Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Santos, Camila Almeida dos
Data de Publicação: 2016
Tipo de documento: Dissertação
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
Texto Completo: https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/4272
Resumo: The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) has increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution and agriculture contributes more significantly to this increase. Entratanto, some management practices favor the increase in stocks of C and N in the soil and are of great importance to mitigate global warming. The overall objective of the study was to verify emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon and nitrogen stocks in areas under Brachiaria spp pastures to soil and climatic conditions Itabela, South Bahia. Two experiments were done. The first experiment was evaluated the stock of C and N in two transects in areas established to fifteen years with productive Brachiaria brizantha cv Arapoti and Brachiaria brizantha cv Xara?s and native forest in the Animal Science Experimental Station (CEPLAC) Itabela- Bahia. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications for each treatment. Trenches were opened where soil samples were collected up to 100 cm deep for the determination of bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, ?13C and light fraction of SOM. The highest levels of carbon and nitrogen, the stock of C and N in the soil were observed in the areas under pasture. The carbon contribution derived from pastatagens (C4) was higher only in the first 5 cm of soil. The free light fraction intake was higher in the surface (0- 10 cm) for both treatments, and pastures showed higher FLL input regarding the forest, where there is greater input and accumulation of plant biomass. The second experiment evaluated the effect of bovine excreta originating from dairy cows that pastejavam in consortium areas (Brachiaria and legume Desmodium ovalifolium) and areas of monoculture (Brachiaria) and the effect of the application of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) in an area B. brizantha cv Marandu from under the nitrogen gas losses. 36 plots were established in an experimental design of 6 randomized blocks with six treatments (urea, monoculture urine, urine consortium, monoculture feces, feces consortium and control), in two periods of application of excreta (dry and wet. The sampling gas (N2O) were made by the method of closed static chamber. comitantly held soil sampling for verification of soil moisture, the pore space saturated by water (EPSA), levels of nitrate, ammonium in the soil and soluble carbon, and volatilization ammonia. the deposition of excreta in pasture under significantly increased the flow of nitrous soil oxide and volatilized ammonia, compared to the control. in the rainy season these flows were associated with the availability of nitrate in soil and pore space saturated with water. in dry season, the nitrous oxide flows were associated with levels of nitrate and soil carbon urine was the treatment that provides higher losses of nitrogen in areas pastagem. The accumulation of N2O in treatments consortium urine showed higher in the dry season. The biggest losses by ammonia volatilization occurred in the rainy season.
id UFRRJ-1_974db1e5bae679337affcf8079755510
oai_identifier_str oai:localhost:jspui/4272
network_acronym_str UFRRJ-1
network_name_str Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
repository_id_str
spelling Pinheiro, ?rika Fl?via Machado644.889.777-15http://lattes.cnpq.br/8101589624388403Boddey, Robert MichelCampos, David Vilas BoasLima, Eduardo033.935.495-02http://lattes.cnpq.br/7865577793031859Santos, Camila Almeida dos2020-12-16T23:13:17Z2016-06-16Santos, Camila Almeida dos. Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA). 2016. f.. Disserta??o (Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Agronomia - Ci?ncia do Solo) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica - RJ .https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/4272The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) has increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution and agriculture contributes more significantly to this increase. Entratanto, some management practices favor the increase in stocks of C and N in the soil and are of great importance to mitigate global warming. The overall objective of the study was to verify emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon and nitrogen stocks in areas under Brachiaria spp pastures to soil and climatic conditions Itabela, South Bahia. Two experiments were done. The first experiment was evaluated the stock of C and N in two transects in areas established to fifteen years with productive Brachiaria brizantha cv Arapoti and Brachiaria brizantha cv Xara?s and native forest in the Animal Science Experimental Station (CEPLAC) Itabela- Bahia. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications for each treatment. Trenches were opened where soil samples were collected up to 100 cm deep for the determination of bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, ?13C and light fraction of SOM. The highest levels of carbon and nitrogen, the stock of C and N in the soil were observed in the areas under pasture. The carbon contribution derived from pastatagens (C4) was higher only in the first 5 cm of soil. The free light fraction intake was higher in the surface (0- 10 cm) for both treatments, and pastures showed higher FLL input regarding the forest, where there is greater input and accumulation of plant biomass. The second experiment evaluated the effect of bovine excreta originating from dairy cows that pastejavam in consortium areas (Brachiaria and legume Desmodium ovalifolium) and areas of monoculture (Brachiaria) and the effect of the application of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) in an area B. brizantha cv Marandu from under the nitrogen gas losses. 36 plots were established in an experimental design of 6 randomized blocks with six treatments (urea, monoculture urine, urine consortium, monoculture feces, feces consortium and control), in two periods of application of excreta (dry and wet. The sampling gas (N2O) were made by the method of closed static chamber. comitantly held soil sampling for verification of soil moisture, the pore space saturated by water (EPSA), levels of nitrate, ammonium in the soil and soluble carbon, and volatilization ammonia. the deposition of excreta in pasture under significantly increased the flow of nitrous soil oxide and volatilized ammonia, compared to the control. in the rainy season these flows were associated with the availability of nitrate in soil and pore space saturated with water. in dry season, the nitrous oxide flows were associated with levels of nitrate and soil carbon urine was the treatment that provides higher losses of nitrogen in areas pastagem. The accumulation of N2O in treatments consortium urine showed higher in the dry season. The biggest losses by ammonia volatilization occurred in the rainy season.A concentra??o atmosf?rica dos gases do efeito estufa (GEE), como di?xido de carbono (CO2), metano (CH4) e ?xido nitroso (N2O) tem aumentado significativamente, desde o in?cio da Revolu??o Industrial, e a agropecu?ria contribui de maneira expressiva para este aumento. Entretanto, algumas pr?ticas de manejo favorecem o aumento dos estoques de C e N no solo e s?o de grande import?ncia para mitigar o aquecimento global. O objetivo geral do trabalho foi verificar emiss?es de ?xido nitroso e estoques de carbono e nitrog?nio em ?reas sob pastagens Brachiaria spp para as condi??es edafoclim?ticas de Itabela, Sul da Bahia. Foram feitos dois experimentos. No experimento I, foi avaliado os estoques de C e N, em dois transectos, em ?reas estabelecidas h? quinze anos com pastagem produtiva de Brachiaria brizantha cv Arapoti e Brachiaria brizantha cv Xara?s e mata nativa, na Esta??o Experimental de Zootecnia (CEPLAC), Itabela- Bahia. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado com quatro repeti??es para cada tratamento. Foram abertas trincheiras, onde amostras de terra foram coletadas at? 100 cm de profundidade para a determina??o da densidade do solo, carbono, nitrog?nio, ?13C e fra??o leve da MOS. Os maiores teores de carbono e nitrog?nio, de estoque de C e N no solo, foram observados nas ?reas sob pastagem. A contribui??o do carbono derivado das pastatagens (C4) foi maior somente nos primeiros 5 cm de solo. O aporte de fra??o leve livre foi maior na superficial (0- 10 cm) para ambos os tratamentos, e as pastagens apresentaram maior entrada de FLL em rela??o ? mata, onde ocorre maior entrada e ac?mulo da biomassa das plantas. No segundo experimento, foi avaliado o efeito de excretas bovinas oriundas de vacas leiteiras, que pastejavam em ?reas de cons?rcio (Brachiaria brizantha e leguminosa Desmodium ovalifolium) e em ?reas de monocultura (Brachiaria), e o efeito da aplica??o de fertilizantes nitrogenados (ureia), em uma ?rea de Brachiaria brizantha cv Marandu, sob as perdas gasosas nitrogenadas. Foram estabelecidas 36 parcelas, em um delineamento experimental de 6 blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos (Ureia, Urina Monocultura, Urina Cons?rcio, Fezes Monocultura, Fezes Cons?rcio e Controle), em duas ?pocas de aplica??o das excretas (seca e chuvosa). As amostragens de g?s (N2O) foram feitas pelo m?todo da c?mara est?tica fechada. Comitantemente, realizou-se amostragem de solo para verifica??o da umidade do solo, do espa?o poroso saturado por ?gua (EPSA), teores de nitrato, am?nio no solo e carbono sol?vel, e volatiliza??o de am?nia. A deposi??o de excretas em pastagens aumentou sensivelmente os fluxos de ?xido nitroso do solo e de am?nia volatilizada, comparado ao controle. J? na ?poca chuvosa, estes fluxos estavam associados ? disponibilidade de nitrato no solo e espa?o poroso saturado por ?gua. Na ?poca seca, os fluxos de ?xido nitroso estavam associados aos teores de nitrato e carbono do solo. A urina foi a tratamento, proporcionando maiores perdas de nitrog?nio em ?reas de pastagem. Quanto ? acumula??o de N2O nos tratamentos, a urina do cons?rcio apresentou maior na ?poca seca. As maiores perdas por volatiliza??o de am?nia ocorreram na ?poca chuvosa.Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2020-12-16T23:13:17Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf: 1678246 bytes, checksum: e93f72ec5a5c2bb10da9834b28b83936 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2020-12-16T23:13:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf: 1678246 bytes, checksum: e93f72ec5a5c2bb10da9834b28b83936 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil.application/pdfhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/retrieve/63540/2016%20-%20Camila%20Almeida%20dos%20Santos.pdf.jpgporUniversidade Federal Rural do Rio de JaneiroPrograma de P?s-Gradua??o em Agronomia - Ci?ncia do SoloUFRRJBrasilInstituto de AgronomiaAKIYAMA, H. & TSURUTA, H. Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide fluxes from soils after manure and urea application. Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, p. 423-431, 2003. ALMEIDA, A. C. R. Uso associado de esterco l?quido de su?nos e plantas de cobertura de solo na cultura do milho. Santa Maria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 144 p., 2000. (Disserta??o de Mestrado). ALVES, B. J. R.; SANTOS, J. C. F.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. M?todos de Determina??o do Nitrog?nio Em Solo e Planta. In: Ara?jo, R. S.; Hungria, M. (Org.). Manual de M?todos Empregados em Estudos de Microbiologia Agr?cola. Bras?lia, p. 449-469, 1994. ALVES, B. J. R.; OLIVEIRA, O. C. D.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S. M?todos isot?picos. In: SANTOS, G. A.; CAMARGO, F. A. O., ed. Fundamentos da Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo. Porto Alegre: Editora Genesis. P. 337-357, 1999. ALVES, B. J. R.; ZOTARELLI, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S. Soybean bene fit to a subsequent wheat cropping system under zero tillage. In: Nuclear Techiniques in Integrated Plant Nutrient, Water and Soil Management. IAEA, Viena, p. 87- 93, 2002. ALVES, B. J. R.; SMITH, K. A.; RILNER, A. F.; CARDOSO, A. S.; OLIVEIRA, W. R. D.; JANTALIA, C. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. Selection of the most suitable sampling time for static chambers for the estimation of daily mean N2O flux from soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.46, p.129-135, 2012. AMADO, T. J. C.; MILENICZUK, J.; FERNANDES, S. B. V. Leguminosas e aduba??o mineral como fontes de nitrog?nio para o milho em sistemas de preparo do solo. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, v.24, p.179-189. 2000. ARA?JO, E. S.; MARSOLA, T.; MIYAZAWA, M.; SOARES, L. H. B.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. Calibra??o de c?mara semiaberta est?tica para quantifica??o de am?nia volatilizada do solo. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v.44, n.7, p.769-776, 2009. BABIL?NIA, J. L. Pastagens Consorciadas, Estoque de Carbono e Nitrog?nio, Produtividade e Persist?ncia de Leguminosas. Tese de Doutorado. Lavras: UFLA, 159 p., 2013. BARNEZE, A. S.; MAZZETTO, A. M.; ZANI, C. F.; MISSELBROOK, T. & CERRI, C. C. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil due to urine deposition by grazing cattle in Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, v. 92, p. 394-397, 2014. BAYER, C.; MARTIN-NETO, L.; MIELNICZUCK, J.; CERETTA, C. A. Effect of no-till cropping system on soil organic matter in a sandy clay loam acrisol from southern Brazil 70 monitored by electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance. Soil & Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 53, p. 95-104, 2000. BAYER, C.; MARTIN-NETO, L.; MIELNICZUK, J.; SAAB, S. C.; MILORI, D. M. B. P.; BAGNATO, V. S. Tillage and cropping system effects on soil humic acid characteristics as determined by electron spin resonance and fluorescence spectroscopies. Geoderma, Amsterdam, v. 105, p. 81-92, 2002. BAYER, C.; MIELNICZUCK, J. Caracter?sticas qu?micas do solo afetadas por m?todos de preparo e sistemas de cultura. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo,v. 21, p. 105-112, 1997. BEARE, M. H.; CABREIRA, M. L.; HENDRIX, P. F. & COLEMAN, D. C. Aggregateprotected and unprotected organic matter pools in conventional-and no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, p.787-795, 1994. BELL, M. J.; BRIDGE, B. J.; HARCH, G. R. & ORANGE, D. N. Physical rehabilitation of degraded Krasnozems using ley pastures. Aust. J. Soil Res., 35:1093-1113, 1997. BELL, M. J.; RESS, R. M.; CLOY, J. M.; TOPP, C. F. R.; BAGNALL. A. & CHADWICK, D. R. Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle excreta applied to a Scottish grassland: Effects of soil and climatic conditions and a nitrification inhibitor. Science of the Total Environment, v. 508, p. 343-353, 2015. BITTENCOURT, M. V. L. Impactos da agricultura no meio-ambiente: Principais tend?ncias e Desafios. Economia & Tecnologia ? Ano 05, vol. 18 ? Julho/Setembro de 2009. BOCKMAN, O. C.; OLFS, H. W. Fertilizers, agronomy, and N2O. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Dordrecht, v. 52, n. 2/3, p. 165-170, 1998. BODDEY, R. M. & VICTORIA, R. L. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with Brachiaria and Paspalum grasses using 15N labelled organic matter and fertilizer. Plant & Soil, Dordrecht, v. 90, p.256-292, 1986. BODDEY, R. M.; MACEDO, R.; TARR?, R. M.; FERREIRA, E.; DE OLIVEIRA, O. C.; REZENDE, C. D. P.; CANTARUTTI, R. B.; PEREIRA, J M; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: the key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v.103, p.389-403, 2004. BODDEY, R. M.; S?, J. C. D. M.; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S. The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agricultural systems in the tropics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.29, n.5/6,p.787-799, 1997. BOUWMAN, A. Global estimates of gaseous emissions from agricultural land. Rome, FAO. 2001. BOUWMAN A. F.; LEE D. S.; ASMAN, W. A. H.; DENTENER F. J.; DER HOEK K. W.; OLIVIER J. G. J. A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, v.11, p. 561-587, 1997. 71 BRADY, N. C. Natureza e Propriedades dos Solos. Rio de Janeiro: Freitas Bastos, 898 p. 1989. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; BODDEY, R. M. Degrada??o de Pastagens, Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo e a Recupera??o do Potencial Produtivo em Sistemas de Baixo ?Input? Tecnol?gico na Regi?o dos Cerrados. Circular T?cnica. ISSN 1519-7328, Embrapa, Serop?dica, RJ, 2004. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R. & BODDEY, R. M. Avalia??o dos Estoques de Carbono e Nitrog?nio do Solo e a Recupera??o do Potencial Produtivo de Pastagens de Brachiaria spp. pela Aplica??o de Nitrog?nio em Itapor?, MS. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, 4 / Embrapa Agrobiologia. ISSN 1676-6709, Serop?dica, 2004. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; JANTALIA, C. P.; GUIMAR?ES, A. P.; DOS SANTOS, C. A.; DOS SANTOS, S. C.; MACHADO PINHEIRO, E. F.; BODDEY, R. M. Soil carbon stocks under productive and degraded Brachiaria pastures in the Brazilian Cerrados. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 77, p. 914-928, 2013. BREMMER, J. M. Sources of nitrous oxide in soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Dordrecht, v. 49, n. 1/3, p. 7-16, 1997. CAMBARDELLA, C. A. & ELLIOTT, E. T. Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of Ame rica Journal , v. 56, p. 777- 783, 1992. CAMPOS,D.V.B. Uso da t?cnica de 13C e fracionamento f?sico da mat?ria org?nica em solos sob cobertura de pastagens e cana de a??car na regi?o da Mata Atl?ntica.Tese de Doutorado, UFRuralRJ, Serop?dica, RJ. 2003. CARDOSO, A. N.; SAMIN?Z, T. C., VARGAS, M. A. Fluxos de gases-tra?o de efeito estufana interface solo/atmosfera em solos de Cerrado. Boletim de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina ? DF, 23 p., 2001. CARDOSO, S. A. Avalia??o das Emiss?es de Gases de Efeito Estufa em Diferentes Cen?rios de Intensifica??o de Uso das Pastagens no Brasil Central. Disserta??o apresentada a UFRRJ. 2012. CARDOSO, E. L.; SILVA, M. L. N.; CURI, N. F.; FERREIRA, M. M. & FREITAS, D. A. F. Qualidade qu?mica e f?sica do solo sob vegeta??o arb?rea nativa e pastagens no Pantanal Sul- Mato-Grossense. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35: 613-622, 2011. CARTER, M. S. Contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from urine patches. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, n. 39, p. 2091-2102, 2007. CARVALHO. A. M. & BRUSTAMANTE, M. M. C. Emiss?es de NO, N2O, CO2 em Agroecossistemas do Cerrado. (Documentos / Embrapa Cerrados, ISSN 1517-5111; 188), 2007. 72 CARVALHO, A. M de; BURLE, M. L.; PEREIRA, J.; SILVA, M. A. da. Manejo de Adubos Verdes no Cerrrado. Plantina, DF: Embrapa Cerrados, Circular T?cnica, 4, 1999. CERRI, C. E. P.; SPAROVEKI, G.; BERNOUX, M.; EASTERLING, W. E.; MELILLO, J. M. & CERRI, C. C. Tropical agriculture and global warming: impacts and mitigation options. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 64, n. 1, p. 83-99, 2007. CERRI, C. BERNOUX, C. E. P., CERRI, C. E. P. & FELLER, C. Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil. Soil Use and Management. 20, 248-254, 2004. CERRI, C.C.; MAIA, S. M. F.; GALDOS, M. V.; CERRI, C. E. P.; FEIGL, B. J.; BERNOUX, M. Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of agriculture and livestock. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 66, n. 6, p. 831-843, 2009. CHARPUIS-LARDY; L. WRAGE, N.; METAY, A. & CHOTTE, J.; BERNOUX, M. Soils, a sink for N2O? A review. Global Change Biology, Oxford, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-17, 2007. CHON?, T.; ANDREUX, F.; CORREA, J. C.; VOLKOFF, B.; CERRI, C. C. Changes in organic matter in an oxisol from the central Amazonian forest during eight years as pasture, determined by 13C isotopic composition. In: BERTHELIN, J., ed. Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry Elsevier. P. 397-405, 1991. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Physical fractionation of soil organic matter in primary particle size and density separates. Advances in Soil Science, 20: 1-90, 1992. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Advances in Soil Science, 143-159, 1996. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Organic matter in soil ?structure, function and turnover.DIAS Report N?. 30. Plant production, Tjele. p. 95, 2000. CLAYTON, H.; McTAGGART, I. P.; PARKER, J.; SWAN, L.; SMITH, K. A. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of the N fertilized form and environmental conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25:252-260,1997. COSTA, A. C. S., FERREIRA, J. C., SEIDEL, E. P., TORMENA, C. A. E PINTRO, J. C. Perdas de nitrog?nio por volatiliza??o da am?nia em tr?s solos Argilosos tratados com ureia. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, Maring?, v. 26, n. 4, p. 467-473, 2004. COSTA, A. R. Perdas gasosas de nitrog?nio e atributos microbiol?gicos do solo em pastagens ap?s aplica??o de urina e fezes de bovinos. Bras?lia: Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterin?ria. Tese de Doutorado. 92 p, 2015. COUTINHO, R. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. TORRES, A. Q. A. & JANTALIA, C. P. Estoque de Carbono e Nitrog?nio e Emiss?o de N2O em Diferentes Usos do Solo na Mata Atl?ntica. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v.45, n. 2, p.195- 203, fev.2010. 73 CRUTZEN, P. J.; ASELMANN, I & SEILER, W. Methane production by domestic animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna and humans. Tellus B. 38B, 271-284. 1986. CRUVINEL, E. B. F.; BUSTAMANTE, M. M. C.; KOZOVITS, A. R.; ZEPP, R. G. Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 144, n. 1, p. 29-10, 2011. DAVIDSON, E. A.; SWANK, W. T. Environmental parameters regulating gaseous nitrogen losses from two forested ecosystems via nitrification and denitrification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Baltimore, v. 52, n. 6, p. 1287-1292, 1986. DAVIDSON, E. A & VERCHOT, L. V. Testing the hole in the pipe model of nitric and nitrou oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14:1035-1043.2000. DAVIDSON, E. A.; JANSSENS, I. A. & LUO, Y. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10. Global Change Biology, v. 12, p. 154-164, 2006. DE KLEIN, C. A. M.; BARTON, L.; SHERLOCK, R. R.; LI, Z. & LITTLEJOHN, R. P. Estimating nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from New Zealnd pastoral soils. Australian Journal of Soil Reserch, v.41, p. 381-399, 2003. DEMEYER, D. I. and VAN NEVEL, C. J. Methanogenesis, an integrated part of carbohydrate fermentation, and its control. Pages 366-382 .In: I. W. McDonald and A. C. I. Warner, eds. Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. The University of New England Publishing Unit, Sydney, Australia, 1975. DENDOOVEN, L.; BONHOMME, E.; MERCKX, R. & VLASSAK, K. N dynamics and sources of N2O production following pig slurry application to a loamy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v.26: 224-228, 1998. DIAS JUNIOR, M. S. & ESTANISLAU, W. T. Grau de compacta??o e reten??o de ?gua de Latossolos submetidos a diferentes sistemas de manejo. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 23: 45-51, 1999. DOBBIE, K. E.; McTAGGART, I. P. & SMITH, K. A. Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.104, p. 26891-26899, 1999. DOBBIE K. E. & SMITH K. A. The effects of temperature, water-filled pore space and land use on N2O emissions from an imperfectly drained gleysol. European Journal of Soil Science, v.52, p.667-673. 2001. DORAN, J. W.; LINN, D. M. Microbial ecology of conservation management systems. In: HATFIELD, J. L.; STEWART, B. A. (Ed.). Soil biology: effects on soil quality. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, p. 1-27, 1994. 74 EDWARDS, D. R. Recycling livestock manure on pastures.In: Nutrient cycling in Forage Systems (Richard, E. J. & Roberts, C. A., Ed.) Potash and Phosphate Institue, Kansas. 45- 64.1996. EMBRAPA. Manual de m?todos de an?lises de solo. Rio de Janeiro. 1997. EMBRAPA/SOLOS. Sistema Brasileiro de Classifica??o de Solos. Bras?lia, Embrapa, Produ??o de Informa??es, 2013. EUCLIDES, V. P. B.; MACEDO, R.; VALLE, C. B. D.; DIFANTE, G. D. S.; BARBOSA, R. A.; CACERE, E. R. Valor nutritivo da forragem e produ??o animal em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, v.44, p. 96-106, 2009. FEIGL, B. J.; MELILLO, J.; CERRI, C. C. Changes in the origin and quality of soil organic matter after pasture introduction in Rond?nia (Brazil). Plant and Soil, v. 175, p. 21-29, 1995. FERREIRA, E. A. A excre??o de bovinos e as perdas de N nas pastagens tropicais. Tese de Mestrado. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Serop?dica, RJ. 120p. 1995. FIDALSKI, J.; TORMENA, C. A.; CECATO, U. B.; BARBERO, L. M.; LUG?O, S. M. B. & COSTA, M. A. T. Qualidade f?sica do solo em pastagem adubada e sob pastejo cont?nuo. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 43: 1583-1590, 2008. FIRESTONE, M. K. & DAVIDSON, E. A. Microbial basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil. In: Exchangr of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Ed. Andreae, M. O. & Schimel, D. S., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, p. 7-21, 1989. FLESSA, H.; DORSCH, P.;BEESE, F.; KONIG, H. & BOUWMAN, A. F. Influence of cattle waste on nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in pasture land. Journal of Enveronmental Quality, v.25, p. 1366-1370. 