-12/23p40-dependent 64 clearance of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in the murine model of human anaplasmosis. FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology, v.50, n. 3, p.401-410, 2007b. PETROVEC, M.; BIDOVEC, A.; AVSIC-ZUPANC, T.; KOREN, S.; SUMNER, J.W.; NOCHOLSON, W.L.; CHILDS, J.E. Infection with Anaplasma phagocytophila in cervids from Slovenia: evidence of two genotypic lineages. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift, v.114, n. 13-14, p.641-647, 2002. PETROVEC, M.; LOTRIC FURLAN, S.; ZUPANC, T.A.; STRLE, F.; BROUQUI, P.; ROUX, V.; DUMLER, J.S. Human disease in Europe caused by a granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, n. 6, p.1556-1559, 1997. PIEEL, M.C.; FINLAYSON, B.L.; MCMAHON, T.A. "Updated world map of the Köppen- Geiger climate classification". Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, v.11, n. 5, p.1633– 1644, 2007. PLIER, M.L.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; KIDD, L.B. Lack of evidence for perinatal transmission of canine granulocytic anaplasmosis from a bitch to her offspring. Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, v.45, n.5, p.232-238, 2009. PREOZI, D.E.; COHN, L.A. The increasingly complicated story of Ehrlichia. The Compendium on Continuing Education for the Practicing Veterinarian, v. 24, n. 4, p. 277-288, 2002. POITOUT, F.M.; SHINOZAKI, J.K.; STOCKWELL, P.J.; HOLLAND, C.J.; SHUKLA, S.K. Genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infecting dogs in western Washington State. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.43, n. 2, p.796-801, 2005. POLIN, H.; HUFNAGL, P.; HAUNSCHMID, R.; GRUBER, F.; LADURNER, G. Molecular evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Ixodes ricinus ticks and wild animals in Austria. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 42, n. 5, p2285-2286, 2004. POPOV, V.L.; HAN, V.C.; CHEN, S.M.; DUMLER, J.S.; FENG, H.M.; ANDREADIS, T.G.; TESH, R.B.; WALKER, D.H. Ultrastructural differentiation of the genogroups in the genus Ehrlichia. Journal of Medical Microbiology, v.47, n. 3, p.235-251, 1998. PUSTERLA, N.; ANDERSON, R.J.; HOUSE, J.K.; PUSTERLA, J.B.; DEROCK, E.; MADIGAN, J.E. Susceptibility of cattle to infection with Ehrlichia equi and the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.218, n. 7, p.1160-1162, 2001. PUSTERLA, N.; HUDER, J.; WOLFENSBURGER, C. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in two dogs in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology; v.35, n.9, p.2307-2309, 1997. PUSTERLA, N.; LEUTENEGGER, C.M.; HUDER, J.B.; WEBER, R.; BRAUN, U.; LUTZ, H. Evidence of the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent in Ixodes ricinus ticks in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.37, p.1332–1334, 1999a. PUSTERLA, N.; PUSTERLA, J.B.; BRAUN, U.; LUTZ, H. Experimental cross-infections with Ehrlichia phagocytophila and human granulocytic ehrlichia-like agent in cows and horses. Veterinary Record, v.145, p.311-314, 1999b. PUSTERLA, N.; MADIGAN, J.E.; ASANOVICH, K.M.; CHAE, J.S.; DEROCK, E.; LEUTENEGGER, C.M.; PUSTERLA, J.B.; LUTZ, H.; DUMLER, J.S. Experimental Inoculation with Human Granulocytic Ehrlichia Agent Derived from High- and Low-Passage Cell Culture in Horses. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n.3, p.1276–1278, 2000. PUSTERLA, N.; PUSTERLA, J.B.; DEPLAZES, P.; WOLFENSBERGER, C.; MÜLLER, W.; HÖRAUF, A.; REUSCH, C.; LUTZ, H. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis and of canine 65 granulocytic Ehrlichia infection in dogs in Switzerland. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.36, n. 12, p.3460-3462, 1998. RAVNIK, U.; TOZON, N.; SMRDEL, K.S.; ZUPANC, T.A. Anaplasmosis in dogs: The relation of haematological, biochemical and clinical alterations to antibody titre and PCR confirmed infection. Veterinary Microbiology, v.149, n.1-2, p.172–176, 2011. RAVNIK, U.; TOZON, N.; STRASEK, K.; AVSIC, ZUPANC, T. Clinical and haematological features in Anaplasma phagocytophilum seropositive dogs. Clinical Microbiologyland Infection, v.2, Suppl 2, p.39-40, 2009. REMY, V.; HANSMANN, Y.; DE MARTINO, S.; CHRISTMANN, D.; BROUQUI, P. Human anaplasmosis presenting as atypical pneumonitis in France. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.37, n.6, p.846-848, 2003. RIBEIRO, V.L.S., WEBER, M.A., FETZER, L.O. et al. Espécies e prevalência das infestações por carrapatos em cães de rua da cidade de Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil. Ciência Rural, v.27, p.285-289, 1997. RICHTER, P.J.; KIMSEY, R.B.; MADIGAN, J.E.; BARLOUGH, J.E.; DUMLER, J.S.; BROOKS, D.L. Ixodes pacificus (Acari: Ixodidae) as a vector of Ehrlichia equi (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae). Journal Medical Entomology, v.33, p.1–5, 1996. RIKIHISA, Y. Cross-reacting antigens between Neorickettsia helminthoeca and Ehrlichia species, shown by immunofluorescence and Western immunoblotting. Journal Clinical Microbiology, v.29, n.9, p.2024-2029, 1991. RIKIHISA, Y. Ehrlichia subversion of host innate responses. Current Opinion in Microbiology, v.9, n. 1, p.95-101, 2006. RISTIC, M.; HUXSOLL, D.L. 1984. Tribe II. Ehrlichieae Philip 1957, 948A1. In: Krieg, N.R., Holt, J.G. (Eds.), Bergey’s Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, vol. I. Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore, USA, p.704-711. RODGERS, S.J.; MORTON, R.J.; BALDWIN, C.A. A serological survey of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, Rickettsia rickettsii, and Borrelia burgdorferi in dogs in Oklahoma. Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, v.1, n. 2, p.54-159, 1989. SALVAGNI, C.A.; DAGNONE, A.S.; GOMES, T.S.; MOTA, J.S.; ANDRADE, G.M.; BALDANI, C.D.; MACHADO, R. Z. Evidência sorológica de anaplasmose granulocítica equina em equinos do Centro-oeste Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, v.19, n.3, p. 135-140, 2010. SAMBROOK, J.; RUSSEL, D.W. Molecular cloning: a laboratory manual. 3°ed. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, 2001. SAMPAIO, I.B.M. Estatística aplicada à experimentação animal. 2.ed. Belo Horizonte: FEPMVZ, 2002. 265p. SANTOS, A.S.; ALEXANDRE, N.; SOUSA, R.; NÚNCIO, M.S.; BACELLAR, F.; DUMLER, J.S. Serological and molecular survey of Anaplasma species infection in dogs with suspected tickborne disease in Portugal. Veterinary Record, v.164, p.168-171, 2009a. SANTOS, A.S.; SANTOS-SILVA, M.M.; SOUSA, R.D.; BACELLAR, F.; DUMLER, J.S. PCR-based serosurvey of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in Portuguese ticks (Acari: Ixodidae). Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.9, n.1, p.33-40, 2009b. 66 SANTOS, A.S.; SANTOS-SILVA, M.M.; ALMEIDA, V.C.; BACELLAR, F.; DUMLER, J.S. Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum DNA in Ixodes ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) from Madeira Island and Sebutal District, mainland Portugal. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v.10, n. 9, p.1643-1648, 2004. SANTOS, Tiago Marques dos. Agentes da theileriose e da anaplasmose granulocítica em eqüídeos de microrregiões do estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. 90p. