Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Teixeira, Felipe Marques
Data de Publicação: 2010
Tipo de documento: Dissertação
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
Texto Completo: https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/14270
Resumo: A dor pós-incisional é uma forma de dor aguda, que ocorre em repouso e é exacerbada pela tosse, deambulação e estímulo mecânico. A analgesia eficiente fornece conforto ao paciente, reduzindo a morbidade e a mortalidade pós cirúrgica, justificando a investigação constante de novos tratamentos. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES), estão entre os fármacos de eleição para o controle da dor pós-incisional, mas freqüentemente são acompanhados de efeitos colaterais. Atualmente, é crescente a busca por terapias alternativas que reduzam estes efeitos, possuam baixo custo e obtenham resultados satisfatórios no controle da dor. Dentre as terapias alternativas podemos citar a acupuntura, cujos objetivos terapêuticos incluem a promoção de analgesia, a recuperação motora e a regulação das funções orgânicas. A eletroacupuntura (EA) é um método de estimulação da acupuntura que consiste na utilização de aparelhos eletrônicos para promover o aumento na intensidade dos estímulos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar, através dos métodos de von Frey e de Hargreaves, os potenciais analgésicos de AINES, no controle da dor pós-incisional, e posteriormente compará-los com o tratamento por EA. Em ambos os métodos foram testados o meloxicam (MX), flunixim-meglumine (FM), carprofeno (CP), cetoprofeno (CT) e o firocoxibe (FC), administrados por via oral, nas doses de 1mg/kg, 2,5mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 5mg/kg e 3mg/kg, respectivamente. Na avaliação da alodinia mecânica pelo método von Frey os grupos incisados tratados com MX (GIMX), CP (GICP), CT (GICT) e EA (GIEA36E), apresentaram significativa reversão da hiperalgesia (RH), três horas após o tratamento, em relação ao grupo incisado tratado com veículo (GIV), enquanto os grupos tratados com FM (GIFM) e FC (GIFC) obtiveram significância após seis horas. A RH máxima foi observada seis horas após o tratamento no GICP e GIEA36E com 33,5% e 36,9%, respectivamente. O GIMX apresentou efeito anti-hiperalgésico máximo às nove horas com 51,8% de RH, enquanto no GIFM, GICT e GIFC ocorreu às doze horas após o tratamentos com 37,1%, 45% e 30,4%, respectivamente. Houve RH significativa até 12 horas após todos os tratamentos, exceto para o MX e o CT, que se mantiveram por 24 horas. No 10º dia de avaliação o GIMX, o GIFM e o GICP apresentaram latências semelhantes às do grupo não-incisado (GNIV), diferentemente do GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, que não retornaram a valores basais até o 14º dia do experimento. Nos testes de hiperalgesia térmica pelo método Hargreaves, o MX, o FM, o CP e a EA promoveram RH significativa após seis horas, enquanto o FC e o CT foram significativos após uma e três horas, respectivamente. Os potenciais máximos foram observados, às nove horas, no GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, com 107,1%, 114,7% e 106,9% de RH, respectivamente. O MX e o FM obtiveram RH máximo após seis horas, com 104,5% e 85,4%, respectivamente, diferentemente do CP, que promoveu RH máximo às 12 horas, com 63,6%. Todos os tratamentos promoveram RH significativo até o 24º dia de avaliação em relação ao GIV. O GIMX apresentou latência média semelhante ao GIV às três horas após a administração do fármaco, permanecendo dessa forma até o final do experimento. O GIFM e GICP recuperaram valores basais no sétimo dia de avaliação, enquanto GICT e GIEA no 10º dia e o GIFC no 14º dia. Ambas as formas de avaliação nociceptiva evidenciaram efeito anti-hiperalgésico após os diferentes tratamentos, variando apenas quanto ao intervalo de duração e a potência do efeito analgésico. A EA mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso dos fármacos convencionais no controle da dor pós-incisional.
id UFRRJ-1_78127d469d84a9f8477d84f661228ac7
oai_identifier_str oai:rima.ufrrj.br:20.500.14407/14270
network_acronym_str UFRRJ-1
network_name_str Repositório Institucional da UFRRJ
repository_id_str
spelling Teixeira, Felipe MarquesVanderlinde, Frederico Argollo492.958.967-34http://lattes.cnpq.br/3183716703092107Medeiros, Maeda Alves de078.119.707-40http://lattes.cnpq.br/28154213519648302023-12-22T02:58:37Z2023-12-22T02:58:37Z2010-04-30Teixeira, Felipe Marques. Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos. 2010. 77 f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Patologia e Ciências Clínicas) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica.https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/14270A dor pós-incisional é uma forma de dor aguda, que ocorre em repouso e é exacerbada pela tosse, deambulação e estímulo mecânico. A analgesia eficiente fornece conforto ao paciente, reduzindo a morbidade e a mortalidade pós cirúrgica, justificando a investigação constante de novos tratamentos. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES), estão entre os fármacos de eleição para o controle da dor pós-incisional, mas freqüentemente são acompanhados de efeitos colaterais. Atualmente, é crescente a busca por terapias alternativas que reduzam estes efeitos, possuam baixo custo e obtenham resultados satisfatórios no controle da dor. Dentre as terapias alternativas podemos citar a acupuntura, cujos objetivos terapêuticos incluem a promoção de analgesia, a recuperação motora e a regulação das funções orgânicas. A eletroacupuntura (EA) é um método de estimulação da acupuntura que consiste na utilização de aparelhos eletrônicos para promover o aumento na intensidade dos estímulos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar, através dos métodos de von Frey e de Hargreaves, os potenciais analgésicos de AINES, no controle da dor pós-incisional, e posteriormente compará-los com o tratamento por EA. Em ambos os métodos foram testados o meloxicam (MX), flunixim-meglumine (FM), carprofeno (CP), cetoprofeno (CT) e o firocoxibe (FC), administrados por via oral, nas doses de 1mg/kg, 2,5mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 5mg/kg e 3mg/kg, respectivamente. Na avaliação da alodinia mecânica pelo método von Frey os grupos incisados tratados com MX (GIMX), CP (GICP), CT (GICT) e EA (GIEA36E), apresentaram significativa reversão da hiperalgesia (RH), três horas após o tratamento, em relação ao grupo incisado tratado com veículo (GIV), enquanto os grupos tratados com FM (GIFM) e FC (GIFC) obtiveram significância após seis horas. A RH máxima foi observada seis horas após o tratamento no GICP e GIEA36E com 33,5% e 36,9%, respectivamente. O GIMX apresentou efeito anti-hiperalgésico máximo às nove horas com 51,8% de RH, enquanto no GIFM, GICT e GIFC ocorreu às doze horas após o tratamentos com 37,1%, 45% e 30,4%, respectivamente. Houve RH significativa até 12 horas após todos os tratamentos, exceto para o MX e o CT, que se mantiveram por 24 horas. No 10º dia de avaliação o GIMX, o GIFM e o GICP apresentaram latências semelhantes às do grupo não-incisado (GNIV), diferentemente do GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, que não retornaram a valores basais até o 14º dia do experimento. Nos testes de hiperalgesia térmica pelo método Hargreaves, o MX, o FM, o CP e a EA promoveram RH significativa após seis horas, enquanto o FC e o CT foram significativos após uma e três horas, respectivamente. Os potenciais máximos foram observados, às nove horas, no GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, com 107,1%, 114,7% e 106,9% de RH, respectivamente. O MX e o FM obtiveram RH máximo após seis horas, com 104,5% e 85,4%, respectivamente, diferentemente do CP, que promoveu RH máximo às 12 horas, com 63,6%. Todos os tratamentos promoveram RH significativo até o 24º dia de avaliação em relação ao GIV. O GIMX apresentou latência média semelhante ao GIV às três horas após a administração do fármaco, permanecendo dessa forma até o final do experimento. O GIFM e GICP recuperaram valores basais no sétimo dia de avaliação, enquanto GICT e GIEA no 10º dia e o GIFC no 14º dia. Ambas as formas de avaliação nociceptiva evidenciaram efeito anti-hiperalgésico após os diferentes tratamentos, variando apenas quanto ao intervalo de duração e a potência do efeito analgésico. A EA mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso dos fármacos convencionais no controle da dor pós-incisional.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior, CAPES, Brasil.Post-incisional pain is a form of acute pain, which occurs at rest and is exacerbated by coughing, deambulation and mechanical stimuli. Efficient analgesia provides comfort to the patient, reducing the morbidity and mortality after surgery, justifying the constant research for new treatments. The non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are among the drugs of choice for control of post-incisional pain, but are often accompanied by side effects. Currently, there is growing demand for alternative therapies aimed to reduce these effects, the treatment costs and still obtain satisfactory results in controlling pain. Among the alternative therapies, acupuncture has been used to promote analgesia, motor recovery and regulation of physiological functions. Electroacupuncture (EA) is a method of stimulating acupuncture that uses electronic devices to increase the intensity of the stimuli. This study aimed to evaluate, through the methods of von Frey and Hargreaves, the potential of NSAIDs in controlling incisional pain, and then compare them with the treatment by EA. In both methods NSAIDS tested were meloxicam (MX), flunixim-meglumine (FM), carprofen (CP), ketoprofen (CT) and Firocoxib (FC), administered orally at doses of 1mg/kg, 2,5mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 3mg/kg and 5mg/kg, respectively. In the assessment of mechanical allodynia by the von Frey method, incised groups treated with MX (GIMX), CP (GICP), CT (GICT) and EA (GIEA36E) reported significant reversal of hyperalgesia (RH), three hours after treatment in incision for the group treated with vehicle (GIV), while the groups treated with FM (GIFM) and FC (GIFC) obtained significance after six hours. RH levels were observed six hours after treatment in GICP and GIEA36E with 33,5% and 36,9%, respectively. The GIMX presented anti-hyperalgesic activity up to nine hours with 51,8% RH, while in GIFM, GIFC and GICT activity occurred at twelve hours after treatment with 37,1%, 45% and 30,4%, respectively. There was significant RH up to 12 hours after all treatments, except for the MX and CT, which were maintained for 24 hours. On the 10th day of the assessment GIMX the GIFM and GICP had latencies similar to those of the non-incised (GNIV), unlike GICT, and GIFC GIEA36E who did not return to baseline within 14 days of the experiment. In tests of thermal hyperalgesia by Hargreaves method, the MX, FM, CP and EA promoted significant RH after six hours, while the FC and TC were significant after one and three hours respectively. The maximum potential was observed at nine hours in GICT, GIFC and GIEA36E with 107.1%, 114.7% and 106.9% of RH, respectively. The MX and FM had maximum RH after six hours, with 104.5% and 85.4%, respectively, unlike the CP, which promoted maximum RH at 12 hours, with 63.6%. All treatments promoted RH significantly until the 24th day of evaluation in relation to GIV. The GIMX showed similar mean latency to GIV three hours after drug administration and remained so until the end of the experiment. The GIFM and GICP recovered baseline on the seventh day of evaluation, while GICT and GIEA on the 10th day, and GIFC on day 14th. Both forms of nociceptive assessment showed anti-hyperalgesic effect after different treatments, varying only as to the time scale and potential of the analgesic effect. EA proved to be a viable alternative to the use of conventional drugs for post-incision pain control.application/pdfporUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Patologia e Ciências Clínicas)UFRRJBrasilInstituto de VeterináriaDor incisionalAINESEletroacupunturaIncisional painNSAIDsElectroacupunctureMedicina VeterináriaAvaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratosComparative assessment of the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs with acupuncture on the model of post-incisional pain in rats.