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Veterinárias). Instituto de Veterinária, Departamento de Parasitologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica, RJ, 2011. SCHOULS, L.M.; VAN, P.I.; RIJPKEMA, S.G.T.; SCHOT, C.S. Detection and identification of Ehrlichia, Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Bartonella species in Dutch Ixodes ricinus ticks. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.37, p.2215–2222, 1999. SCORPIO, D.G.; AKKOYUNLU, M.; FIKRIG, E.; DUMLER, J.S. CXCR2 blockade influences Anaplasma phagocytophilum propagation but not histopathology in the mouse model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, v.11, n.5, p.963-968, 2004. SHAW, S.E.; BINNS, S.H.; BIRTLES, R.J.; DAY, M.J.; SMITHSON, R.; KENNY, M.J. Molecular evidence of tick-transmitted infections in dogs and cats in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Record, v.157, n. 21, p.645-648, 2005. SHPYNOV, S.; FOURNIER, P.E.; RUDAKOV, N.; TARASEVICH, I.; RAOULT, D. Detection of members of the general Rickettsia, Anaplasma, and Ehrlichia in ticks collected in the Asiatic part of Russia. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.1078, p.378- 383, 2006. SKERGET, M.; WENISCH. C.; DAXBOECK, F.; KRAUSE, R.; HABERL, R.; STUENZNER, D. Cat or dog ownership and seroprevalence of ehrlichiosis, Q fever, and catscratch disease. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v.9, n. 10, p.1337-1340, 2003. SKOTARCZAK, B.; ADAMSKA, M.; RYMASZEWSKA, A.; SUPRON, M.; SAWCZUK, M.; MACIEJEWSKA, A. Anaplasma phagocytophila and protozoans of Babesia genus in dogs from endemic areas of Lyme disease in north-western Poland. Wiadomosci parazytologiczne, v.50, n. 3, p.555-561, 2004. SOLANO-GALLEGO, L.; LLULL, J.; OSSO, M.; HEGARTY, B.; BREITSCHWERDT, E. A serological study of exposure to arthropod-borne pathogens in dogs from northeastern Spain. Veterinary Research, v.37, n. 2, p.231-244, 2006. STOCKHAM, S.L.; SCHMIDT, D.A.; CURTIS, K.S.; et al. Evaluation of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs of Missouri, including serologic status to Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi and Borrelia burgdorferi. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.53, n. 1, p.63-68, 1992. STRIK, N.; ALLEMAN, A.R.; BARBET, A.F.; SORENSON, H.L.; WAMSLEY, H.L.; GASCHEN, F.P.; LUCKSCHANDER, N.; WONG, S.; CHU, F.; FOLEY, J.E.; BJOERSDORFF, A.; STUEN, S.; KNOWLES, D.P. Characterization of major surface protein 5 of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and the extent of cross-reactivity with A. marginale. Clinical and Vaccine Immunology, v.14, n. 3, p.262-268, 2007. STRLE, F. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. International Journal of Medical Microbiology, v.293, Suppl.37, p.27-35, 2004. STUEN, S.; BERGSTROM, K.; PETROVEC, M.; VAN DE POL, I.; SCHOULS, L.M. Differences in clinical manifestations and hematological and serological responses after 67 experimental infection with genetic variants of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in sheep. Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, v.10, n. 4, p.692- 695, 2003. STUEN, S.; ENGVALL, E.O.; VAN DE POL, I.; SCHOOULS, L.M. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a roe deer calf in Norway. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.37, n. 3, p.614-616, 2001. SUKSAWAT, J.; HEGARTY, B.C.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Seroprevalence of Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia equi, and Ehrlichia risticii in sick dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.14, n. 1, p.50-55, 2000. SUKSAWAT, J.; PITULLE, C.; ARRAGA-ALVARADO, A.; MADRIGAL, K.; HANCOCK, S.I.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Coinfection with three Ehrlichia species in dogs from Thailand and Venezuela with emphasis on consideration of 16S ribosomal DNA secondary structure. Author’s correction. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.40, n. 10, p.3887, 2002. SUN, W.; IJDO, J.W.; TELFORD, S.R.; HODZIC, E.; ZHANG, Y.; BARTHOLD, S.W.; FIKRIG, E. Immunization against the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a murine model. The Journal of Clinical Investigation, v.100, n. 12, p.3014-3018, 1997. TAGLAS, M.B.; FOLEY, J. Differences in transmissibility of two Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains by the North American tick species Ixodes pacificus and Ixodes scapularis. Experimental and Applied Acarology, v.38, n. 1, p.47-58, 2006. TARELLO, W. Microscopic and clinical evidence for Anaplasma (Ehrlichia) phagocytophilum infection in Italian cats. Veterinary Record, v.156, n.24, p. 772-774, 2005. TARELLO, W. Canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis (CGE) in Italy. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, v.51, p.73-90, 2003. TATE, C.M.; MEAD, D.G.; LUTTRELL, M.P.; HOWERTH, E.W.; DUGAN, V.G.; MUNDERLOH, U.G.; DAVIDSON, W.R. Experimental infection of whitetailed deer with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, etiologic agent of human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.43, n. 8, p.3595-3601, 2005. TELFORD, S.R.; DAWSON, J.E.; KATAVOLOS, P.; WARNER, C.K.; KOLBERT, C.P.; PERSING, D.H. Perpetuation of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a deer tickrodent cycle. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA, v.93, n.12, p.6209- 6214, 1996. TORINA, A.; CARACAPPA, S. Dog tick-borne diseases in Sicily. Parassitologia, v.48, n. 1- 2, p.145-147, 2006. TUOMI, J. Experimental studies on bovine tick-borne fever. 3. Immunological strain differences. Acta Pathologica Microbiologica Scandinavica, v.71, n.1, p.89-100, 1967. TUOMI, J.; VON BONSDORFF, C.H. Electron microscopy of tick-borne fever agent in bovine and ovine phagocytizing leukocytes. The Journal of Bacteriology, v.92, n.5, p.1478- 1492, 1966. TYZZER, E.E. Cytoecetes microti, N.G.H. Sp., a parasite developing in granulocytes and infective for small rodents. Parasitology, v.30, p.242-257, 1938. UILENBERG, G.; THIAUCOURT, F.; JONGEJAN, F. On molecular taxonomy: What is in a name? Experimental and Applied Acarology, v.32, p.301-312, 2004. 68 VON, S.L.V.; GÜRTELSCHMID, M.; HANSON, H.S.; GUSTAFSON, R.; DOTEVALL, L.; ENGVALL, E.O.; GRANSTRÖM, M. The human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) agent in Swedish ticks. Clinical Microbiology Infection, v.3, p. 573–574, 1997. WALLS, J.; GREIG, B.; NEITZE, D.; DUMLER, J.S. Natural infection of small mammal species in Minnesota with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, n.4, p.853-855, 1997. WALLS, J.J.; CATUREGLI, P.; BAKKEN, J.S.; ASANOVICH, K.M.; DUMLER, J.S. Improved sensitivity of PCR for diagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis using epank1 genes of Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group Ehrlichiae. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n. 1, p.354-356, 2000. WEBER, R.; PUSTERLA, N.; LOY, M.; LEUTENEGGER, C.M.; SCHÄR, G.; BAUMANN, D.; WOLFENSBERGER, C.; LUTZ, H. Serologic and clinical evidence for endemic occurrences of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in North-Eastern Switzerland. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, v.130, n.41, p.1462-70, 2000. WEN, B.; CAO, W.; PAN, H. Ehrlichiae and ehrlichial diseases in China. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.990, p.45-53, 2003. WHITLOCK, J.E.; FANG, Q.Q.; DURDEN, L.A.; OLIVER JR, J. H. Prevalence of Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae) in Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) from the Georgia Coast and Barrier Islands. Journal Medical Entomology, v.37, n.2, p.276–280, 2000. WINSLOW, G.M.; BITSAKTSIS, C. Immunity to the ehrlichiae: New tools and recent developments. Current Opinion in Infectious Diseases, v.18, n. 3, p.217-221, 2005. WOESE, C.R.; KANDLER, O.; WHEELIS, M.L. Towards a natural system of organisms: Proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of United Station of America, v.87, n. 12, p. 4576-4579, 1990. WOLDEHIWET, Z. Tick-borne fever: A review. Veterinary Research Communications, v.6, n. 3, p.163-175, 1983. WOLDEHIWET, Z.; SCOTT, G.R. Stages in the development of Cytoecetes phagocytophila, the causative agent of tick-borne fever in sheep. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.92, p.469-474, 1982. WONG, S.J.; THOMAS, J.A. Cytoplasmic, nuclear, and platelet autoantibodies in human granulocytic anaplasmosis patients. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.36, n.7, p.1959- 1963, 1998. WOODY, B.J.; HOSKINS, J.D. Ehrlichial diseases of dogs. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.21, p.75-98, 1991. WU, T.J.; SUN, H.J.; WU, Y.C.; HUANG, H.P. Prevalence and Risk Factors of Canine Ticks and Tick-Borne Diseases in Taipei, Taiwan. JVCS, v. 2, n.3, 2009. YOSHIIE, K.; KIM, H.Y.; MOTT, J.; RIKIHISA, Y. Intracellular infection by the human granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent inhibits human neutrophil apoptosis. Infection and Immunity, v.68, n.3, p.1125-1133, 2000. ZAGO, M.A.; FALCÃO, R. P.; PASQUINI, R. Hematologia: fundamentos e prática. Ed. rev. e atual. São Paulo: Atheneu, 2004. 1081p. 69 ZHANG, L.; LIU, Y.; NI, D.; LI, Q.; YU, Y.; YU, X.J.; WAN, K.; LI, D.; LIANG, G.; JIANG, X.; JING, H.; RUN, J.; LUAN, M.; FU, X.; ZHANG, J.; YANG, W.; WANG, Y.; DUMLER, J.S.; FENG, Z.; REN, J.; XU, J. Nosocomial transmission of human granulocytic anaplasmosis in China. The Journal of the American Medical Association, v.300, n. 19, p.2263-2270, 2008https://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/61468/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/3789Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2020-08-10T19:44:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos.pdf: 1223931 bytes, checksum: 542b1c4c1fd9100a410f1fe8a7772c37 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-08-10T19:44:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos.pdf: 1223931 bytes, checksum: 542b1c4c1fd9100a410f1fe8a7772c37 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-11info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJinstname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)instacron:UFRRJTHUMBNAIL2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg4138https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/1/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf.jpg7aaf33d019cb0ff4080bc37cf2dcfc4dMD51TEXT2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos.pdf.txtExtracted Texttext/plain243753https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/2/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf.txtc80f9815416b0ccc69c2850240d19eccMD52ORIGINAL2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santos.pdf2011 - Huarrisson Azevedo Santosapplication/pdf1223931https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/3/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf542b1c4c1fd9100a410f1fe8a7772c37MD53LICENSElicense.txttext/plain2089https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/4/license.txt7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7MD5420.500.14407/97442023-12-21 15:43:26.953oai:rima.ufrrj.br:20.500.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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://tede.ufrrj.br/PUBhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/oai/requestbibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.bropendoar:2023-12-21T18:43:26Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)false |
| dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Molecular diagnostic of Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) in domestic dogs and ticks of urban and rural areas from Itaguai microregion, Rio de Janeiro state |
| title |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| spellingShingle |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro Santos, Huarrisson Azevedo Anaplasma phagocytophilum Cães PCR em Tempo Real Hematologia Epidemiologia Anaplasma phagocytophilum dogs real-time PCR Hematology Epidemiology Medicina Veterinária |
| title_short |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| title_full |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| title_fullStr |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| title_sort |
Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro |
| author |
Santos, Huarrisson Azevedo |
| author_facet |
Santos, Huarrisson Azevedo |
| author_role |
author |
| dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Santos, Huarrisson Azevedo |
| dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Massard, Carlos Luiz |
| dc.contributor.advisor1ID.fl_str_mv |
257781297-34 |
| dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/7743112049924654 |
| dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv |
Baldani, Cristiane Divan |
| dc.contributor.advisor-co2.fl_str_mv |
Thomé, Sandra Maria Gomes |
| dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Leite, Romario Cerqueira |
| dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Salcedo, Joaquim Hernan Patarroyo |
| dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv |
Machado, Rosangela Zacarias |
| dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv |
Almosny, Nadia Regina Pereira |
| dc.contributor.authorID.fl_str_mv |
083833295-04 |
| dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/3751609492049306 |
| contributor_str_mv |
Massard, Carlos Luiz Baldani, Cristiane Divan Thomé, Sandra Maria Gomes Leite, Romario Cerqueira Salcedo, Joaquim Hernan Patarroyo Machado, Rosangela Zacarias Almosny, Nadia Regina Pereira |
| dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Cães PCR em Tempo Real Hematologia Epidemiologia |
| topic |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum Cães PCR em Tempo Real Hematologia Epidemiologia Anaplasma phagocytophilum dogs real-time PCR Hematology Epidemiology Medicina Veterinária |
| dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum dogs real-time PCR Hematology Epidemiology |
| dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
Medicina Veterinária |
| description |
Anaplasma phagocytophilum é um patógeno emergente capaz de infectar humanos, equinos e cães em todo o mundo. Essa bactéria é transmitida por carrapatos ixodídeos e mantida na natureza por uma variedade de pequenos mamíferos silvestres. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães e carrapatos da microrregião de Itaguaí, Rio de Janeiro, além de estabelecer os fatores associados (idade, sexo, raça, infestação por carrapatos, etc) e as possíveis alterações hematológicas com a infecção por A. phagocytophilum em cães desta região. Essa bactéria foi detectada pela primeira vez no Brasil, em cães e carrapatos de áreas rurais e urbanas da microrregião de Itaguai, RJ através da Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) em tempo real. Dos 398 cães amostrados, 24 (6,03%) foram considerados positivos, com limite de detecção (CT) variando entre 26 a 35 ciclos. As amostras positivas clonadas em pGEM-T apresentaram 100% de identidade com outras sequências de A. phagocytophilum depositadas no GenBank. Utilizando números definidos de cópias do plasmídio contendo um inserto de 122pb do gene msp2 a sensibilidade analítica do ensaio de PCR em tempo real através do sistema SYBR green foi capaz de detectar até três cópias do plasmídio. O ensaio foi considerado específico quando DNA de bactérias proximamente relacionadas à A. phagocytophilum foi colocado na reação. Um fragmento de 122pb do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum foi detectado através da TaqMan- PCR em um carrapato fêmea da espécie Amblyomma cajennense e em cinco Rhipicephalus sanguineus, sendo quatro machos e uma fêmea. As amostras de carrapatos positivas obtiveram CT que variaram entre 26,75 e 33,14 ciclos. A técnica de PCR em tempo real utilizando o sistema TaqMan foi capaz de detectar uma única cópia do gene msp2 de A. phagocytophilum em amostras de DNA de carrapatos. Infestação por carrapatos foram observadas em 66,67% (n=16) dos cães positivos na PCR. As espécies de carrapatos identificadas nos cães positivos foram R. sanguineus e A. cajennense, com predominância desta última espécie de carrapato. O histórico de infestação por carrapatos, acesso a áreas de mata e condição de limpeza do ambiente foram os fatores que apresentaram associação com a presença do DNA de A. phagocytophilum em cães na região estudada. Os principais achados hematológicos em cães infectados com A. phagocytophilum foram trombocitopenia, linfopenia e aumento do volume plaquetário médio. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o agente da Anaplasmose Granulocítica Canina circula na região estudada e os cães podem servir como fonte de infecção para carrapatos vetores do agente. Este é o primeiro relato de A. phagocytophilum no Brasil, um agente zoonótico emergente responsável pela Anaplasmose Granulocítica Humana. |
| publishDate |
2011 |
| dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2011-04-11 |
| dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2023-12-21T18:43:26Z |
| dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2023-12-21T18:43:26Z |
| dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
| dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesis |
| format |
doctoralThesis |
| status_str |
publishedVersion |
| dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv |
SANTOS, Huarrisson Azevedo. Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. 76 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica - RJ, 2011. |
| dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/9744 |
| identifier_str_mv |
SANTOS, Huarrisson Azevedo. Diagnóstico molecular de Anaplasma phagocytophilum (Foggie, 1949) em cães domésticos e carrapatos de áreas urbanas e rurais na microrregião de Itaguaí, Estado do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. 76 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências Veterinárias) - Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica - RJ, 2011. |
| url |
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/9744 |
| dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
por |
| language |
por |
| dc.relation.references.por.fl_str_mv |
AGUERO-ROSENFELD, M. E.; KALANTARPOUR, F.; BALUCH, M.; HOROWITZ, H. W.; MCKENNA, D. F.; RAFFALLI, J. T.; HSIETH, T. C.; WU, J.; DUMLER, J. S.; WORMSER, G.P. Serology of culture-confirmed cases of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n.2, p.635–638, 2000. AGUERO-ROSENFELD, M.E. Diagnosis of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis: State of the art. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.2, n.4, p.233–239, 2002. AKKOYUNLU, M.; FIKRIG, E. Gamma interferon dominates the murine cytokine response to the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis and helps to control the degree of early rickettsemia. Infection and Immunity, v.68, n.4, p.1827-1833, 2000. AKKOYUNLU, M.; MALAWISTA, S.E.; ANGUITA, J.; FIKRIG, E. Exploitation of interleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis by the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Infection and Immunity, v.69, n.9, p.5577–5588, 2001. ALBERDI, M.P.; WALKER, A.R.; URQUHART, K.A. Field evidence that roe deer (Caprioles carpeolus) are natural host for Ehrlichia phagocytophila. Epidemiology and Infection, v.124, n.2, p.315-323, 2000. ALLEMAN, A.R.; WAMSLEY, H.L. An update on anaplasmosis in dogs. Veterinary Medicine, v.103, n.4, p.212-214, 2008. AMUSATEGUI, I.; TESOURO, M.A.; KAKOMA, I.; SAINZ, A. Serological reactivity to Ehrlichia canis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Neorickettsia risticii, Borrelia burgdorferi and Rickettsia conorii in dogs from northwestern Spain. Vector Borne Zoonotic Disease, v.8, n.6, p.797–803, 2008. ANDERSON, B.E.; GREENE, C.E.; JONES, D.C.; DAWSON, J.E. Ehrlichia ewingii sp. nov., the etiologic agent of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis. International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology, v.42, n.2, p.299-302, 1992. ARAGÃO, H. Ixodidas brasileiros e de alguns paizes limitrophes. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.31, p.759-843, 1936. ARAGÃO, H.; FONSECA, F. Notas de Ixodologia. VIII lista e chave para os representantes para a fauna ixodológica brasileira. Memórias do Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, v.59, n.2, p.115- 129, 1961. ARSENAULT, W.G.; MESSICK, J.B. Acute granulocytic ehrlichiosis in a Rottweiler. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, v.41, p.323-326, 2005. AYRES, M. BioEstat 2.0 – Aplicações Estatísticas nas Áreas das Ciências Biológicas e Médicas. Sociedade Civil Mamirauá, Tefé, 2000. 272 p. BAKKEN, J.S.; DUMLER, S. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis. Infectious Disease Clinics of North America, v.22, n.12, p.443-448, 2008. BAKKEN, J.S.; KRUETH, J.; WILSON-NORDSKOG, C.; TILDEN, R.L.; ASANOVICH, K.; DUMLER, J.S. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.275, n.12 p.199-205, 1996a. BAKKEN, J.S.; KRUETH, J.K.; LUND, T.; MALKOVITCH, D.; ASANOVICH, K.; DUMLER, J.S. Exposure to deer blood may be a cause of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.23, n.1, p.198, 1996b. 53 BARBET, A.F.; LUNDGREN, A.; YI, J.; RURANGIRWA, F.R.; PALMER, G.H. Antigenic variation of Anaplasma marginale by expression of MSP2 mosaics. Infection and Immunity, v.68, n.11, p.6133-6138, 2000. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E. KRAMER, V.L.; CLOVER, J.R.; SHELLY, S.M.; DUMLER, J.S. Ehrlichia strain from a llama (Lama glama) and llama-associated ticks (Ixodes pacificus). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, n.4, p.1005-1007, 1997a. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E.; KRAMER, V.L.; CLOVER, J.R.; HUI, L.T.; WEBB, J.P.; VREDEVOE, L.K. Ehrlichia phagocytophila genogroup rickettsiae in ixodid ticks from California collected in 1995 and 1996. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.35, p.2018– 2021, 1997b. BARLOUGH, J.E.; MADIGAN, J.E.; DEROCK, E.; DUMLER, J.S.; BAKKEN, J.S. Protection against Ehrlichia equi is conferred by prior infection with the human granulocytotropic ehrlichia (HGE agent). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.33, n.12, p.3333-3334, 1996. BARROS-BATTESTI, D.M.; ARZUA, M.; BECHARA, G.H. Carrapatos de Importância Médico-Veterinária da Região Neotropical: Um guia ilustrado para identificação de espécies. 1° ed. São Paulo: VOX/ICTTD-3/BUTANTAN, 2006. v.14. 223 p. BARUTZKI, D.; DE NICOLA, A.; ZEZIOLA, M.; REULE, M. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in dogs in Germany. Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr, v.119, n.7-8, p.342-347, 2006. BEALL, M.J.; CHANDRASHEKAR, R.; EBERTS, M.D.; CYR, K.E.; DINIZ, P.P.; MAINVILLE, C.; HEGARTY, B.C.; CRAWFORD, J.M. BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Serological and molecular prevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and Ehrlichia species in dogs from Minnesota. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.8, n.4, p.455-464, 2008. BEHL, R.; KLEIN, M.B.; DANDELET, L.; BACH, R.R.; GOODMAN, J.L.; KEY, N.S. Induction of tissue factor procoagulant activity in myelomonocytic cells inoculated by the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. Thrombosis and Haemostasis, v.83, n.1, p.114- 118, 2000. BELL, C.; PATEL, R. A real-time combined polymerase chain reaction assay for the rapid detection and differentiation of Anaplasma phagocytophilum, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, and Ehrlichia ewingii. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infection Diseases, v. 53, n.1, p. 301-306, 2005. BEXFIELD, N.H.; VILLIERS, E.J.; HERRTAGE, M.E. Immune-mediated haemolytic anaemia and thrombocytopenia associated with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in a dog. The Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.46, n.11, p.543-548, 2005. BIRKNER, K.; STEINER, B.; RINKLER, C.; KERN, Y.; AICHELE, P.; BOGDAN, C.; LOEWENICH, F.D. The elimination of Anaplasma phagocytophilum requires CD41 T cells, but is indepen-dent of Th1 cytokines and a wide spectrum of effector mechanisms. European Journal of Immunology, v.38, p.3395-3410, 2008. BJOERSDORFF, A.; SVENDENIUS, L.; OWENS, J. H.; MASSUNG, R. F. Feline granulocytic ehrlichiosis--a report of a new clinical entity and characterization of the infectious agent. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 40, n.1, p. 20-24, 1999. BLANCO, J.R.; OTEO, J.A. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Europe. Clinical Microbiology and Infection, v.8, n.12, p.763-772, 2002. 54 BORJESSON, D.L.; SIMON, S.I.; TABLIN, F.; BARTHOLD, S.W. Thrombocytopenia in a mouse model of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.184, n.11, p.1475-1479, 2001. BOWMAN, D.; LITTLE, S.E.; LORENTZEN, L.; SHIELDS, J.; SULLIVAN, M.P.; CARLIN, E.P. Prevalence and geographic distribution of Dirofilaria immitis, Borrelia burgdorferi, Ehrlichia canis, and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in the United States: Results of a national clinic-based serologic survey. Veterinary Parasitology, v.160, n.1-2, p.138-148, 2009. BOWN KJ, BEGON M, BENNETT M, WOLDEHIWET Z, OGDEN NH. Seasonal dynamics of Anaplasma phagocytophila in a rodenttick (Ixodes trianguliceps) system, United Kingdom. Emerging Infection Diseases, v.9, p.63–70, 2003. BRAYTON, K. A., KNOWLES, D. P., MCGUIRE, T. C., PALMER, G. H. Efficient use of a small genome to generate antigenetic diversity in tick-borne ehrlichial pathogens. Proceeding National American Society, v. 98, p.4130-4135, 2001. BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; HANCOCK, S.I. Sequential evaluation of dogs naturally infected with Ehrlichia canis, Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Ehrlichia equi, Ehrlichia ewingii, or Bartonella vinsonii. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.36, n.9, p.2645-2651, 1998. BURKET, C.T.; VANN, C.N.; PINGER, R.R.; CHATOT, C.L.; STEINER, F.E. Minimum infection rate of Amblyomma americanum (Acari: Ixodidae) by Ehrlichia chaffeensis (Rickettsiales: Ehrlichieae) in southern Indiana. Journal Medical Entomology, v.35, n.5, p.653–659, 1998. CAO, W.C.; ZHAN, L.; HE, J.; FOLEY, J. E.; DE VLAS, S.J.; MINGWU, X.; YANG, H.; RICHARDUS, J. H.; J. HABBEMA, D.F. Natural Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection of ticks and rodents from a forest area of Jilin Province, China. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.75, n.4, p. 664–668, 2006. CAO, W.C.; ZHAO, Q.M.; ZHANG, P.H.; DUMLER, J.S.; ZHANG, X.T.; FANG, L.Q.; YANG, H. Granulocytic ehrlichiae in Ixodes persulcatus ticks from an area in China where Lyme disease is endemic. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.38, n.11, p.4208-4210, 2000. CARLYON, J.A.; FIKRIG, E. Mechanism of evasion of neutrophil killing by Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Current Opinion in Hematology, v.13, n.1, p.28-33, 2006. CHEN, S.M.; DUMLER, J.S.; BAKKEN, J.; WALKER, D.H. Identification of a granulocytotropic Ehrlichia species as the etiologic agent of human disease. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.32, n.3, p.589-595, 1994. CHOI, K.S.; GARYU, J.; PARK, J.; DUMLER, S. Diminished adhesion of Anaplasma phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils to endothelial cells is associated with reduced expression of leukocyte surface selectin. Infection and Immunity, v.71, n.8, p.4586-4594, 2003. COCKWILL, K.R.; TAYLOR, S.M.; SNEAD, E.C.R.; DICKINSON, R.; COSFORD, K.; MALEK, S.; LINDSAY, L.R.; DINIZ, P.P. Granulocytic anaplasmosis in three dogs from Saskatoon, Saskatchewan. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.50, n.8, p.835-840, 2009. COLES, E.H. Patologia Clínica Veterinária. 3° Ed. Manole, São Paulo. 1984. 566p. COURTNEY, J. W.; KOSTELNIK, L. M.; NORDIN, S. Z.; MASSUNG, R. F. Multiplex Real-Time PCR for Detection of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v. 42, p. 3164-3168, 2004. 55 COWELL, R.L.; TYLER, R.D.; CLINKENBEARD, K.D.; MEINKOTH, J.H. Ehrlichiosis and polyarthritis in three dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.192, n.8 p.1093-1095, 1988. DAGNONE, A.S.; SOUZA, A. I.; ANDRÉ, M.R.; MACHADO, R.Z. Molecular diagnosis of Anaplasmataceae organisms in dogs with clinical and microscopical signs of ehrlichiosis. Revista Brasileira de Parasitologia Veterinária, v.18, n.4, p. 20-25, 2009. DE LA FUENTE, J.; LEW, A.; LUTZ, H.; MELI, M. L.; HOFMANN-LEHMANN, R.; SHKAP, V.; MOLAD, T.; MANGOLD, A.J.; ALMAZÁN, C.; NARANJO, V.; GORTÁZAR, C.; TORINA, A.; CARACAPPA, S.; GARCÍA-PÉREZ, A.L.; BARRAL, M.; OPORTO, B.; CECI, L.; CARELLI, G.; BLOUIN, E.F.; KOCAN, K.M. Genetic diversity of Anaplasma species major surface proteins and implications for anaplasmosis serodiagnosis and vaccine development. Animal Health Research Reviews, v.6, n.1, p.75–89, 2005a. DE LA FUENTE, J.; MASSUNG, R.F.; WONG, S.J.; CHU, F.K.; LUTZ, H.; MELI, M.; VON LOEWENICH, F.D.; GRZESZCZUK, A.; TORINA, A.; CARACAPPA, S.; MANGOLD, A.J.; NARANJO, V.; STUEN, S.; KOCAN, K.M. Sequence analysis of the msp4 gene of Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.43, n.3, p.1309-1317, 2005b. DE LA FUENTE, J.; NARANJO, V.; RUIZ-FONS, F.; VICENTE, J.; ESTRADA-PEÑA, A.; ALMAZÁN, C.; KOCAN, K.M.; MARTÍN, M.P.; GORTÁZAR, C. Prevalence of tick-borne pathogens in ixodid ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) collected from European wild boar (Sus scrofa) and Iberian red deer (Cervus elaphus hispanicus) in central Spain. European Journal of Wildlife Research, v. 50, n. 1, p. 187–196, 2004. DE LA FUENTE, J.; RUIZ-FONS, F.; NARANJO, V.; TORINA, A.; RODRÍGUEZ, O.; GORTÁZAR, C. Evidence of Anaplasma infections in European roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) from southern Spain. Research in Veterinary Science, v.84, n.3, p.382-386, 2008. DE PAIVA DINIZ, P.P; SCHWARTZ, D.S; DE MORAIS, H.S; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. Surveillance for zoonotic vector-borne infections using sick dogs from southeastern Brazil. Vector Borne Zoonotic Diseases, v.7, n.4, p.689–697, 2007. DINIZ, P.; BEALL, M.J.; OMARK, K.; CHANDRASHEKAR, R.; DANILUK, D.A.; CYR , K.E.; KOTERSKI, J.F.; ROBBINS, R.G.; LALO, P.G.; HEGARTY, B.C.