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisALMEIDA, T.F.; ROIZENBLATT, S.; TUFIK, S. Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. Brain Research, v. 1000, p. 40-56, 2004. ALTMAN, S. Acupuncture therapy in small animal practice. Compendiurn on Continuing Educationfor the Practicing Veterinarian, v. 19, p. 1238-1244, 1997. ALVES, A.S. Emprego do antiinflamatório não esteróides cetoprofeno na analgesia preemptiva em cães. Ciência Rural, v. 31, p. 439-444, 2001. ANDRADE, S.F.; JERICÓ, M.M. AINES. In: Andrade, S.F. Manual de Terapêutica Veterinária. São Paulo: Roca, Cap.7, 2002. p. 89 a 113. AOKI, T.; YAMAGUCHI, H.; NAITO, H.; SHIIKI, K.; IZAWA, K.; OTA, Y.; SAKAMOTO, H.; KANEKO, A. Premedication with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor meloxicam reduced postoperative pain in patients after oral surgery. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, v. 35, p. 613–617, 2006. BAEK, Y.H.; HUH, J.E.; LEE, J.D.; CHOI DO, Y.; PARK, D.S. Antinociceptive effect and the mechanism of bee venom acupuncture (Apipuncture) on inflammatory pain in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis: Mediation by alpha2-Adrenoceptors. Brain Research, v. 1073-1074, p. 305-310, 2006. BASBAUM, A.I.; JESSEL, T.M. The perception of pain. In: KANDEL, E.R.; SCHWARTZ, J.H.; JESSEL, T.M. Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. p. 472–491. BOTTING, R.M. Cyclooxygenase: Past, present and future. A tribute to John R. Vane(1927–2004). Journal of Thermal Biology, v. 31, p. 208–219, 2006. BRENNAN, T.J.; UMALI, E.; ZAHN, P.K. Comparison of preversus post-incision administration of intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology, v.87, p.1517-1528, 1997. BRENNAN, T.J.; VANDERMEULEN. E.P.; GEBHART, G.F. Characterization of a rat model of incisional pain. Pain, v. 64, p. 493-501, 1996. BRENNAN, T.J.; ZAHN, P.K.; POGATZKI, E.M. Mechanisms of incisional pain. Anesthesiology Clinicals of North America, v. 23, p. 1-20, 2005. BROOKS P, EMERY E, EVANS F. Interpreting the clinical significance of the diferential inhibition of cyclooxygenase I and cyclooxygenase II. Rheumatology, v.38, p. 779-788, 1999. BURIAN, M.; GEISSLINGER, G. COX-dependent mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of NSAIDs at central and peripheral sites. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, v.107, p.139-154, 2005. 66 CARNEIRO, N.M. The biological mechanisms of acupuncture. In: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON VETERlNARY ACUPUNCTURE, International Veterinary Acupuncture Society, v. 23, p. 83-92, 2003. CARRICK, J.B., PAPICH, M.G., MIDDLETON, D.M., NAYLOR, J.M., TOWNSEND, H.G.G. Clinical and pathological effects of flunixin meglumine administration to neonatal foals. Canadian Journal of the Veterinary Research, v.53, p.195-201, 1989. CARROLL, G.L. Analgesics and pain. Veterinary Clinics of North American Small Animal Practice, v. 29, p. 701-717, 1999. CARVALHO, M.M.M.J.; LODUCA, A.; PORTONI, A.G.; PIMENTA, C.A.M.; FIGUEIRÓ, J.A.B.; BORGES, L.M.; YENG, L.T.; TEIXEIRA, M.J.; KÓVACS, M.J.; MURTA, S.G.; LORDELLO, S.R.M.; GUIMARÃES, S.S. Dor - um estudo multidisciplinar. São Paulo. Summus Editorial, 1999. CARVALHO, W.A.; CARVALHO, R.D.S.; RIOS-SANTOS, F. Analgésicos inibidores específicos da ciclooxigenase-2: avanços terapêuticos. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, v. 54, p. 448-464, 2004. CHANDRASEKHARAN, N.V.; DAI. H.; ROOS, K.L. A cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 99, n.21, p. 13371–13373, 2002. CHONGHUO, T. Tratado de medicina chinesa. Ed. Roca, São Paulo, 1993. CLARK, T.P. The clinical pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2-selective and dual inhibitors. Veterinary Clinics Small Animals, v.36, p.1061-1085, 2006. CONCEIÇÃO, E.D.V. Fisiologia da dor. Seminário apresentado na disciplina de Dor e Analgesia do programa de pós-graduação. Jaboticabal. Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2000. COOPER, C.S.; METCALF-PATE, K.A.; BARAT, C.E.; COOK, J.A.; SCORPIO, D.G. Comparison of side effects between buprenorphine and meloxicam used postoperatively in dutch belted rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, v.48, n.3, p. 279-285, 2009. COTRAN, R. S, KUMAR, V., COLLINS, T. Patologia Estrutural e Funcional. 7ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara Koogan, 2006. COUTAUX, A.; ADAM, F.;WILLER, J-C; BARS,D. Hyperalgesia and allodynia: peripheral mechanisms. Joint Bone Spine, v. 72, p. 359–371, 2005. CRAIG, A.D.; DOSTROVSKY, J.O. Processing of nociceptive information at supraspinal levels. In YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH, C.; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997. p. 625-642. CROSS, S.A. Symposium on pain management, part I: Pathophysiology of pain. Clinics Procediment, v. 69, p. 375-383, 1994. 67 CUNHA, T.M.; VERRI, W.A.; SILVA, J.S.; POOLE, S.; CUNHA, F.Q.; FERREIRA, S.H. A cascade of cytokines mediates mechanical inflammatory hypernociception in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of United States of the North American, v. 102, p. 1755-1760, 2005. CURRY, S.; COGAR, S.; COOK, J. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, v.41, p. 298-309, 2005. DE WITT, D.L. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, v. 1083, p. 121–134. 1991. DING, Y.; YAN, Q.; RUAN, J.W.; ZHANG, Y.Q.; LI, W.J.; ZHANG, Y.J.; LI, Y.; DONG, H.; ZENG, Y.S. Electro-acupuncture promotes survival, differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as well as functional recovery in the spinal cord-transected rats. BMC Neurosciece, v. 10, :35. 2009. DRAEHMPAEHL, D.; ZOHMANN. A Acupuntura no cão e no gato: princípios básicos e prática científica. São Paulo: Roca; 1994. p. 245. DRAY, A. Pharmacology of peripheral afferent nerve terminals. In: YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH. C; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, v. 6, p. 543–556, 1997. DRIESSEN, B. Pain: from sign to disease. Clin Tech Equine Pract., vol. 6, issue 2, p.120-125, 2007. ELWOOD, C. Renal failure after flunixin meglumine administration. Veterinary Research, v. 130, p. 582, 1992. ENGELHARDT, G. Pharmacology of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with an improved safety profile through preferential infflbition of cox-2. British Journal of Rheumatology, v.35, p.4-12, 1996. FERREIRA, S.H.; LORENZETTI, B.B.; CORREA, F.M. Central and peripheral analgesic action of aspirin-like drugs. European Journal of Pharmacologic, v. 53, p. 39-48, 1978. FILHO, M.M.M.; RAHAL, S.C. O uso de antiinflamatórios inibidores COX II seletivos na osteoartrite canina. Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.15, n.3. p. 407-415, 2008. FOORD, S.M.; BONNER, T.I.; NEUBIG, R.R.; ROSSER, E.M.; PIN, J.P.; DAVENPORT, A.P.; SPEDDING, M.; HARMAR, A. J. XLVI G protein-coupled receptor list. International Union of Pharmacology. Pharmacology Review, v.57, n.2, p. 279-88, 2005. FORSYTH S.F.; GUILDFORD, W.G.; LAWOKO, C.R.O. Endoscopic evaluation of thegastroduodenal mucosa following non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug administration in the dog. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, . 44, p. 179-181, 1996. FOX, S.M.; JOHNSTON, S.A. Use of carprofen for the treatment of pain and inflammation in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Association, v. 210, n.10, p. 1493-1498, 1997. 68 FRESNO, L.; MOLL, J.; PENALBA, B. Effects of preoperative administration of meloxicam on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and haematolgoical indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Journal, v. 170, p. 138-140, 2005. FUNK, C.D., FUNK, L.B., KENNEDY, M.E., PONG, A.E., FITZGERALD, G.A. Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/Hsynthase: cDNA cloning, expression and gene chromosomal assignment. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, v. 5, p. 2304–2312, 1991. GAITAN, G., AHUIR, J., DEL SOLDATO, P., HERRERO, J. Comparison of the antinociceptive activity of two new NO-releasing derivatives of the NSAID S-ketoprofen in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, v.143, p.533-540, 2004. GILMAN, A.G.; GOODMAN, L.S.; RALL, T.W.; MURAD, F. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of terapeutics. 11a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grow-Hill, 2006. GLEW, A.; AVIAD, A.D. KEISTER, M.; MEO, N.J. Use of ketoprofen as an antipyretie in cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 37, p. 222-225, 1996. GRISNAUX, E. Comparision of ketoptofen and carpofen administered prior to orthopedic surgery for control of postoperative pain in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 215, p. 1105-1110, 1999. GUERIOS, S.D.; SPREA, G.; DECONTO, I.; OKAR, R.G. Gastroscopic examination after oral administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in dogs. Archives of Veterinary Science, v.7, p.53-58, 2002. HANSON, P.D., KENNETH, C.B., CASE, J., CONZEMIUS, M., GORDON, W., SCHUESSLER, J., SHELLEY, B., SIFFERMAN, R., DRAG, M., ALVA, R., BELL, L., ROMANO, D., FLEISHMAN, C. Efficacy and safety of firocoxib in the management of canine osteoarthritis under field conditions. Veterinary Therapeutics, v.7, n.2, p.127-140, 2006. HAN, J-S. Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. Trends Neurosci, v. 26, p. 17-22, 2003. HARGREAVES, K.; DUBNER, R.; BROWN, F.; FLORES, C.; JORIS, J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hiperalgesia. Pain, v.32, p. 77-88, 1988. HAYASHI, A.M.; MATERA, J.M. Acupuntura em pequenos animais. Revista de Educação Continuada, v.8, n. 2, p. 109-122, 2005. HAZEWINKEL, H.A.W., VAN DEN BROM, W.E., THEYSE, L.F.H., POLLMEIER, M., HANSON, P.D. Comparison of the effects of firocoxib, carprofen and vedaprofen in a sodium urte crystal induced synovitis modelo of arthritis in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, v.84, p.74-79, 2008. HELLEBREKERS, L. J. Dor em Animais. São Paulo: Manole, 2002. p. 69-79. 69 HELLYER, P.; RODAN, I.; BRUNT, J.; DOWNING, R.; HAGEDORN, J.E.; ROBERTSON, S.A. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.9, p.466-480, 2007. HICKFORD, F.H.; BARR, S.C.; ERB, H.N. Effect of carprofen on hemostatic variables in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.62, n.10, p.1642-1646, 2001. HILÁRIO, M.O.E., TERRERI, M.T., LEN, C.A. Antiinflamatórios não-hormonais: inibidores da ciclooxigenase 2. Jornal de Pediatria, v.82, n.5, 2006. HOGAN, Q. Animal Pain Models. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, v. 27, n.4, p. 385–401, 2002. IMAI, K.; ARIGA, H.; TAKAHASHI, T. Electroacupuncture Improves Imbalance of Autonomic Function under Restraint Stress in Conscious Rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 37, p. 45-55, 2009. JESSELL, T.M. KELLY, D.D. Pain and analgesia. In KANDEL, E.R.; SCHWARTZ, J.H.; JESSELL, T.M. Principles of Neural Science, 3º edição. New York, Elsevier Science, 1991. p. 385-399. JULIUS, D.; BASBAUM, A.I. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature, v. 413, p.203 -210, 2001. KATZUNG, B.G. Farmacologia básica e clínica. 9a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2006. KAY-MUGFORD, P.; BENN, S.J.; LAMARRE, J.; CONLON, P. In vivo effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs. American Journal Veterinary Reserch, v. 61, n. 7, p. 802-810, 2000. KEHLET, H.; HOLTE, K. Effect of postoperative analgesia on surgical outcome. British Journal Anaesthesia, v.87, p.62-72, 2001. KELLY, M.J.; BENITZ, A.M. O uso do flunixim meglumine em cães: resultados de ensaios clínicos. Hora Veterinária, v. 78, p. 60-64, 1994. KIDD, B.L.; URBAN, L.A. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. British Journal of Anaesthesiology, v. 87, p. 3-11, 2001. KIM, H.W.; KWON, Y.B.; HAM, T.W.; ROH, D.H.; YOON, S.Y.; LEE, H.J.; HAN, H.J.; YANG, I.S.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Acupoint stimulation using bee venom attenuates formalin-induced pain behavior and spinal cord fos expression in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 65, p. 349-355, 2003. KIRCHGESSNER, M.S. Meloxicam. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, v.15, n.4, p.281-283, 2006. KLAUMANN, P. R.; WOUK, A. F. P. F.; SILAS, T. Patofisiologia da dor. Archives of Veterinary Science, v. 13, n.1, p.1-12, 2008. 70 KORE, A.M. Toxicology of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.Veterinary Clinics of North American: Small Animal Practice, v. 20, p. 419-29, 1990. KRAYCHETE, D.C.; CALASANS, M.T. de A. VALENTE, C.M.L. Citocinas Pró-inflamatórias e Dor. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, v. 46, n.3, p. 199-206, 2006. KWON, Y.B.; KANG, M.S.; KIM, H.W.; HAM, T.W.; YIM, Y.K.; JEONG, S.H.; PARK, D.S.; CHOI, D.Y.; HAN, H.J.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Antinociceptive effects of bee venom acupuncture (apipuncture) in rodent animal models: a comparative study of acupoint versus non-acupoint stimulation. Acupuncture Electrother Res, v. 26, p. 59-68, 2001b. KWON, Y.B.; KIM, J.H.; YOON, J.H.; LEE, J.D.; HAN, H.J.; MAR, W.C.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. The analgesic efficacy of bee venom acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis: a comparative study with needle acupuncture. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 29, p. 187-199, 2001a. KUMMER, C.L.; COELHO, T.C.R.B. Antiinflamatórios não esteróides inibidores da ciclooxigenase II (COX II): aspectos atuais. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, v. 5, n. 4, 2002. KVATERNICK, V., POLLMEIER, M., FISCHER, J., HANSON, P.D. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. Journal of Veterunary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.30, p. 208-217, 2007. LAMONT, L.A. Feline perioperative pain management. TheVeterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, v. 32, p. 747–763, 2002. LAMONT, L.A.; TRANQUILLI, W.J.; KURT, A.G. Physiology of pain. Veterinary Clinics Of North America Small Animal Practice, v. 30, n. 4, p. 703-728, 2000. LAUDANNO, O.; CESOLARI, J.; ESNARRIAGA, M. In vivo selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal ulcers in rats. Digestive Disease Science, v.45, p.1359-1365, 2000. LE BARS, D.; GOZARIU, M.; CADDEN, S.W. Animal models of nociception. Pharmacological Reviw, v. 53, p. 597-652, 2001. LEE, J.H.; KWON, Y.B.; HAN, H.J.; MAR, W.C.; LEE, H.J.; YANG, I.S.; BEITZ, A.J.; KANG, S.K. Bee venom pretreatment has both an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced inflammation. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 63, p. 251-259, 2001. LEES, P. Pharmacology of drugs used to treat osteoarthritis in veterinary practice. Inflammopharmacology, v. 11, p. 385-399, 2003. LEES, P., LANDONI, M.F., GIRAUDEL, J., TOUTAIN, P.L. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapy, v.27, p.479-490, 2004. 71 LEMKE, K.A. Understanding the pathophysiology of perioperative pain. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 45, p. 405-413, 2004. LINDENMUTH, J.E., CLARK, M.S., FRYER, G.E. An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy and safety of carprofen. Anesthesia Progress, v.36, p.201-209, 1989. LOPEZ-GARCIA, J.A.; LAIRD, J.M. Central antinociceptive effects of meloxicam on rat spinal cord in vitro. Pain, v. 9, p. 647-651, 1998. LUNA, S.P.L. Dor e sofrimento animal. In: RIVERA, E.A.B.; AMARAL, M.H.; NASCIMENTO, V.P. Ética e Bioética. Goiânia, 2006. p. 131-158. LUNA, S.P.L. Emprego da acupuntura em anestesia. In: FANTONI, D.; CORTOPASSI, S.R.G. Anestesia em cães e gatos. São Paulo: Roca, 2002. p. 337-343. MACPHAIL, C.M.; LAPPIN, M.R.; MEYER, D.J.; SMITH, S.G.; WEBSTER, C.R.L.; ARMSTRONG, P.J. Hepatocellular toxicosis associated with administration of carprofen in 21 dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, v.212, n.12, p.1895-1901, 1998. MALINOVISKY, J.M.; NORMAND, L.L.; LEPAGE, J.Y. The efects of intravenous opioids and ketoprofen in humans. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v. 87, p. 456-461, 1998. MATHEWS, K.A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics in pain management in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 37, p. 539-545, 1996. MATHEWS, K.A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics-indications and contra-indications for pain management in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.30, n.4, p. 783-804, 2000. MATHEWS, K.A.; PETTIFER, G.; FOSTER, R. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of meloxicam to ketoprofen and butorphanol for control of post-operative pain associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Advances in Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory therapy in small animals, p. 67, 1999. MCCANN M.E.; RICKES, E.L.; HORA, D.F. In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in cats with lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v. 66, p. 1278-1284, 2005. MCCANN, M.E.; ANDERSEN, D.R.; ZHANG, D. In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis. American Journal Veterinary Research, v. 65, n. 4, p. 503-512, 2004. MCKELLAR, Q.A.; MAY, S.A.; LEES, P. Pharmacology and therapeutics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inthe dog and cat: 2 individual agents. Journal of Small Animals Practice, v. 32, p. 225–235, 1991. MEDEIROS, M.A. Mapeamento através da expressão de c-Fos das estruturas encefálicas envolvidas na acupuntura analgésica (ponto Zusanli) em animais imobilizados. Doutorado em Psicobiologia. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brasil, 2001. 72 MEDEIROS, M.A.; CANTERAS, N.; SUCHECKI, D.; MELLO, L.E.A.M. Analgesia and c-Fos expression in the PAG induced by electroacupuncture at Zusanli point in rats. Brain Research, v. 973, p. 196-204, 2003. MELZACK, R.; WALL, P.D. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. In: Science, 150, 1965. p.971-979 MITCHELL, M.A. Carprofen. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, v. 14, n. 1, p. 61–64, 2005. MOINICHE, S.; KEHLET, H.; DAHL, J.B. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief - The role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology, v.96, p.725-741, 2002. MÖLLER, K.A.; JOHANSSON, B.; BERGE, O.G. Assessing mechanical allodynia in the rat paw with a new electronic algometer. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, v.84, p. 41-47, 1998. MONCADA, S., GRYGLEWSKI, R., BUNTING, S., VANE, J.R. An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature, v. 263, p. 663–665, 1976. MOREIRA, J. C. Controle da Dor em UTI: Identificação da Dor através do Comportamento. In: RABELO, R. C. & CROWE Jr, D.T. Fundamentos de Terapia Intensiva Veterinária em Pequenos Animais: Condutas no paciente crítico. Rio de Janeiro: L. F. Livros de Veterinária, 2005. p. 495-506. MUIR, W.W.; WOOLF, C.J. Mechanisms of pain and their therapeutic implications. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, v. 219, p. 1346–1356, 2001. OLIVA, V.N.L.S. Avaliação clínica de diferentes antinflamatórios não esteróides na analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias ortopédicas em cães. Clinica Veterinária, v. 50, p. 42-54, 2004. OLIVEIRA, A.L. DE A.; SIQUEIRA, C.F. DE A.; ESPÍNOLA, A.G.; DE MATTOS JR., D.G.; SANAVRIA, A. Avaliação clínica dos efeitos analgésicos do cetoprofeno em atendimentos emergenciais de cães e relato de dois casos em gatos. . Jornal Brasileiro de Ciência Animal, v. 2, n. 4, p. 219-227, 2009. OLIVEIRA, R.; PRADO, W.A. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of electroacunpucture in a model of post-incisional pain in rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v.33, p. 957-960, 2000. ORTIZ, M.I.; CASTAÑEDA-HERNÁNDEZ, G.; GRANADOS-SOTO, V. Pharmacological evidence for the activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels by meloxicam in the formalin test. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 81, p. 725 – 731, 2005. OWENS, J.G.; KAMERLING, S.G.; KEOWEN, M.L. Anti-inflammatory effects and pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in a model of equine synovitis. European Association for 73 Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Proceeclings of 6th International Congress, p. 170-171, 1994. PAPICH, M.G. An update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Small Animals. Veterinary Clininics Small Animal Parctice, v.38, p.1243-1266, 2008. PAPICH, M.G. Pharmacologic considerations for opiate analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary clinics of north america: small animal practice, v. 30, p. 815-837, 2000. PAPICH, M.G. Principles of analgesic drug therapy. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, v.12, n. 2, 1997. p 80-93 PARK, H-J.; LIM, S.; LEE, H-J.; YOO, Y-M.; LEE, H.J.; KIM, S.A.; YIN, C-S.; SEO, J-C.; CHUNG, J-H. Acupuncture enhances cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of maternally-separeted rats. Neuroscience Letters, v. 319, p. 153-156, 2002. PARTON, K.; BALMER, T.V.; BOYLE, J.; WHITTEM, T.; MACHON, R.: The pharmacokinetics and effects of intravenously administered carprofen and salicylate on gastrointestinal mucosa and selected biochemical measurements in healthy cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapy, v. 23, p. 73-79, 2000. PASCOE, P. Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia. Seminary in Veterinary Medicine Surgery, v. 12, p. 94-105, 1997. PEREIRA, L.V.; SOUSA, F.A.E.F. Mensuração e avaliação da dor pós-operatória: uma breve revisão. Revista Latinoamericana de enfermagem, v. 6, n. 3, p. 77-84, 1998. PIRES, P.A. Potencial Analgésico, Anti-edematogênico, Antipirético e Atividade Ulcerogênica de Fármacos Anti-inflamatórios em Roedores. Dissertação de Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária – Ciências clínicas. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Brasil, 2009. PISERA, D. Fisiologia da dor. In: Dor Avaliação e Tratamento em Pequenos Animais. OTERO, P. E. São Paulo:Interbook, 2005. p. 30-74. PITCHER, G.M.; HENRY, J.L. Meloxicam selectively depresses the afterdischarge of rat spinal dorsal horn neurones in response to noxious stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, v. 305, p. 45-48. 2001. PLONER, M.; GROSS, J.; TIMMERMANN, L.; SCHNITZLER, A. Pain processing is faster than tactile processing in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, v. 26, n. 42, p. 1079-1082, 2006. POGATZKI, E.M.; GEBHART, G.F.; BRENNAN, T.J. Characterization of A- and C-fibers innervating the plantar rathindpaw one day after an incision. Journal of Neurophisiology, v. 87, p. 721-731, 2001. POGATZKI, E.M.; RAJA, S.N. A mouse model of incisional pain. Anesthesiology, v. 99 nº 4 p. 1023-1027, 2003. 