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. High prevalence of tickborne pathogens in dogs from an Indian Reservation in northeastern Arizona. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.10, n.2, p.117- 123, 2010. DRAZENOVICH, N.; BROWN, R.N.; FOLEY, J.E. Use of real-time quantitative PCR targeting the msp2 protein gene to identify cryptic Anaplasma phagocytophilum infections in wildlife and domestic animals. Vector Borne and Zoonotic Diseases, v.6, n.1, p.83-90, 2006. DUMLER, J.S.; BARAT, N.C.; BARAT, C.E.; BAKKEN, J.S. Human granulocytic anaplasmosis and macrophage activation. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.45, n.2, p.199-204, 2007. DUMLER, J.S.; BARBET, A.F.; BEKKER, C.P.J.; DASCH, G.A.; PALMER, G.H.; RAY, S.C.; RIKIHISA, Y.; RURANGIRWA, F.R. Reorganization of genera in the families Rickettsiaceae and Anaplasmataceae in the order Rickettsiales: Unification of some species of Ehrlichia with Anaplasma, Cowdria with Ehrlichia and Ehrlichia with Neorickettsia, 56 descriptions of six new species combinations and designation of Ehrlichia equi and ‘HGE agent’ as subjective synonyms of Ehrlichia phagocytophila. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology, v.51, n.6, p.2145-2165, 2001. DUMLER, J.S.; MADIGAN, J.E.; PUSTERLA, N.; BAKKEN, J.S. Ehrlichioses in humans: Epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis and treatment. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.45, Suppl. 1, p.S45–S51, 2007. EBANI, V.; CERRI, D.; FRATINI, F.; AMPOLA, M.; ANDREANI, E. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum in domestic and wild animals from central Italy. New Microbiologica, v.31, n.3, p.371-375, 2008. EGENVALL, A.; BJOERSDORFF, A.; LILLIEHOOK, I.; ENGVALL, E.O.; KARLSTAM, E.; ARTURSSON, K.; HEDHAMMAR, A.; GUNNARSSON, A. Early manifestations of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs inoculated experimentally with a Swedish Ehrlichia species isolate. Veterinary Record, v.143, n.15, p.412-417, 1998. EGENVALL, A.; BONNETT, B.N.; GUNNARSSON, A.; HEDHAMMAR, A.; SHOUKRI, M.; BORNSTEIN, S.; ARTURSSON, K. Sero-prevalence of granulocytic Ehrlichia spp. and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in Swedish dogs 1991–94. Scandinavian Journal Infectious Diseases, v.32, n.1, p.19-25, 2000a. EGENVALL, A.; LILLIHOO, K.I.; KARLSTAM, E.; BJOERSDORFF, A.; ENGVALL, E.O.; ARTURSSON, K.; HELDTANDER, M.; GUNNARSSON, A. Detection of granulocytic Ehrlichia species DNA by PCR in persistently infected dogs. Veterinary Record, v.146, n.7, p.186-190, 2000b. EGENVALL, A.E.; HEDHAMMAR, A.A.; BJOERSDORFF, A.I. Clinical features and serology of 14 dogs affected by granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Sweden. Veterinary Record, v.140, n.9, p.222-226, 1997. EGENVALL, E.O.; PETTERSSON, B.; PERSSON, M.; ARTURSSON, K.; JOHANSSON, K.E. A 16S rRNAbased PCR assay for detection and identification of granulocytic Ehrlichia species in dogs, horses, and cattle. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.34, n.9, p.2170-2174, 1996. FACCINI, J.L.H.; PRATA, M.C.A.; DAEMON, E.; BARROS-BATTESTI, D.M. Características biológicas da fase não parasitária do Ixodes amarali (Acari: Ixodidae) em gambá (Didelphis sp.) no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, v. 51, n. 3, p. 267-270, 1999. FENOLLAR, F.; RAOULT, D. Molecular genetic methods for the diagnosis of fastidious microorganisms. Acta Pathologica, Microbiologica et Immunologica Scandinavica, v. 112, n. 11, p.785–807, 2004. FERREIRA, M.E.; GRATTAPAGLIA, D. Introdução ao uso de marcadores moleculares em análise genética. 3ª Edição. EMBRAPA-CENARGEN, 1998, 103p. FOGGIE, A. Studies on the infectious agent of tick-borne fever in sheep. Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology, v.63, n.1, p.1-15, 1951. FOGGIE, A. Studies on tick pyaemia and tick-borne fever. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London, v.6, n.1, p.51-58, 1962. FOGGIE, A. Studies on tick-borne fever. Journal of General Microbiology. III: Proceedings, v–vi. 1949. 57 FOGGIE, A. The effect of tick-borne fever on the resistance of lambs to staphylococci. Journal of Comparative Pathology, v.66, p.278-285, 1956. FOLEY, J.; DRAZENOVICH, N.; LEUTENEGGER, C.; CHOMMEL, B.B. Association between polyarthritis and thrombocytopenia and increased prevalence of vectorborne pathogens in Californian dogs. Veterinary Record, v.160, n.5, p.159-162, 2007a. FOLEY, J.E.; BROWN, R.N.; GABRIEL, M.W.; HENN, J.; DRAZENOVICH, N.; KASTEN, R.; GREEN, S.L.; CHOMEL, B.B. Spatial analysis of the exposure of dogs in rural north-coastal California to vectorborne pathogens. Veterinary Record, v.161, n.19, p.653- 657, 2007b. FOLEY, J.E.; FOLEY, P.; BROWN, R.N.; LANE, R.S.; DUMLER, J.S.; MADIGAN, J.E. Ecology of Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Borrelia burgdorferi in the western United States. Journal of Vector Ecology, v.29, n.1, p.41-50, 2004. FOLEY, J.E.; FOLEY, P.; MADIGAN, J.E. Spatial distribution of seropositivity to the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs in California. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.62, n.10, p.1599-1605, 2001. FOLEY, J.E.; KRAMER, V.L.; WEBER, D. Experimental ehrlichiosis in dusky footed woodrats (Neotoma fuscipes). Journal of Wildlife Diseases, v.38, n.1, p.194-198, 2002. FOLEY, J.E.; NIETO, N.C.; ADJEMIAN, J.; ADJEMIAN, J.; DABRITZ, H.; BROWN, R.N. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in small mammal hosts of Ixodes ticks, western United States. Emerging Infectious Diseases, v.14, n.7, p.1147-1150, 2008a. FOLEY, J.E.; NIETO, N.C.; MADIGAN, J.; SYKES, J. Possible differential host tropism in Anaplasma phagocytophilum strains in the western United States. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, v.1149, p.94-97, 2008b. FOLEY, J. E.; NIETO, N.C.; FOLEY, P. Emergence of Tick-Borne Granulocytic Anaplasmosis Associated with Habitat Type and Forest Change in Northern California. The American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.81, n.6, p. 1132–1140, 2009. FOSTER, W.N.M.; GREIG, J.C. Isolation of tick-borne fever from feral goats in New Galloway. Veterinary Record, v.85, p. 585-586, 1969. FREIRE, J.J. Revisão das espécies da família Ixodidae. Revista de Medicina Veterinária, v.8, p.1-16, 1972. GARCIA-GARCIA, J.C.; RENNOLL-BANKERT, K.E.; PELLY, S.; MILSTONE, A.M.; DUMLER, J.S. Silencing of host cell CYBB gene expression by the nuclear effector AnkA of the intracellular pathogen Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Infection and Immunity, v.77, n.6, p.2385-2391, 2009. GARRITY, G.M.; BELL, J.A.; LILBURN, T. "Phylum XIV. Proteobacteria phyl. nov." In: BRENNER, D.J.; KRIEG, N.R.; STALEY, J.T.; GARRITY, G.M. (eds.) Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2° edição, v. 2 (The Proteobacteria), part B (The Gammaproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2005, p.1. GARRITY, G.M.; BELL, J.A.; LILBURN, T. Class I. Alphaproteobacteria class. nov. In: BRENNER, D.J.; KRIEG, N.R.; STALEY, J.T.; GARRITY, G. M. (eds.) Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology, 2° edição, v.2 (The Proteobacteria), part C (The Alpha-, Beta-, Delta-, and Epsilonproteobacteria), Springer, New York, 2006, p.1. 58 GARY, A.T.; WEBB, J.A.; HEGARTY, B.C.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B. The low seroprevalence of tick-transmitted agents of disease in dogs from southern Ontario and Quebec. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v.47, n.12, p.1194-1200, 2006. GARYU, J.W.A.; CHOI, K.S.; GRAB, D.J.; DUMLER, J.S. Defective phagocytosis in Anaplasma Phagocytophilum-infected neutrophils. Infection and Immunity, v.73, n.2, p.1187-1190, 2005. GIBSON, U.; HEID, C.; WILLIAMS, P. A novel method for real time quantitative RT-PCR. Genome Research, v. 6, n. 10, p. 995-1001, 1996. GILMOUR, J.L.; BRODIE, T.A.; HOLMES, P.H. Tick-borne fever and pasteurellosis in sheep. Veterinary Record, v.111, n.22, p.512, 1982. GINZINGER, D. G. Gene quantification using real-time quantitative PCR: Na emerging technology hits the mainstream. Experimental Hematology. v. 30, n. 6, p. 503-512, 2002. GOLDMAN, E.E.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; GRINDEM, C.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; WALLS, J.J.; DUMLER, J.S. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in dogs from North Carolina and Virginia. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.12, n.2, p.61-70, 1998. GOODMAN, J.L.; NELSON, C.; VITALE, B.; ET AL. Direct cultivation of the causative agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, v. 334, p. 209–215, 1996. GOODMAN, J.L.; NELSON, C.M.; KLEIN, M.B.; HAYES, S.F.; WESTON, B.W. Leukocyte infection by the granulocytic ehrlichiosis agent is linked to expression of a selectin ligand. Journal of Clinical Investigation, v.103, n.3, p.407-412, 1999. GRANICK, J.L.; RENEER, D.V.; CARLYON, J.A.; BORJESSON, D.L. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infects cells of the megakaryocyte lineage through sialyated ligands but fails to alter platelet production. Journal of Medical Microbiology, v.57, p.416-423, 2008. GRANQUIST, E.G.; STUEN, S.; LUNDGREN, A.M.; BRATEN, M.; BARBET, A.F. Outer membrane protein sequence variation in lambs experimentally infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum. Infection and Immunity, v.76, n.1, p.120-126, 2008. GRAVINO, A.E.; CAPRARIIS, S.; MANNA, L.; CERUNDOLO, R.; SAGAZIO, P.; BUONAVOGLIA, C. Preliminary report of infection in dogs related to Ehrlichia equi: Description of three cases. New Microbiologica, v.20, n.3, p.361-363, 1997. GRAY, D.; WEBSTER, K.; BERRY, J.E. Evidence of louping ill and tickborne fever in goats. Veterinary Record, v.122, n.3, p.66, 1988. GREENE, C.E. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. 3°ed. Philadelphia: Saunders, Elsevier. 2006, 1387 p. GREIG, B.; ASANOVICH, K.M.; ARMSTRONG, P.J. DUMLER, J.S. Geographic, clinical, serologic, and molecular evidence of granulocytic ehrlichiosis, a likely zoonotic disease, in Minnesota and Wisconsin dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.34, n.1, p.44–48, 1996. GREISENEGGER, S.; ENDLER, G.; HSIEH, K.; TENTSCHERT, S.; MANNHALTER, C.; LALOUSCHEK, W. Is Elevated Mean Platelet Volume Associated With a Worse Outcome in Patients With Acute Ischemic Cerebrovascular Events? Stroke, v.35, n. 7 p.1688-1691, 2004 GRONSTOL, H.; OVERA, S.J. Listeriosis in sheep. Tick-borne fever used as a model to study predisposing factors. Acta Veterinary Scandinavica, v.21, n.4, p.533-545, 1980. 59 GUY, E.; TASKER, S.; JOYNSON, D.H. Detection of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis (HGE) in UK ticks using polymerase chain reaction. Epidemiology of Infection, v.121, p.681–683, 1998. HEID, C. A.; STEVENS, J.; LIVAK, K. J.; WILLIAMS, P. M. Real-time quantitative PCR. Genome Research, v. 6, n. 10, p. 986-994, 1996. HENN, J.B.; GABRIEL, M.W.; KASTEN, R.W.; BROWN, R.N.; THEIS, J.H.; FOLEY, J.E.; CHOMEL, B.B. Gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) as a potential reservoir of a Bartonella clarridgeiae-like bacterium and domestic dogs as sentinels for zoonotic arthropodborne pathogens in northern California. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.45, n.8, p.2411- 2418, 2007. HODZIC, E.; IJDO, J.W.; FENG, S.; KATAVOLOS, P.; SUN, W.; MARETZKI, C.H.; FISH, D.; FIKRIG, E.; TELFORD, S.R.3rd; BARTHOLD, S.W. Granulocytic ehrlichiosis in the laboratory mouse. Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.177, n.3, p.737-745, 1998. HOROWITZ, H.W.; KILCHEVSKY, E.; HABER, S.; AGUERO-ROSENFELD, M.; KRANWINKEL, R.; JAMES, E.K.; WONG, S.J.; CHU, F.; LIVERIS, D.; SCHWARTZ, I. Perinatal transmission of the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, v.339, n.6, p.375-378, 1998. INOKUMA, H.; OHNO, K.; ONISHI, T.; RAOULT, D.; BROUQUI, P. Detection of ehrlichial infection by PCR in dogs from Yamaguchi and Okinawa Prefectures, Japan. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, v.63, n.7, p.815-817, 2001. JADERLUND, K.H.; EGENVALL, A.; BERGSTROM, K.; HEDHAMMAR, A. Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato and Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs with neurological signs. Veterinary Record, v.160, n.24, p.825-831, 2007. JENKINS, A.; HANDELAND, K.; STUEN, S.; SCHOULS, L.; VAN DE POL, I.; MEEN, R.; KRISTIANSEN, B.E. Ehrlichiosis in a moose calf in Norway. Journal Wildlife Diseases, v.37, n.1, 201–203, 2001. JENSEN, J.; SIMON, D.; MURUA ESCOBAR, H.; SOLLER, J.T.; BULLERDIEK, J.; BEELITZ, P.; PFISTER, K.; NOLTE, I. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Germany. Zoonoses and Public Health, v.54, n.2, p.94-101, 2007. JOHANSSON, K.E.; PETTERSSON, B.; UHLEN, M.; GUNNARSSON, A.; MALMQVIST, M.; OLSSON, E. Identification of the causative agent of granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Swedish dogs and horse by direct solid phase sequencing of PCR products. Research in Veterinary Science, v.58, n.2, p.109-112, 1995. KATAVOLOS, P.; ARMSTRONG, P.M.; DAWSON, J.E.; TELFORD, S.R.3rd. Duration of tick attachment required for transmission of granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal Infectious Diseases, v.177, n.5, p.1422-1425, 1998. KEMPERMAN, M.; NEITZEL, D.; JENSEN, K.; J. GORLIN, J.; E. PERRY, E.; MYERS, T.; MILEY, T.; MCQUISTON, J.; EREMEEVA, M.E.; NICHOLSON, W.; SINGLETON, J.; ADJEMIAN, J. Anaplasma phagocytophilum transmitted through blood transfusion- Minnesota, 2007. Journal of the American Medical Association, v.300, n.23, p.2718-2720, 2008. KIM, C.M.; KIM, M.S.; PARK, M.S.; PARK, J.H.; CHAE, J.S. Identification of Ehrlichia chaffeensis, Anaplasma phagocytophilum, and A. bovis in Haemaphysalis longicornis and Ixodes persulcatus ticks from Korea. Vector Borne Zoonotic Disease, v.3, p.17–26, 2003. 