74 POGATZKI, E.M.; ZAHN, P.K.; BRENNAN, T.J. Postoperative pain—clinical implications of basic research. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, v. 21, n 1, p. 3-13, 2007. POLLMEIER, M., TOULEMONDE, C., FLEISHMAN, C., HANSON, P.D. Clinical evaluation of firocoxib and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Records, v.159, p.547-551, 2006. PORTER, D.G. Ethical scores for animal experiments. Nature, v. 356, n. 6365, p.101-102, 1992. POWER, I. Recent advances in postoperative pain therapy. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.95, n. 1, p. 43-51, 2005. RAEKALLIO, M.R.; HIELM-BJÖRKMAN, A.K.; KEJONEN, J.; SALONEN, H.M. SANKARI, S.M. Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term orally administered carprofen in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Association, v.228, n.6, p.876-880, 2006. RANDALL, L.O.; SELITTO, J.J. A method for measurement of analgesic activity of inflamed tissue. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapies, v. 111, p. 409-419, 1957. RANG, H.P., DALE, M.M., RITTER, J.M., FLOWER, R. Farmacologia. 6a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2007. REDIN, M. Capillary bleeding time in anesthetized dogs given carprofen. Dansk veterinaer, v. 83, p.13-14, 2000. REID, J.; NOLAN, A.M. A comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of flunixin and papaveretum in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 32, p. 603-608, 1991. ROH, D.H.; KIM, H.W.; YOON, S.Y.; KANG, S.Y.; KWON, Y.B.; CHO, K.H.; HAN, H.J.; RYU, Y.H.; CHOI, S.M.; LEE, H.J.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Bee venom injection significantly reduces nociceptive behavior in the mouse formalin test via capsaicin-insensitive afferents. Journal of Pain, v. 7, p. 500-512, 2006. ROMITA, V.V.; SUK, A. HENRY, J.L. Parametric Studies on Electroacupuncture-Like Stimulation in a Rat Model: Effects of Intensity, Frequency, and Duration of Stimulation on Evoked Antinociception. Brain Research Bulletin, v. 42, n. 4, p. 289-296, 1997. ROTH, J., RUMMEL, C., BARTH, S.W., GERSTBERGER, R., HÜBSCHLE, T. Molecular aspects of fever and hyperthermia. Immunol Allergy Clinics of North America, v.29, p.229-245, 2009. SCHOSSLER, D.R.; ALIEVI, M.M.; EMANUELLI, M.P.; SCHOSSLER, J.E. Função renal de cães tratados com doses terapêuticas de flunixin meglumine e ketoprofen durante o trans e pós-operatório. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, v.16, n.1, p.46-51, 2001. 75 SLINGSBY L.S.; WATERMAN-PEARSON, A.E. Comparison between meloxicam and carprofen for post-operative analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 43, p. 286-289, 2002. SMITH, F. W. K. Neurophysiologic basis of acupuncture. Problems in Veterinary Medicine, v. 4, p. 34-52, 1992. SOKAL, R.R.; ROHLF, F.J. Biometry: The principles an Practice of Statistics. New York: W. H. Freemann, 1981. p. 859. SORKIN, L.S.; CARLTON, S.M. Spinal anatomy and pharmacology of afferent processing. In: YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH, C.; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997. SOUZA, H. J. M. de.; BELCHIOR, C. Analgesia pós-operatória. In: SOUZA, H. J. M. de. Coletâneas em medicina e cirurgia felina. Rio de Janeiro: L.F. Livros de Veterinária, 2003. p. 01. SPINOSA, H.S., GÓRNIAK, S.L., BERNARDI, M.M. Farmacologia aplicada a Medicina Veterinária. 4a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2006. p. 239-272. STEAGALL, P.V.M., MOUTINHO, F.Q., MANTOVANI, F.B., PASSARELLI, D., THOMASSIAN, A. Evaluation of the adverse effects of subcutaneous carprofen over six days in healthy cats. Research in Veterinary Science, v.86, p.115-120, 2009. STEAGALL, P.V.M.; MANTOVANI, F.B.; FERREIRA, T.H.; SALCEDO, E.S.; MOUTINHO, F.Q.; LUNA, S.P.L. Evaluation of the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in healthy dogs. Journal of Veterunary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,v. 30, p. 218-23, 2007. STEIN, C.; SCHAFER, M.; MACHELSKA, H. Attacking pain at its source: new perspectives on opioids. Nature Medicine, v.9, n.8, p. 1003-8, 2003. SUN, Y.; GAN, T.J.; DUBOSE, J.W.; HABIB, A.S. Acupuncture and related techniques for postoperative pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 101. 2008 TAKAHASHI, M.; KAWAGUCHI, M.; SHIMADA, K.; NAKASHIMA, T.; FURUYA, H. Systemic Meloxicam Reduces Tactile Allodynia Development After L5 Single Spinal Nerve Injury in Rats. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, v. 30, n. 4, p. 351–355, 2005. TEIXEIRA, M. W. Dor em Pequenos Animais. Revista CFMV. Brasília: Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária, v. 34, p. 31-41, 2005. THURMAN, J.C.; TRANQUILLI, W.J.; BENSON, G.J. Perioperative pain and distress. In: Lumb and Jones Veterinary Anesthesia, 3º edição. Baltimore, Lea & Febiger, 1996. p. 40-60. TIZARD, I.R. Imunologia veterinária: uma introdução. 6ª edição. São Paulo: Editora Roca, 2002. 76 TOUTAIN, P.; REYMOND, N.; LAROUTE, V. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses. American Journal of Veterinary Reserch, v.65, p.1542-1547, 2004. VANE, J.R.; BOTTING R.M. New insights into the mode of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammation Research, v. 44, p. 1-10, 1995. VERRI Jr, W.A., CUNHA, T.M., PARADA, C.A., POOLE, F.Q.C., FERREIRA, S.H. Hypernociceptive role of cytokines and chemokines: Targets for analgesic drug development? Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.112, p.116-138, 2006. VIANA, F.B. Guia Terapêutico Veterinário. 2a ed. Minas Gerais: Editora CEM, 2007. 464p. VONDERHAAR, M.A.; SALISBURY, S.K. Gastroduodenal ulceration associated with flunixin meglumine administration in three dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 201, p. 92-95, 1993. WALKER, J.S. NSAID: an update on their analgesic effects. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologt & Physiology, v. 22, p. 855–860, 1995. WANG, S-M.; KAIN, Z.N.; WHITE, P. Acupuncture Analgesia: I. The Scientific Basis. Anesthesia and Analgesia, v. 106, p. 602-610, 2008. WANG, J.; ZHAO, H.; MAO-YING, Q-L.; CAO, X-D.; WANG, Y-Q.; WU, G-C. Electroacupuncture downregulates TLR2/4 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after surgical trauma stress without adrenal glands involvement. Brain Research Bulletin, v. 80, p. 89-94, 2009. WHITE, P.F. The Changing Role of Non-Opioid Analgesic Techniques in the Management of Postoperative. Anesthesiology and Analgesia, v. 101. p. 5-22, 2005. WHITESIDE, G.T.; HARRISON, J.; BOULET, J.; MARK, L.; PEARSON, M.; GOTTSHALL, S.; WALKER, K. Pharmacological characterizacion of a rat model of incisional pain. British Journal of Pharmacological, v. 141, p. 85-91, 2004. WHITTLE, B.J.R., BOUGHTON-SMITH, N.K., MONCADA, S., VANE, J.R. Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product 6-oxo-PGF1a on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro. Prostaglandins, v. 15, p. 955–968, 1978. WILSON, J.E.; CHANDRASEKHARAN, N.V.; WESTOVER, K.D.; EAGER, K,B.; SIMMONS, D.L. Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes in canine tissue and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. American Journal Veterinary Reserch, v. 65, n. 6, p. 810-818, 2004. WOOLF, C.J. Somatic pain – Pathogenesis and prevention. British Journal Anaesthesia, v.75, p.169-176, 1995. WOOLF, C.J.; CHONG, M.S.; Preemptive analgesia - Treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesthesiology, v.77, p.362-379, 1993. 77 WOOLF, C.J.; MANNION, R.J. Neuropathic pain: etiology, symptoms, mechanisms, and management. The Lancet, v. 353, p. 1959-64, 1999. WRIGHT, A. Recent concepts in the neurophysiology of pain. Manual Therapy, v.4, p. 196-202, 1999. YAKSH, T.L. The spinal pharmacology of facilitation of afferent processing evoked by high-threshold afferent input of the postinjury pain state. Current Opinion in Neurology and Neurosurgery, v. 6, p. 250–256. 1993 YAMAMOTO, T.; SAKASHITA, Y.; OZAKI-TAGUCHI, N. Anti-allodynic effects of oral COX-2 selective inhibitor on postoperativepain in the rat. Canadian Journal Anesthesiology, v.47, n.4, p. 354–360, 2000. YANG, C.H.; LEE, B.B.; JUNG, H.S.; SHIMC, I.; ROH, P.U.; GOLDEN, G.T. Effect of electroacupuncture on response to immobilization stress. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 72, p. 847-855, 2002. YEDGAR, S., KRIMSKY,M., COHEN, Y., FLOWER, R. Treatment of inflammatory diseases by aselective eicosanoid inhibiton: a double-edged sword? Pharmacological Sciences, v.28, n.9, p.459-464, 2007. YUN, S-J.; PARK, H-J.; YEOM, M-J.; HAHN, D-H.; LEE, H.J.; LEE, E.H. Effect of electroacupuncture on stress-induced changes in brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression in rat hippocampus. Neurosciece Letters, v. 318, p. 85-88, 2002. ZHAO, Z-Q. Neural mechanism underlying acupuncture analgesia. Progress in Neurobiology, v. 85, p. 355-375, 2008. ZAHN, P.K.; POGATZKI E.M.; BRENNAN, T.J. Mechanisms for pain caused by incisions. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, v. 27, nº 5, p. 514-516, 2002. ZIMMERMANN, M. Ethical considerations in relation to pain in animal experimentation. Acta Physiologyl. Scand. Suppl.; v.554, p. 221-233, 1986. ZIMMERMANN, M. Ethical guidelines for investigations of experimental pain in conscious animals. Pain, v. 16, n. 2, p. 109-110, 1983.https://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/62557/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf.jpghttps://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/4040Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2020-10-21T02:04:00Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeira.pdf: 1401471 bytes, checksum: 2357d5a5aa7001b465dd3fa48b6e44c2 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-10-21T02:04:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeira.pdf: 1401471 bytes, checksum: 2357d5a5aa7001b465dd3fa48b6e44c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-30info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJinstname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)instacron:UFRRJTHUMBNAIL2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeira.pdf.jpgGenerated Thumbnailimage/jpeg1943https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/1/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf.jpgcc73c4c239a4c332d642ba1e7c7a9fb2MD51TEXT2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeira.pdf.txtExtracted Texttext/plain209340https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/2/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf.txtcf37c85792c085d936b9f775779587c3MD52ORIGINAL2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeira.pdf2010 - Felipe Marques Teixeiraapplication/pdf1401471https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/3/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf2357d5a5aa7001b465dd3fa48b6e44c2MD53LICENSElicense.txttext/plain2089https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/4/license.txt7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7MD5420.500.14407/142702023-12-21 23:58:37.125oai:rima.ufrrj.br:20.500.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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://tede.ufrrj.br/PUBhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/oai/requestbibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.bropendoar:2023-12-22T02:58:37Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Comparative assessment of the effect of anti-inflammatory drugs with acupuncture on the model of post-incisional pain in rats.
title Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
spellingShingle Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
Teixeira, Felipe Marques
Dor incisional
AINES
Eletroacupuntura
Incisional pain
NSAIDs
Electroacupuncture
Medicina Veterinária
title_short Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
title_full Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
title_fullStr Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
title_full_unstemmed Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
title_sort Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos
author Teixeira, Felipe Marques
author_facet Teixeira, Felipe Marques
author_role author
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Teixeira, Felipe Marques
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Vanderlinde, Frederico Argollo
dc.contributor.advisor1ID.fl_str_mv 492.958.967-34
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/3183716703092107
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Medeiros, Maeda Alves de
dc.contributor.authorID.fl_str_mv 078.119.707-40
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/2815421351964830
contributor_str_mv Vanderlinde, Frederico Argollo
Medeiros, Maeda Alves de
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Dor incisional
AINES
Eletroacupuntura
topic Dor incisional
AINES
Eletroacupuntura
Incisional pain
NSAIDs
Electroacupuncture
Medicina Veterinária
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Incisional pain
NSAIDs
Electroacupuncture
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv Medicina Veterinária
description A dor pós-incisional é uma forma de dor aguda, que ocorre em repouso e é exacerbada pela tosse, deambulação e estímulo mecânico. A analgesia eficiente fornece conforto ao paciente, reduzindo a morbidade e a mortalidade pós cirúrgica, justificando a investigação constante de novos tratamentos. Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINES), estão entre os fármacos de eleição para o controle da dor pós-incisional, mas freqüentemente são acompanhados de efeitos colaterais. Atualmente, é crescente a busca por terapias alternativas que reduzam estes efeitos, possuam baixo custo e obtenham resultados satisfatórios no controle da dor. Dentre as terapias alternativas podemos citar a acupuntura, cujos objetivos terapêuticos incluem a promoção de analgesia, a recuperação motora e a regulação das funções orgânicas. A eletroacupuntura (EA) é um método de estimulação da acupuntura que consiste na utilização de aparelhos eletrônicos para promover o aumento na intensidade dos estímulos. Este estudo objetivou avaliar, através dos métodos de von Frey e de Hargreaves, os potenciais analgésicos de AINES, no controle da dor pós-incisional, e posteriormente compará-los com o tratamento por EA. Em ambos os métodos foram testados o meloxicam (MX), flunixim-meglumine (FM), carprofeno (CP), cetoprofeno (CT) e o firocoxibe (FC), administrados por via oral, nas doses de 1mg/kg, 2,5mg/kg, 2mg/kg, 5mg/kg e 3mg/kg, respectivamente. Na avaliação da alodinia mecânica pelo método von Frey os grupos incisados tratados com MX (GIMX), CP (GICP), CT (GICT) e EA (GIEA36E), apresentaram significativa reversão da hiperalgesia (RH), três horas após o tratamento, em relação ao grupo incisado tratado com veículo (GIV), enquanto os grupos tratados com FM (GIFM) e FC (GIFC) obtiveram significância após seis horas. A RH máxima foi observada seis horas após o tratamento no GICP e GIEA36E com 33,5% e 36,9%, respectivamente. O GIMX apresentou efeito anti-hiperalgésico máximo às nove horas com 51,8% de RH, enquanto no GIFM, GICT e GIFC ocorreu às doze horas após o tratamentos com 37,1%, 45% e 30,4%, respectivamente. Houve RH significativa até 12 horas após todos os tratamentos, exceto para o MX e o CT, que se mantiveram por 24 horas. No 10º dia de avaliação o GIMX, o GIFM e o GICP apresentaram latências semelhantes às do grupo não-incisado (GNIV), diferentemente do GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, que não retornaram a valores basais até o 14º dia do experimento. Nos testes de hiperalgesia térmica pelo método Hargreaves, o MX, o FM, o CP e a EA promoveram RH significativa após seis horas, enquanto o FC e o CT foram significativos após uma e três horas, respectivamente. Os potenciais máximos foram observados, às nove horas, no GICT, GIFC e GIEA36E, com 107,1%, 114,7% e 106,9% de RH, respectivamente. O MX e o FM obtiveram RH máximo após seis horas, com 104,5% e 85,4%, respectivamente, diferentemente do CP, que promoveu RH máximo às 12 horas, com 63,6%. Todos os tratamentos promoveram RH significativo até o 24º dia de avaliação em relação ao GIV. O GIMX apresentou latência média semelhante ao GIV às três horas após a administração do fármaco, permanecendo dessa forma até o final do experimento. O GIFM e GICP recuperaram valores basais no sétimo dia de avaliação, enquanto GICT e GIEA no 10º dia e o GIFC no 14º dia. Ambas as formas de avaliação nociceptiva evidenciaram efeito anti-hiperalgésico após os diferentes tratamentos, variando apenas quanto ao intervalo de duração e a potência do efeito analgésico. A EA mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso dos fármacos convencionais no controle da dor pós-incisional.
publishDate 2010
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2010-04-30
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2023-12-22T02:58:37Z
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2023-12-22T02:58:37Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
format masterThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv Teixeira, Felipe Marques. Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos. 2010. 77 f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Patologia e Ciências Clínicas) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/14270
identifier_str_mv Teixeira, Felipe Marques. Avaliação comparativa do efeito de fármacos anti-inflamatórios com a acupuntura no modelo de dor pós-incisional em ratos. 2010. 77 f. Dissertação (Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Patologia e Ciências Clínicas) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Seropédica.
url https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/20.500.14407/14270
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv por
language por
dc.relation.references.por.fl_str_mv ALMEIDA, T.F.; ROIZENBLATT, S.; TUFIK, S. Afferent pain pathways: a neuroanatomical review. Brain Research, v. 1000, p. 40-56, 2004. ALTMAN, S. Acupuncture therapy in small animal practice. Compendiurn on Continuing Educationfor the Practicing Veterinarian, v. 19, p. 1238-1244, 1997. ALVES, A.S. Emprego do antiinflamatório não esteróides cetoprofeno na analgesia preemptiva em cães. Ciência Rural, v. 31, p. 439-444, 2001. ANDRADE, S.F.; JERICÓ, M.M. AINES. In: Andrade, S.F. Manual de Terapêutica Veterinária. São Paulo: Roca, Cap.7, 2002. p. 89 a 113. AOKI, T.; YAMAGUCHI, H.; NAITO, H.; SHIIKI, K.; IZAWA, K.; OTA, Y.; SAKAMOTO, H.; KANEKO, A. Premedication with cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor meloxicam reduced postoperative pain in patients after oral surgery. International Journal of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, v. 35, p. 613–617, 2006. BAEK, Y.H.; HUH, J.E.; LEE, J.D.; CHOI DO, Y.; PARK, D.S. Antinociceptive effect and the mechanism of bee venom acupuncture (Apipuncture) on inflammatory pain in the rat model of collagen-induced arthritis: Mediation by alpha2-Adrenoceptors. Brain Research, v. 1073-1074, p. 305-310, 2006. BASBAUM, A.I.; JESSEL, T.M. The perception of pain. In: KANDEL, E.R.; SCHWARTZ, J.H.; JESSEL, T.M. Principles of Neural Science. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2000. p. 472–491. BOTTING, R.M. Cyclooxygenase: Past, present and future. A tribute to John R. Vane(1927–2004). Journal of Thermal Biology, v. 31, p. 208–219, 2006. BRENNAN, T.J.; UMALI, E.; ZAHN, P.K. Comparison of preversus post-incision administration of intrathecal bupivacaine and intrathecal morphine in a rat model of postoperative pain. Anesthesiology, v.87, p.1517-1528, 1997. BRENNAN, T.J.; VANDERMEULEN. E.P.; GEBHART, G.F. Characterization of a rat model of incisional pain. Pain, v. 64, p. 493-501, 1996. BRENNAN, T.J.; ZAHN, P.K.; POGATZKI, E.M. Mechanisms of incisional pain. Anesthesiology Clinicals of North America, v. 23, p. 1-20, 2005. BROOKS P, EMERY E, EVANS F. Interpreting the clinical significance of the diferential inhibition of cyclooxygenase I and cyclooxygenase II. Rheumatology, v.38, p. 779-788, 1999. BURIAN, M.; GEISSLINGER, G. COX-dependent mechanisms involved in the antinociceptive action of NSAIDs at central and peripheral sites. Pharmacology & Therapeutics, v.107, p.139-154, 2005. 66 CARNEIRO, N.M. The biological mechanisms of acupuncture. In: ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONGRESS ON VETERlNARY ACUPUNCTURE, International Veterinary Acupuncture Society, v. 23, p. 83-92, 2003. CARRICK, J.B., PAPICH, M.G., MIDDLETON, D.M., NAYLOR, J.M., TOWNSEND, H.G.G. Clinical and pathological effects of flunixin meglumine administration to neonatal foals. Canadian Journal of the Veterinary Research, v.53, p.195-201, 1989. CARROLL, G.L. Analgesics and pain. Veterinary Clinics of North American Small Animal Practice, v. 29, p. 701-717, 1999. CARVALHO, M.M.M.J.; LODUCA, A.; PORTONI, A.G.; PIMENTA, C.A.M.; FIGUEIRÓ, J.A.B.; BORGES, L.M.; YENG, L.T.; TEIXEIRA, M.J.; KÓVACS, M.J.; MURTA, S.G.; LORDELLO, S.R.M.; GUIMARÃES, S.S. Dor - um estudo multidisciplinar. São Paulo. Summus Editorial, 1999. CARVALHO, W.A.; CARVALHO, R.D.S.; RIOS-SANTOS, F. Analgésicos inibidores específicos da ciclooxigenase-2: avanços terapêuticos. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, v. 54, p. 448-464, 2004. CHANDRASEKHARAN, N.V.; DAI. H.; ROOS, K.L. A cyclooxygenase-1 variant inhibited by acetaminophen and other analgesic/antipyretic drugs: cloning, structure, and expression. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, v. 99, n.21, p. 13371–13373, 2002. CHONGHUO, T. Tratado de medicina chinesa. Ed. Roca, São Paulo, 1993. CLARK, T.P. The clinical pharmacology of cyclooxygenase-2-selective and dual inhibitors. Veterinary Clinics Small Animals, v.36, p.1061-1085, 2006. CONCEIÇÃO, E.D.V. Fisiologia da dor. Seminário apresentado na disciplina de Dor e Analgesia do programa de pós-graduação. Jaboticabal. Universidade Estadual Paulista, 2000. COOPER, C.S.; METCALF-PATE, K.A.; BARAT, C.E.; COOK, J.A.; SCORPIO, D.G. Comparison of side effects between buprenorphine and meloxicam used postoperatively in dutch belted rabbits (oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, v.48, n.3, p. 279-285, 2009. COTRAN, R. S, KUMAR, V., COLLINS, T. Patologia Estrutural e Funcional. 7ª ed. Rio de Janeiro: Editora Guanabara Koogan, 2006. COUTAUX, A.; ADAM, F.;WILLER, J-C; BARS,D. Hyperalgesia and allodynia: peripheral mechanisms. Joint Bone Spine, v. 72, p. 359–371, 2005. CRAIG, A.D.; DOSTROVSKY, J.O. Processing of nociceptive information at supraspinal levels. In YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH, C.; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997. p. 625-642. CROSS, S.A. Symposium on pain management, part I: Pathophysiology of pain. Clinics Procediment, v. 69, p. 375-383, 1994. 67 CUNHA, T.M.; VERRI, W.A.; SILVA, J.S.; POOLE, S.; CUNHA, F.Q.; FERREIRA, S.H. A cascade of cytokines mediates mechanical inflammatory hypernociception in mice. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science of United States of the North American, v. 102, p. 1755-1760, 2005. CURRY, S.; COGAR, S.; COOK, J. Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs: a review. Journal of American Animal Hospital Association, v.41, p. 298-309, 2005. DE WITT, D.L. Prostaglandin endoperoxide synthase: regulation of enzyme expression. Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, v. 1083, p. 121–134. 1991. DING, Y.; YAN, Q.; RUAN, J.W.; ZHANG, Y.Q.; LI, W.J.; ZHANG, Y.J.; LI, Y.; DONG, H.; ZENG, Y.S. Electro-acupuncture promotes survival, differentiation of the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells as well as functional recovery in the spinal cord-transected rats. BMC Neurosciece, v. 10, :35. 2009. DRAEHMPAEHL, D.; ZOHMANN. A Acupuntura no cão e no gato: princípios básicos e prática científica. São Paulo: Roca; 1994. p. 245. DRAY, A. Pharmacology of peripheral afferent nerve terminals. In: YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH. C; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven, v. 6, p. 543–556, 1997. DRIESSEN, B. Pain: from sign to disease. Clin Tech Equine Pract., vol. 6, issue 2, p.120-125, 2007. ELWOOD, C. Renal failure after flunixin meglumine administration. Veterinary Research, v. 130, p. 582, 1992. ENGELHARDT, G. Pharmacology of meloxicam, a new non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug with an improved safety profile through preferential infflbition of cox-2. British Journal of Rheumatology, v.35, p.4-12, 1996. FERREIRA, S.H.; LORENZETTI, B.B.; CORREA, F.M. Central and peripheral analgesic action of aspirin-like drugs. European Journal of Pharmacologic, v. 53, p. 39-48, 1978. FILHO, M.M.M.; RAHAL, S.C. O uso de antiinflamatórios inibidores COX II seletivos na osteoartrite canina. Veterinária e Zootecnia, v.15, n.3. p. 407-415, 2008. FOORD, S.M.; BONNER, T.I.; NEUBIG, R.R.; ROSSER, E.M.; PIN, J.P.; DAVENPORT, A.P.; SPEDDING, M.; HARMAR, A. J. XLVI G protein-coupled receptor list. International Union of Pharmacology. Pharmacology Review, v.57, n.2, p. 279-88, 2005. FORSYTH S.F.; GUILDFORD, W.G.; LAWOKO, C.R.O. Endoscopic evaluation of thegastroduodenal mucosa following non-steroidal anti-inflamatory drug administration in the dog. New Zealand Veterinary Journal, . 44, p. 179-181, 1996. FOX, S.M.; JOHNSTON, S.A. Use of carprofen for the treatment of pain and inflammation in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Association, v. 210, n.10, p. 1493-1498, 1997. 68 FRESNO, L.; MOLL, J.; PENALBA, B. Effects of preoperative administration of meloxicam on whole blood platelet aggregation, buccal mucosal bleeding time, and haematolgoical indices in dogs undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Veterinary Journal, v. 170, p. 138-140, 2005. FUNK, C.D., FUNK, L.B., KENNEDY, M.E., PONG, A.E., FITZGERALD, G.A. Human platelet/erythroleukemia cell prostaglandin G/Hsynthase: cDNA cloning, expression and gene chromosomal assignment. The Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology Journal, v. 5, p. 2304–2312, 1991. GAITAN, G., AHUIR, J., DEL SOLDATO, P., HERRERO, J. Comparison of the antinociceptive activity of two new NO-releasing derivatives of the NSAID S-ketoprofen in rats. British Journal of Pharmacology, v.143, p.533-540, 2004. GILMAN, A.G.; GOODMAN, L.S.; RALL, T.W.; MURAD, F. Goodman & Gilman's the pharmacological basis of terapeutics. 11a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Grow-Hill, 2006. GLEW, A.; AVIAD, A.D. KEISTER, M.; MEO, N.J. Use of ketoprofen as an antipyretie in cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 37, p. 222-225, 1996. GRISNAUX, E. Comparision of ketoptofen and carpofen administered prior to orthopedic surgery for control of postoperative pain in dogs. Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 215, p. 1105-1110, 1999. GUERIOS, S.D.; SPREA, G.; DECONTO, I.; OKAR, R.G. Gastroscopic examination after oral administration of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents in dogs. Archives of Veterinary Science, v.7, p.53-58, 2002. HANSON, P.D., KENNETH, C.B., CASE, J., CONZEMIUS, M., GORDON, W., SCHUESSLER, J., SHELLEY, B., SIFFERMAN, R., DRAG, M., ALVA, R., BELL, L., ROMANO, D., FLEISHMAN, C. Efficacy and safety of firocoxib in the management of canine osteoarthritis under field conditions. Veterinary Therapeutics, v.7, n.2, p.127-140, 2006. HAN, J-S. Acupuncture: neuropeptide release produced by electrical stimulation of different frequencies. Trends Neurosci, v. 26, p. 17-22, 2003. HARGREAVES, K.; DUBNER, R.; BROWN, F.; FLORES, C.; JORIS, J. A new and sensitive method for measuring thermal nociception in cutaneous hiperalgesia. Pain, v.32, p. 77-88, 1988. HAYASHI, A.M.; MATERA, J.M. Acupuntura em pequenos animais. Revista de Educação Continuada, v.8, n. 2, p. 109-122, 2005. HAZEWINKEL, H.A.W., VAN DEN BROM, W.E., THEYSE, L.F.H., POLLMEIER, M., HANSON, P.D. Comparison of the effects of firocoxib, carprofen and vedaprofen in a sodium urte crystal induced synovitis modelo of arthritis in dogs. Research in Veterinary Science, v.84, p.74-79, 2008. HELLEBREKERS, L. J. Dor em Animais. São Paulo: Manole, 2002. p. 69-79. 69 HELLYER, P.; RODAN, I.; BRUNT, J.; DOWNING, R.; HAGEDORN, J.E.; ROBERTSON, S.A. AAHA/AAFP pain management guidelines for dogs and cats. Journal of Feline Medicine and Surgery, v.9, p.466-480, 2007. HICKFORD, F.H.; BARR, S.C.; ERB, H.N. Effect of carprofen on hemostatic variables in dogs. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v.62, n.10, p.1642-1646, 2001. HILÁRIO, M.O.E., TERRERI, M.T., LEN, C.A. Antiinflamatórios não-hormonais: inibidores da ciclooxigenase 2. Jornal de Pediatria, v.82, n.5, 2006. HOGAN, Q. Animal Pain Models. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, v. 27, n.4, p. 385–401, 2002. IMAI, K.; ARIGA, H.; TAKAHASHI, T. Electroacupuncture Improves Imbalance of Autonomic Function under Restraint Stress in Conscious Rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 37, p. 45-55, 2009. JESSELL, T.M. KELLY, D.D. Pain and analgesia. In KANDEL, E.R.; SCHWARTZ, J.H.; JESSELL, T.M. Principles of Neural Science, 3º edição. New York, Elsevier Science, 1991. p. 385-399. JULIUS, D.; BASBAUM, A.I. Molecular mechanisms of nociception. Nature, v. 413, p.203 -210, 2001. KATZUNG, B.G. Farmacologia básica e clínica. 9a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2006. KAY-MUGFORD, P.; BENN, S.J.; LAMARRE, J.; CONLON, P. In vivo effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs on cyclooxygenase activity in dogs. American Journal Veterinary Reserch, v. 61, n. 7, p. 802-810, 2000. KEHLET, H.; HOLTE, K. Effect of postoperative analgesia on surgical outcome. British Journal Anaesthesia, v.87, p.62-72, 2001. KELLY, M.J.; BENITZ, A.M. O uso do flunixim meglumine em cães: resultados de ensaios clínicos. Hora Veterinária, v. 78, p. 60-64, 1994. KIDD, B.L.; URBAN, L.A. Mechanisms of inflammatory pain. British Journal of Anaesthesiology, v. 87, p. 3-11, 2001. KIM, H.W.; KWON, Y.B.; HAM, T.W.; ROH, D.H.; YOON, S.Y.; LEE, H.J.; HAN, H.J.; YANG, I.S.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Acupoint stimulation using bee venom attenuates formalin-induced pain behavior and spinal cord fos expression in rats. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 65, p. 349-355, 2003. KIRCHGESSNER, M.S. Meloxicam. Journal of Exotic Pet Medicine, v.15, n.4, p.281-283, 2006. KLAUMANN, P. R.; WOUK, A. F. P. F.; SILAS, T. Patofisiologia da dor. Archives of Veterinary Science, v. 13, n.1, p.1-12, 2008. 