60 KIRTZ, B., CZETTEL, B., THUM, D., LEIDINGER, E. Anaplasma phagocytophilum in einer österreichischen Hundepopulation: eine Prävalenz-Studie (2001–2006). Kleintierpraxis, v.52, p.562–568, 2007. KIRTZ, G.; MELI, M.; LEIDINGER, E.; LUDWIG, P.; THUM, D.; CZETTEL, B.; KÖLBL, S.; LUTZ, H. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in a dog: Identifying the causative agent using PCR. The Journal of Small Animal Practice, v.46, n.6, p.300-303, 2005. KLEIN, M.B.; MILLER, J.S.; NELSON, C.M.; GOODMAN, J.L. Primary bone marrow progenitors of both granulocytic and monocytic lineages are susceptible to infection with the agent of human granulocytic ehrlichiosis. The Journal of Infectious Diseases, v.176, n.5, p.1405-1409, 1997. KOHN, B.; GALKE, D.; BEELITZ, P.; PFISTER, K. Clinical features of canine granulocytic ehrlichiosis in 18 naturally infected dogs. Journal of Vetinary Internal Medicine, v.22, n.6, p.1289-1295, 2008. KOHN, B.; SILAGHI, C.; GALKE, D.; ARNDT, G.; PFISTER K. Infections with Anaplasma phagocytophilum in dogs in Germany. Research in Veterinary Science, 2010, in press. KORDICK, S.K.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; HEGARTY, B.C.; SOUTHWICK, K.L.; COLITZ, C.M.; HANCOCK, S.I.; BRADLEY, J.M.; RUMBOUGH, R.; MCPHERSON, J.T.; MACCORMACK, J.N. Coinfection with multiple tick-borne pathogens in a Walker Hound kennel in North Carolina. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.37, n.8, p.2631-2638, 1999. KRAUSE, P.J.; WORMSER, G.P. Nosocomial transmission of granulocytic anaplasmosis? Journal of the American Medical Association, v.300, n.19, p.2308-2309, 2008. LABRUNA, M.B., HOMEM, V.S.F., HEINEMANN, M.B. et al. Ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) associated with rural dogs in Uruará, Eastern Amazon-Brazil. Journal of Medical Entomology, v.37, p.774-776, 2000. LABRUNA, M.B.; KASAI, N.; FERREIRA, F.; FACCINI, J.L.H.; GENNARI, S.M. Seasonal dynamics of ticks (Acari: Ixodidae) on horses in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, v.105, n.1, p.65-77, 2002. LAI, T.H.; KUMAGAI, Y.; HYODO, M.; HAYAKAWA, Y.; RIKIHISA, Y. The Anaplasma phagocytophilum PleC histidine kinase and PleD diguanylate cyclase two-component system and role of cyclic Di-GMP in host cell infection. Journal Bacteriology. v.191, n.3, p.693- 700, 2009. LAPPIN, M.R.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; JENSEN, W.A.; DUNNIGAN, B.; RHA, J.Y.; WILLIAMS, C.R.; BREWER, M.; FALL, M. Molecular and serologic evidence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection in cats in North America. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v.225, n.6, p.893-896, 2004. LASCOLA, K.; VANDIS, M.; BAIN, P.; BEDENICE, D. Concurrent infection with Anaplasma phagocytophilum and Mycoplasma haemolamae in a young alpaca. Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine, v.23, n.2, p.379-382, 2009. LEE, F.S.; CHU, F.K.; TACKLEY, M.; WU, A.D.; ATRI, A.; WESSELS, M.R. Human granulocytic ehrlichiosis presenting as facial diplegia in a 42-year-old woman. Clinical Infectious Diseases, v.31, n.5, p.1288-1291, 2000. LEE, H.C.; KIOI, M.; HAN, J.; PURI, R.K.; GOODMAN, J.L. Anaplasma phagocytophilum induced gene expression in both human neutrophils and HL-60 cells. Genomics, v.92, n.3, p.144-151, 2008. 61 LEPIDI, H.; BUNNELL, J.E.; MARTIN, M.E. Comparative pathology and immunohistology associated with clinical illness after Ehrlichia phagocytophila-group infections. The American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, v.62, n.1, p.29-37, 2000. LESTER, S.J.; BREITSCHWERDT, E.B.; COLLIS, C.D.; HEGARTY, B.C. Anaplasma phagocytophilum infection (granulocytic anaplasmosis) in a dog from Vancouver Island. The Canadian Veterinary Journal; v.46, n.9, p.825-827, 2005. LEVI, O.; WANER, T.; BANETH, G.; KEYSARY, A.; BRUCHIM, Y.; SILVERMAN, J.; HARRUS, S. Seroprevalence of Anaplasma phagocytophilum among healthy dogs and horses in Israel. Journal of Veterniray Medicine. B, Infectious Diseases and Veterinary Public Health, v.53, p.78-80, 2006. LIDDELL, A.M.; STOCKHAM, S.L.; SCOTT, M.A.; SUMNER, W.; PADDOCK, C.D.; GAUDREAULT-KEENER, M.; ARENS, M.Q.; STORCH, G.A. Predominance of Ehrlichia ewingii in Missouri dogs. Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.41, n.10, p.4617-4622, 2003. LILLIEHOOK, I.; EGENVALL, A.; TVEDTEN, H.W. Hematopathology in dogs experimentally infected with a Swedish granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Veterinary Clinical Pathology, v.27, n.4, p.116-122, 1998. LILLIEHOOK, I.; JOHANNISSON, A.; MAGNUSSON, U.; EGENVALL, A.; TROWALDWIGH, G.; HÀKANSSON, L. Granulocyte function in dogs experimentally infected with a Swedish granulocytic Ehrlichia species. Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology, v.67, n.2, p.141-152, 1999. LINARDI, P.M., NAGEM, R.L. Pulicídeos e outros ectoparasitos de cães de Belo Horizonte e municípios vizinhos. Revista Brasileira de Biologia, v.33, p.529-538, 1973. LIZ, J.S.; SUMNER, J.W.; PFISTER, K.; BROSSARD, M. PCR detection of and serological evidence of granulocytic Ehrlichia; infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). Journal of Clinical Microbiology, v.40, p.892-897, 2002. LOTRIC-FURLAN, S.; AVSIC-ZUPANC, T.; PETROVEC, M.; NICHOLSON, W.L.; SUMNER, J.W; CHILDS, J.E; STRLE, F. Clinical and serological follow-up of patients with human granulocytic ehrlichiosis in Slovenia. Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology, v.8, n.5, p.899-903, 2001. M’GHIRBI, Y.; G |
| dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
| eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
| dc.format.none.fl_str_mv |
application/pdf |
| dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro |
| dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Veterinárias |
| dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFRRJ |
| dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv |
Brasil |
| dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv |
Instituto de Veterinária |
| publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro |
| dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ instname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) instacron:UFRRJ |
| instname_str |
Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) |
| instacron_str |
UFRRJ |
| institution |
UFRRJ |
| reponame_str |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ |
| collection |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ |
| bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/1/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf.jpg https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/2/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf.txt https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/3/2011%20-%20Huarrisson%20Azevedo%20Santos.pdf https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/9744/4/license.txt |
| bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
7aaf33d019cb0ff4080bc37cf2dcfc4d c80f9815416b0ccc69c2850240d19ecc 542b1c4c1fd9100a410f1fe8a7772c37 7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7 |
| bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 MD5 |
| repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ) |
| repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
bibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.br |
| _version_ |
1810108016125542400 |