70 KORE, A.M. Toxicology of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs.Veterinary Clinics of North American: Small Animal Practice, v. 20, p. 419-29, 1990. KRAYCHETE, D.C.; CALASANS, M.T. de A. VALENTE, C.M.L. Citocinas Pró-inflamatórias e Dor. Revista Brasileira de Reumatologia, v. 46, n.3, p. 199-206, 2006. KWON, Y.B.; KANG, M.S.; KIM, H.W.; HAM, T.W.; YIM, Y.K.; JEONG, S.H.; PARK, D.S.; CHOI, D.Y.; HAN, H.J.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Antinociceptive effects of bee venom acupuncture (apipuncture) in rodent animal models: a comparative study of acupoint versus non-acupoint stimulation. Acupuncture Electrother Res, v. 26, p. 59-68, 2001b. KWON, Y.B.; KIM, J.H.; YOON, J.H.; LEE, J.D.; HAN, H.J.; MAR, W.C.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. The analgesic efficacy of bee venom acupuncture for knee osteoarthritis: a comparative study with needle acupuncture. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 29, p. 187-199, 2001a. KUMMER, C.L.; COELHO, T.C.R.B. Antiinflamatórios não esteróides inibidores da ciclooxigenase II (COX II): aspectos atuais. Revista Brasileira de Anestesiologia, v. 5, n. 4, 2002. KVATERNICK, V., POLLMEIER, M., FISCHER, J., HANSON, P.D. Pharmacokinetics and metabolism of orally administered firocoxib, a novel second generation coxib, in horses. Journal of Veterunary Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.30, p. 208-217, 2007. LAMONT, L.A. Feline perioperative pain management. TheVeterinary Clinics: Small Animal Practice, v. 32, p. 747–763, 2002. LAMONT, L.A.; TRANQUILLI, W.J.; KURT, A.G. Physiology of pain. Veterinary Clinics Of North America Small Animal Practice, v. 30, n. 4, p. 703-728, 2000. LAUDANNO, O.; CESOLARI, J.; ESNARRIAGA, M. In vivo selectivity of nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs and gastrointestinal ulcers in rats. Digestive Disease Science, v.45, p.1359-1365, 2000. LE BARS, D.; GOZARIU, M.; CADDEN, S.W. Animal models of nociception. Pharmacological Reviw, v. 53, p. 597-652, 2001. LEE, J.H.; KWON, Y.B.; HAN, H.J.; MAR, W.C.; LEE, H.J.; YANG, I.S.; BEITZ, A.J.; KANG, S.K. Bee venom pretreatment has both an antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effect on carrageenan-induced inflammation. The American Journal of Chinese Medicine, v. 63, p. 251-259, 2001. LEES, P. Pharmacology of drugs used to treat osteoarthritis in veterinary practice. Inflammopharmacology, v. 11, p. 385-399, 2003. LEES, P., LANDONI, M.F., GIRAUDEL, J., TOUTAIN, P.L. Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs in species of veterinary interest. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapy, v.27, p.479-490, 2004. 71 LEMKE, K.A. Understanding the pathophysiology of perioperative pain. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 45, p. 405-413, 2004. LINDENMUTH, J.E., CLARK, M.S., FRYER, G.E. An evaluation of the analgesic efficacy and safety of carprofen. Anesthesia Progress, v.36, p.201-209, 1989. LOPEZ-GARCIA, J.A.; LAIRD, J.M. Central antinociceptive effects of meloxicam on rat spinal cord in vitro. Pain, v. 9, p. 647-651, 1998. LUNA, S.P.L. Dor e sofrimento animal. In: RIVERA, E.A.B.; AMARAL, M.H.; NASCIMENTO, V.P. Ética e Bioética. Goiânia, 2006. p. 131-158. LUNA, S.P.L. Emprego da acupuntura em anestesia. In: FANTONI, D.; CORTOPASSI, S.R.G. Anestesia em cães e gatos. São Paulo: Roca, 2002. p. 337-343. MACPHAIL, C.M.; LAPPIN, M.R.; MEYER, D.J.; SMITH, S.G.; WEBSTER, C.R.L.; ARMSTRONG, P.J. Hepatocellular toxicosis associated with administration of carprofen in 21 dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, v.212, n.12, p.1895-1901, 1998. MALINOVISKY, J.M.; NORMAND, L.L.; LEPAGE, J.Y. The efects of intravenous opioids and ketoprofen in humans. Anaesthesia and Analgesia, v. 87, p. 456-461, 1998. MATHEWS, K.A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics in pain management in dogs and cats. Canadian Veterinary Journal, v. 37, p. 539-545, 1996. MATHEWS, K.A. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory analgesics-indications and contra-indications for pain management in dogs and cats. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice, v.30, n.4, p. 783-804, 2000. MATHEWS, K.A.; PETTIFER, G.; FOSTER, R. A comparison of the safety and efficacy of meloxicam to ketoprofen and butorphanol for control of post-operative pain associated with soft tissue surgery in dogs. In Proceedings of the Symposium on Recent Advances in Non-Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory therapy in small animals, p. 67, 1999. MCCANN M.E.; RICKES, E.L.; HORA, D.F. In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in cats with lipopolysaccharide-induced pyrexia. American Journal of Veterinary Research, v. 66, p. 1278-1284, 2005. MCCANN, M.E.; ANDERSEN, D.R.; ZHANG, D. In vitro effects and in vivo efficacy of a novel cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in dogs with experimentally induced synovitis. American Journal Veterinary Research, v. 65, n. 4, p. 503-512, 2004. MCKELLAR, Q.A.; MAY, S.A.; LEES, P. Pharmacology and therapeutics of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs inthe dog and cat: 2 individual agents. Journal of Small Animals Practice, v. 32, p. 225–235, 1991. MEDEIROS, M.A. Mapeamento através da expressão de c-Fos das estruturas encefálicas envolvidas na acupuntura analgésica (ponto Zusanli) em animais imobilizados. Doutorado em Psicobiologia. Universidade Federal de São Paulo, UNIFESP, Brasil, 2001. 72 MEDEIROS, M.A.; CANTERAS, N.; SUCHECKI, D.; MELLO, L.E.A.M. Analgesia and c-Fos expression in the PAG induced by electroacupuncture at Zusanli point in rats. Brain Research, v. 973, p. 196-204, 2003. MELZACK, R.; WALL, P.D. Pain mechanisms: A new theory. In: Science, 150, 1965. p.971-979 MITCHELL, M.A. Carprofen. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine, v. 14, n. 1, p. 61–64, 2005. MOINICHE, S.; KEHLET, H.; DAHL, J.B. A qualitative and quantitative systematic review of preemptive analgesia for postoperative pain relief - The role of timing of analgesia. Anesthesiology, v.96, p.725-741, 2002. MÖLLER, K.A.; JOHANSSON, B.; BERGE, O.G. Assessing mechanical allodynia in the rat paw with a new electronic algometer. Journal of Neuroscience Methods, v.84, p. 41-47, 1998. MONCADA, S., GRYGLEWSKI, R., BUNTING, S., VANE, J.R. An enzyme isolated from arteries transforms prostaglandin endoperoxides to an unstable substance that inhibits platelet aggregation. Nature, v. 263, p. 663–665, 1976. MOREIRA, J. C. Controle da Dor em UTI: Identificação da Dor através do Comportamento. In: RABELO, R. C. & CROWE Jr, D.T. Fundamentos de Terapia Intensiva Veterinária em Pequenos Animais: Condutas no paciente crítico. Rio de Janeiro: L. F. Livros de Veterinária, 2005. p. 495-506. MUIR, W.W.; WOOLF, C.J. Mechanisms of pain and their therapeutic implications. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Association, v. 219, p. 1346–1356, 2001. OLIVA, V.N.L.S. Avaliação clínica de diferentes antinflamatórios não esteróides na analgesia pós-operatória de cirurgias ortopédicas em cães. Clinica Veterinária, v. 50, p. 42-54, 2004. OLIVEIRA, A.L. DE A.; SIQUEIRA, C.F. DE A.; ESPÍNOLA, A.G.; DE MATTOS JR., D.G.; SANAVRIA, A. Avaliação clínica dos efeitos analgésicos do cetoprofeno em atendimentos emergenciais de cães e relato de dois casos em gatos. . Jornal Brasileiro de Ciência Animal, v. 2, n. 4, p. 219-227, 2009. OLIVEIRA, R.; PRADO, W.A. Anti-hyperalgesic effect of electroacunpucture in a model of post-incisional pain in rats. Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research, v.33, p. 957-960, 2000. ORTIZ, M.I.; CASTAÑEDA-HERNÁNDEZ, G.; GRANADOS-SOTO, V. Pharmacological evidence for the activation of Ca2+-activated K+ channels by meloxicam in the formalin test. Pharmacology, Biochemistry and Behavior, v. 81, p. 725 – 731, 2005. OWENS, J.G.; KAMERLING, S.G.; KEOWEN, M.L. Anti-inflammatory effects and pharmacokinetics of ketoprofen in a model of equine synovitis. European Association for 73 Veterinary Pharmacology and Toxicology, Proceeclings of 6th International Congress, p. 170-171, 1994. PAPICH, M.G. An update on nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Small Animals. Veterinary Clininics Small Animal Parctice, v.38, p.1243-1266, 2008. PAPICH, M.G. Pharmacologic considerations for opiate analgesic and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Veterinary clinics of north america: small animal practice, v. 30, p. 815-837, 2000. PAPICH, M.G. Principles of analgesic drug therapy. Seminars in Veterinary Medicine and Surgery, v.12, n. 2, 1997. p 80-93 PARK, H-J.; LIM, S.; LEE, H-J.; YOO, Y-M.; LEE, H.J.; KIM, S.A.; YIN, C-S.; SEO, J-C.; CHUNG, J-H. Acupuncture enhances cell proliferation in dentate gyrus of maternally-separeted rats. Neuroscience Letters, v. 319, p. 153-156, 2002. PARTON, K.; BALMER, T.V.; BOYLE, J.; WHITTEM, T.; MACHON, R.: The pharmacokinetics and effects of intravenously administered carprofen and salicylate on gastrointestinal mucosa and selected biochemical measurements in healthy cats. Journal of Veterinary Pharmacology Therapy, v. 23, p. 73-79, 2000. PASCOE, P. Local and regional anesthesia and analgesia. Seminary in Veterinary Medicine Surgery, v. 12, p. 94-105, 1997. PEREIRA, L.V.; SOUSA, F.A.E.F. Mensuração e avaliação da dor pós-operatória: uma breve revisão. Revista Latinoamericana de enfermagem, v. 6, n. 3, p. 77-84, 1998. PIRES, P.A. Potencial Analgésico, Anti-edematogênico, Antipirético e Atividade Ulcerogênica de Fármacos Anti-inflamatórios em Roedores. Dissertação de Mestrado em Medicina Veterinária – Ciências clínicas. Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRRJ, Brasil, 2009. PISERA, D. Fisiologia da dor. In: Dor Avaliação e Tratamento em Pequenos Animais. OTERO, P. E. São Paulo:Interbook, 2005. p. 30-74. PITCHER, G.M.; HENRY, J.L. Meloxicam selectively depresses the afterdischarge of rat spinal dorsal horn neurones in response to noxious stimulation. Neuroscience Letters, v. 305, p. 45-48. 2001. PLONER, M.; GROSS, J.; TIMMERMANN, L.; SCHNITZLER, A. Pain processing is faster than tactile processing in the human brain. The Journal of Neuroscience, v. 26, n. 42, p. 1079-1082, 2006. POGATZKI, E.M.; GEBHART, G.F.; BRENNAN, T.J. Characterization of A- and C-fibers innervating the plantar rathindpaw one day after an incision. Journal of Neurophisiology, v. 87, p. 721-731, 2001. POGATZKI, E.M.; RAJA, S.N. A mouse model of incisional pain. Anesthesiology, v. 99 nº 4 p. 1023-1027, 2003. 74 POGATZKI, E.M.; ZAHN, P.K.; BRENNAN, T.J. Postoperative pain—clinical implications of basic research. Best Practice & Research Clinical Anaesthesiology, v. 21, n 1, p. 3-13, 2007. POLLMEIER, M., TOULEMONDE, C., FLEISHMAN, C., HANSON, P.D. Clinical evaluation of firocoxib and carprofen for the treatment of dogs with osteoarthritis. The Veterinary Records, v.159, p.547-551, 2006. PORTER, D.G. Ethical scores for animal experiments. Nature, v. 356, n. 6365, p.101-102, 1992. POWER, I. Recent advances in postoperative pain therapy. British Journal of Anaesthesia, v.95, n. 1, p. 43-51, 2005. RAEKALLIO, M.R.; HIELM-BJÖRKMAN, A.K.; KEJONEN, J.; SALONEN, H.M. SANKARI, S.M. Evaluation of adverse effects of long-term orally administered carprofen in dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medicine Veterinary Association, v.228, n.6, p.876-880, 2006. RANDALL, L.O.; SELITTO, J.J. A method for measurement of analgesic activity of inflamed tissue. Archives Internationales de Pharmacodynamie et de Therapies, v. 111, p. 409-419, 1957. RANG, H.P., DALE, M.M., RITTER, J.M., FLOWER, R. Farmacologia. 6a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Elsevier, 2007. REDIN, M. Capillary bleeding time in anesthetized dogs given carprofen. Dansk veterinaer, v. 83, p.13-14, 2000. REID, J.; NOLAN, A.M. A comparison of the postoperative analgesic and sedative effects of flunixin and papaveretum in the dog. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 32, p. 603-608, 1991. ROH, D.H.; KIM, H.W.; YOON, S.Y.; KANG, S.Y.; KWON, Y.B.; CHO, K.H.; HAN, H.J.; RYU, Y.H.; CHOI, S.M.; LEE, H.J.; BEITZ, A.J.; LEE, J.H. Bee venom injection significantly reduces nociceptive behavior in the mouse formalin test via capsaicin-insensitive afferents. Journal of Pain, v. 7, p. 500-512, 2006. ROMITA, V.V.; SUK, A. HENRY, J.L. Parametric Studies on Electroacupuncture-Like Stimulation in a Rat Model: Effects of Intensity, Frequency, and Duration of Stimulation on Evoked Antinociception. Brain Research Bulletin, v. 42, n. 4, p. 289-296, 1997. ROTH, J., RUMMEL, C., BARTH, S.W., GERSTBERGER, R., HÜBSCHLE, T. Molecular aspects of fever and hyperthermia. Immunol Allergy Clinics of North America, v.29, p.229-245, 2009. SCHOSSLER, D.R.; ALIEVI, M.M.; EMANUELLI, M.P.; SCHOSSLER, J.E. Função renal de cães tratados com doses terapêuticas de flunixin meglumine e ketoprofen durante o trans e pós-operatório. Acta Cirurgica Brasileira, v.16, n.1, p.46-51, 2001. 75 SLINGSBY L.S.; WATERMAN-PEARSON, A.E. Comparison between meloxicam and carprofen for post-operative analgesia after feline ovariohysterectomy. Journal of Small Animal Practice, v. 43, p. 286-289, 2002. SMITH, F. W. K. Neurophysiologic basis of acupuncture. Problems in Veterinary Medicine, v. 4, p. 34-52, 1992. SOKAL, R.R.; ROHLF, F.J. Biometry: The principles an Practice of Statistics. New York: W. H. Freemann, 1981. p. 859. SORKIN, L.S.; CARLTON, S.M. Spinal anatomy and pharmacology of afferent processing. In: YAKSH, T.L.; LYNCH, C.; ZAPOL, W.M. Anesthesia: Biologic Foundations. Philadelphia, Lippincott-Raven, 1997. SOUZA, H. J. M. de.; BELCHIOR, C. Analgesia pós-operatória. In: SOUZA, H. J. M. de. Coletâneas em medicina e cirurgia felina. Rio de Janeiro: L.F. Livros de Veterinária, 2003. p. 01. SPINOSA, H.S., GÓRNIAK, S.L., BERNARDI, M.M. Farmacologia aplicada a Medicina Veterinária. 4a ed. Rio de Janeiro: Guanabara Koogan, 2006. p. 239-272. STEAGALL, P.V.M., MOUTINHO, F.Q., MANTOVANI, F.B., PASSARELLI, D., THOMASSIAN, A. Evaluation of the adverse effects of subcutaneous carprofen over six days in healthy cats. Research in Veterinary Science, v.86, p.115-120, 2009. STEAGALL, P.V.M.; MANTOVANI, F.B.; FERREIRA, T.H.; SALCEDO, E.S.; MOUTINHO, F.Q.; LUNA, S.P.L. Evaluation of the adverse effects of oral firocoxib in healthy dogs. Journal of Veterunary Pharmacology and Therapeutics,v. 30, p. 218-23, 2007. STEIN, C.; SCHAFER, M.; MACHELSKA, H. Attacking pain at its source: new perspectives on opioids. Nature Medicine, v.9, n.8, p. 1003-8, 2003. SUN, Y.; GAN, T.J.; DUBOSE, J.W.; HABIB, A.S. Acupuncture and related techniques for postoperative pain: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Br J Anaesth 101. 2008 TAKAHASHI, M.; KAWAGUCHI, M.; SHIMADA, K.; NAKASHIMA, T.; FURUYA, H. Systemic Meloxicam Reduces Tactile Allodynia Development After L5 Single Spinal Nerve Injury in Rats. Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, v. 30, n. 4, p. 351–355, 2005. TEIXEIRA, M. W. Dor em Pequenos Animais. Revista CFMV. Brasília: Conselho Federal de Medicina Veterinária, v. 34, p. 31-41, 2005. THURMAN, J.C.; TRANQUILLI, W.J.; BENSON, G.J. Perioperative pain and distress. In: Lumb and Jones Veterinary Anesthesia, 3º edição. Baltimore, Lea & Febiger, 1996. p. 40-60. TIZARD, I.R. Imunologia veterinária: uma introdução. 6ª edição. São Paulo: Editora Roca, 2002. 76 TOUTAIN, P.; REYMOND, N.; LAROUTE, V. Pharmacokinetics of meloxicam in plasma and urine of horses. American Journal of Veterinary Reserch, v.65, p.1542-1547, 2004. VANE, J.R.; BOTTING R.M. New insights into the mode of action of anti-inflammatory drugs. Inflammation Research, v. 44, p. 1-10, 1995. VERRI Jr, W.A., CUNHA, T.M., PARADA, C.A., POOLE, F.Q.C., FERREIRA, S.H. Hypernociceptive role of cytokines and chemokines: Targets for analgesic drug development? Pharmacology and Therapeutics, v.112, p.116-138, 2006. VIANA, F.B. Guia Terapêutico Veterinário. 2a ed. Minas Gerais: Editora CEM, 2007. 464p. VONDERHAAR, M.A.; SALISBURY, S.K. Gastroduodenal ulceration associated with flunixin meglumine administration in three dogs. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, v. 201, p. 92-95, 1993. WALKER, J.S. NSAID: an update on their analgesic effects. Clinical and Experimental Pharmacologt & Physiology, v. 22, p. 855–860, 1995. WANG, S-M.; KAIN, Z.N.; WHITE, P. Acupuncture Analgesia: I. The Scientific Basis. Anesthesia and Analgesia, v. 106, p. 602-610, 2008. WANG, J.; ZHAO, H.; MAO-YING, Q-L.; CAO, X-D.; WANG, Y-Q.; WU, G-C. Electroacupuncture downregulates TLR2/4 and pro-inflammatory cytokine expression after surgical trauma stress without adrenal glands involvement. Brain Research Bulletin, v. 80, p. 89-94, 2009. WHITE, P.F. The Changing Role of Non-Opioid Analgesic Techniques in the Management of Postoperative. Anesthesiology and Analgesia, v. 101. p. 5-22, 2005. WHITESIDE, G.T.; HARRISON, J.; BOULET, J.; MARK, L.; PEARSON, M.; GOTTSHALL, S.; WALKER, K. Pharmacological characterizacion of a rat model of incisional pain. British Journal of Pharmacological, v. 141, p. 85-91, 2004. WHITTLE, B.J.R., BOUGHTON-SMITH, N.K., MONCADA, S., VANE, J.R. Actions of prostacyclin (PGI2) and its product 6-oxo-PGF1a on the rat gastric mucosa in vivo and in vitro. Prostaglandins, v. 15, p. 955–968, 1978. WILSON, J.E.; CHANDRASEKHARAN, N.V.; WESTOVER, K.D.; EAGER, K,B.; SIMMONS, D.L. Determination of expression of cyclooxygenase-1 and -2 isoenzymes in canine tissue and their differential sensitivity to nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. American Journal Veterinary Reserch, v. 65, n. 6, p. 810-818, 2004. WOOLF, C.J. Somatic pain – Pathogenesis and prevention. British Journal Anaesthesia, v.75, p.169-176, 1995. WOOLF, C.J.; CHONG, M.S.; Preemptive analgesia - Treating postoperative pain by preventing the establishment of central sensitization. Anesthesiology, v.77, p.362-379, 1993. 77 WOOLF, C.J.; MANNION, R.J. Neuropathic pain: etiology, sym
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv Programa de Pós-Graduação em Medicina Veterinária (Patologia e Ciências Clínicas)
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv UFRRJ
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv Brasil
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv Instituto de Veterinária
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
instname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
instacron:UFRRJ
instname_str Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
instacron_str UFRRJ
institution UFRRJ
reponame_str Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
collection Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/1/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf.jpg
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/2/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf.txt
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/3/2010%20-%20Felipe%20Marques%20Teixeira.pdf
https://rima.ufrrj.br/jspui/bitstream/20.500.14407/14270/4/license.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv cc73c4c239a4c332d642ba1e7c7a9fb2
cf37c85792c085d936b9f775779587c3
2357d5a5aa7001b465dd3fa48b6e44c2
7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.br
_version_ 1810107876996284416

Registros relacionados