1996. FLOWERS, T. H. & OCALLAGHAN, J. R. Nitrification in soils incubated with pig slurry or ammonium sulphate. Journal Environmental Quality, v. 15, p. 337-342, 1983. FORSTER, P., RAMASWAMY, V., ARTAXO, P., BERNTSEN, T., BETTS, R., FAHEY, D. W., HAYWOOD, J., LEAN, J., LOWE, D. C., MYHRE, G., NGANGA, J., PRINN, R., RAGA, G., SCHULZ, M., VAN DORLAND, R., 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radioactive forcing. In: SOLOMON, S., QIN D., MANNING M., CHEN Z., MARQUIS, M., AVERT, K. B., IGNORANT, M., MILLER, H. L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Bases. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. GIACOMINI, S. J.; JANTALIA, C. P.; AITA, C.; URQUIAGA, S. S.; ALVES, B. J. R. Emiss?o de ?xido nitroso com a aplica??o de dejetos l?quidos de su?nos em solo sob plantio direto. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v. 41, n. 11, p. 1653-1661, 2006. 75 GILLER, K. E. Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. 2nd. Wallingford, Oxon, UK, CAB Publishing, 2001. GONZ?LEZ-AVALOS, E. & RUIZ-SU?REZ, L. G. Methane emission factors from cattle manure in Mexico. Bioresource Technology. 80:1, 63-71, 2001. GRANLI, T. & B?CKMAN O. C. Nitrous oxide from agriculture. Norw. J. Agric. Sci., Suppl. 12: 7-128, 1994. GUERRA, J. G. M. & SANTOS, G. A. Cap?tulo 13: M?todos Qu?micos F?sicos. In: Fundamentos da Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo: ecossistemas tropicais & subtropicais. 2 ed., Porto Alegre, Metr?pole, 2008. HAYNES, R. J.& WILLIAMS, P H. Nutrient cycling & soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy, San Diego, v. 49, p. 119-199, 1993. HERN?NDEZ, M., ARGEL, P. J., IBRAHIM, M. A. AND 'T MANNETJE, L. Pasture production, diet selection and liveweight gains of cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha with or without Arachis pintoi at two stocking rates in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Tropical Grasslands, v. 29, p. 134-141, 1995. IBGE ? Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica, Censo Agropecu?rio 2006. Comunicado social, Dezembro de 2007. Dispon?vel em www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias. IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica. Produ??o da pecu?ria municipal, Rio de Janeiro, v. 41, p. 1-68, 2013. IMHOFF, S.; SILVA, A. P. & TORMENA, C. A. Aplica??es da curva de resist?ncia no controle da qualidade f?sica de um solo sob pastagem. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 35:1493-1500, 2000. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). Technologies, policies and measures for mit igation climate change. Technical Paper I, 84p., 1996. IPCC ? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Chapter 10: Emissions from livestock and Manure Management. p.10.1-10.84, 2006. IPCC ? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, 104 p., 2007. JANTALIA, C. P.; ALVES, B. J. R.; ZOTARELLI, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; & URQUIAGA, S. Cap?tulo 2: Mudan?as no Estoque de C do Solo em ?reas de Produ??o de Gr?os: Avalia??o do Impacto do Manejo do Solo. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. 76 JANTALIA, C. P.; VILELA, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. & URQUIAGA, S. Cap?tulo 5: Integra??o Lavoura Pecu?ria como uma Tecnologia Sustent?vel para o Cerrado; Estudo de Caso. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. JANTALIA, C. P.; OLIVEIRA, O. C.; LENGRUBER, J. A.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. & ALVES, B. J. R. Cap?tulo 9: O Nitrog?nio como Elemento Chave para Evitar a Degrada??o das Pastagens e suas Implica??es na Produ??o de Gases de Efeito Estufa. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. JARVIS, S. C.; HATCH, D. J.; ROBERTS, S. The effects of grassland management in nitrogen losses from grazed sward through ammonia volatilization; the relationship to excretal N returns from cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science Camb., n. 112, p. 205-216, 1989. JASTROW, J. D.; BOUTTON, T. W.; MILLER, R. M. Carbon dynamics of aggregateassociated organic matter estimated by carbon-13 naturalabundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, v. 60, p. 801-807, 1996. JENSEN, E. S.; PEOPLES, M. B.; BODDEY, R. M.; GRESSHOF, P. M.; HAUGGAARDNIELSEN, H.; ALVES, B. J. R.; MORRISON, M. J. Legumes for mitigation of climate change and the provision of feedstock for biofuels. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. V. 32, p. 329-364, 2012. KEMPERS, A. J. & ZWEERS, A. Ammonium determination in soil extracts by the salicylate method. Commun. In Soil. Sci. Plant Anal., 17(7), 715-723. 1986. KHALIL, K.; MARY, B.; RENAULT, P. Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in soil aggregates as affected by O2 concentration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Oxford, v. 36, n. 4, p. 687-699, 2004. LAL, R. & STEWART, B. A. Managing soils for enhancing and sustaining agricultural production. In: LAL, R.; STEWART, B. A., ed. Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality. Boca Raton, Florida, USA :CRC Lewis Publishers, p. 1-9,1995. LAL, R. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2 -enrichment. Soil & Tillage Research. v.43, p.81-107, 1997. LAL, R. & KIMBLE, J. M. Tropical ecosytems and the global C Cycle. In: Advances in Soil Science: Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosytems (LAL, R.; KLIMBER,J.M. & STEWART,B.A., Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton. p. 3-32, 2000. LARA - CABEZAS, W. A. R.; KORNDORFER, G. H. & MOTTA, S. A. Volatiliza??o de am?nia na cultura do milho: II Avalia??o de fontes s?lidas e flu?das em sistema de plantio direto e convencional. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, Campinas, v. 21, n. 3, p. 489- 496, 1997. 77 LAUBACH, J.; TAGHIZADEH-TOOSI, A.; GIBBS, S. J.; SHERLOCK, R. R.; KELLIHER, F. M.; & GROVER, P. P. Ammonia emissions from cattle urine and dung excreted on pasture. Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 9, p. 13287-13318, 2012. LE?O, T. P. Intervalo h?drico ?timo em diferentes sistemas de pastejo e manejo da pastagem. Piracicaba, Universidade de S?o Paulo, 2002. 58p. (Disserta??o de Mestrado). LESSA, A. C. R.; LENGRUBER, J. A.; URQUIAGA, S.; ROBERT, R. M. & ALVES, B. J. R. Emiss?o de ?xido nitroso de fezes e urina bovina. In: XVIII Reuni?o Brasileira de Fertilidade do Solo e Nutri??o de Plantas ? FertBio, Londrina ?PR, Anais..., 2008. CDROOM. LESSA, A. C. R. Produ??o de ?xido nitroso e volatiliza??o de am?nia derivados da aplica??o de urina e fezes bovinos em pastagens sobre Latossolo em Goi?s. Disserta??o de mestrado. Agronomia (Ci?ncia do Solo). Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. LESSA, A. C. R.; MADARI, B. E.; PAREDES, D. S.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S.; JANTALIA, C. P. & ALVES, B. J. R. Bovine urine and dung deposited on Brazilian savannah pastures contribute differently to direct and indirect soil nitrous oxide emissions. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, v. 190, p. 104-111, 2014. LE TREUT, H.; SOMERVILLE, R.; CUBASCH, U.; DING, Y.; MAURITZEN, C.; MOKSSIT, A.; PETERSON, T.; PRATHER, M. Historical overview of climate change. In: SOLOMON, S., QIN, D.; MANNING, M.; CHEN, Z.; MARQUIS, M.; AVERYT, K. B.; TIGNOR, M.; MILLER, H. L. (Ed.). Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 93- 127. LIU, X. J.; MOSIER, A. R.; HALVORSON, A. D.; ZHANG, F.S.The impact of nitrogen placement and tillage on NO, N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a clay loam soil. Plant and Soil, Dordrecht, v. 280, n. 1-2, p. 177-188, 2006. LIU, X. J. J.; MOSIER, A. R.; HALVORSON, A. D.; REULE, C. A. & ZHANG, F. S.Dinitrogen and N2O emissions in arable soils: effect of tillage, N source and soil moisture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Oxford, 39 (9): 2362- 2370, 2007. LOCKYER, D. R. & WHITEHEAD, D. C. Volatilization of ammonia from cattle urine applied to grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 22, n. 8, p. 1137-1142, 1990. LOWRANCE, R.; JHONSON, J. C.; NEWTON, G. L. & WILLIANS, R. G. Denitrification from soils of a year-round forage production system fertilized with liquid dairy manure. Journal Environmental Quality, v.27, p. 1504-1511, 1998. LUCA, E. F. de; FELLER, C.; CERRI, C. C.; BARTH?S, B.; CHAPLOT, V.; CAMPOS, D. C.; MANECHINI, C. Avalia??o de atributos f?sicos e estoques de carbono e nitrog?nio em solos com queima e sem queima de canavial. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, Vi?osa, v. 32, n. 2, p. 789-800, 2008. 78 LUO, J.; LINDSEY, S. B.; LEDGARD, S. F. Nitrous oxide emissions from animal urine application on a New Zealand pasture. Biology Fertility of Soils, n. 44, p. 463-470, 2008. MACEDO, M. C. M. & ZIMMER, A. H. Sistema pasto-lavoura e seus efeitos na produtividade agropecu?ria. In: Simp?sio sobre Ecossistema de Pastagens, 2., 1993, Jaboticabal. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, UNESP, p. 216-245, 1993. MACEDO, M. C. M. Sistemas de produ??o animal em pasto nas savanas tropicais da Am?rica: limita??es ? sustentabilidade. In: Reuni?o Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal, 16. Congreso Uruguayo de Produccion animal, 3., 2000, Montevid?u. Anales. Associaci?n Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal, [2000]. (CD-ROM). MACEDO, M. C. M. Integra??o lavoura e pecu?ria: alternativa para sustentabilidade da produ??o animal. In: Simp?sio sobre Manejo da Pastagem - Planejamento de Sistemas de Produ??o em Pastagens, 18., 2001, Piracicaba. Anais. Piracicaba: FEALQ, p.257-283, 2001. MACEDO, M. C. M. Degrada??o de pastagens: conceitos, alternativas e m?todos de recupera??o. Campo Grande: Embrapa Gado de Corte, 2001. 12p. (Curso de Pastagens). MACEDO, M. C. M. Integra??o lavoura e pecu?ria: o estado da arte e inova??es tecnol?gicas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, p. 133-146, 2009. MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. San Diego: Academic Press, 889 p., 1995. MARTENS, D. A. Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 361-369, 2000. MAZZETTO, A. M.; BARNEZE, A. S.; FEIGL, B. J.; VAN GROENIGEN, J. W.; OENEMA, O. & CERRI, C. C. Temperature and moisture affect methane and nitrous oxide emission from bovine manure patches in tropical condit ions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 76, p. 242-248, 2014. MAZZETTO, A. M.; BARNEZE, A. S.; FEIGL, B. J.; VAN GROENIGEN, J, W.; OENEMA, O.; DE KLEIN, C. M. A. & CERRI, C. C. Use of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) does not mitigate N2O emission from bovine urine patches under Oxisol in Northwest Brazil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, v. 101, p. 83-92, 2015. McALLISTER, T. A.; OKINE, E. K.; MATHISON, G. W. and CHENG, K. J. Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 76: 231-243, 1996. McCAUGHEY, W. P.; Wittenberg,K. & Corrigan, D. Methane Prodution by Steers on Pasture. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.77, n. 3, p. 519-524, 1997. MCTI. Minist?rio da Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Inova??o. Segundo Comunicado Nacional das Emiss?es de Gases de Efeito Estufa. 2013. Dispon?vel em: www.mct.gov.br. 79 MILLS, J. A. N., DIJKSTRA, J., BANNINK, A., CAMMELL, S. B., KEBREAB, E. and FRANCE, J. Alternative approaches to predicting methane emissions from dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 3141-3150, 2003. MIRANDA, C. H. B.; FERNADES, C. D.; CADISCH, G. Quantifying the nitrogen fixed by Stylosanthes. Pasturas Tropicales, Colombia, v.21, n.1, p.64-69, 1999. MORAES, J. F. L. D.; VOLKOFF, B.; CERRI, C. C.; BERNOUX, M. Soil properties under Amazon forest and changes due to pasture installation in Rond?nia, Brazil. Geoderma, v.70, p.63-81, 1996. MOREIRA, F. M. S. & SIQUEIRA, J. O. Microbiologia e bioqu?mica do solo. 2. ed. Lavras: Ed. UFLA, p. 729, 2006. MORVAN, T. Quantification et mod?lisation des flux d?zote resultant de l??pandage de lisier.Paris, Universit? Paris 6, Tese de Doutorado, 157 p., 1999. MOSIER, A. R.; SCHIMEL, D.; VALENTINE, D.; BRONSON, K.; PARTON, W. Methane and nitrous oxide fertilized and cultivated grasslands. Nature, Londres, v. 350, p. 330-332, 1991. MOSIER, A., DUXBURY, J., FRENEY, J., HEINEMEYER, O. & MINAMI, K. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: assessment, measurement and mitigation. Plant and Soil, 181: 95-108, 1996. MOSIER, A.; WASSMANN, R.; VERCHOT, L., KING, J.; PALM, C. Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in tropical agricultural soils: sources, sinks and mechanisms. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 6, p. 11-49, 2004. MULLER, M. M. L.; GUIMAR?ES, M. F.; DESJARDINS, T. & MARTINS, P. F. S. Degrada??o de pastagens na Regi?o Amaz?nica: Propriedades f?sicas do solo e crescimento de ra?zes. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 36:1409-1418, 2001. MYERS, R. J. K.; PALM, C. A.; CUEVAS, E.; GUNATILLEKE,I.U.N. & BROSSARD,M. The synchronisation of nutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand. In: The Biological Management of Tropical Soil Fertility, p. 81-116, 1994. NEILL, C; MELILLO, J. M.; STEUDLER, P. A.; CERRI, C. C.; MORAES, J. F. L. D.; PICCOLO, M. C.; BRITO, M. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following forest clearing for pasture in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Applications, v. 7, n.4, p. 1216- 1225, 1997. NEVES JUNIOR, A. F.; SILVA, A. P.; NORONHA, N. C. & CERRI, C. C. Sistemas de manejo do solo na recupera??o de uma pastagem degradada em Rond?nia. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo , vol. 37, n. 1 . ISSN 0100-0683, p. 232-241, 2013. NKRUMAH, J. D., OKINE, E. K., MATHISON, G. W., SCHMID, K., LI, C., BASARAB, J. A., PRICE, M. A., WANG, Z. & MOORE, S. S. Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, 80 performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 145-153p., 2006. NOVAIS, R. F.; SMYTH, T. J. F?sforo em solo e planta em condi??es tropicais. Universidade Federa de Vi?osa, Vi?osa, MG. 399 p., 1999. OENEMA, O.; VELTHOF, G. L.; YAMULKI, S. & JARVIS, S. C. Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland. Soil Use and Management, v.13, p. 288-295, 1997. OENEMA, O.; BANNINK, A.; SOMMER, S. G. & VELTHOF, G. L. Gaseous nitrogen emissions from animal production systems. In: FOLLETT R. F. and HATFIELD J. L. (eds), Nitrogen in the Enviroment: Sources, Problems, and Management. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001. OENEMA, O.; WRAGE, N.; VELTHOF, G. L.; VAN GROENIGEN, J. W.; DOLFING, J.; KUIKMAN, P. J. Trends in global nitrous oxide emissions from animal production systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, v.72, p. 51-65, 2005. OLIVEIRA, O. C.; BODDEY, R. M.; MACEDO, R.; TARR?, R. M.; FERREIRA, E.; REZENDE, C. DE P.;. CANTARUTTI, R. B.; PEREIRA, J. M.; ALVES, B. J. R.; & URQUIAGA, S. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103:389-403p., 2004. OLSEN, K. K. Multiple wavelength ultraviolet determination of nitrate concentration, method comparisons from the Preakness Brook Monitoring Project, October 2005 to October 2006. Water Air Soil Pollut, 187: 195-202 p., 2008. PAUL, E. A. & CLARK, F. E. Soil microbiology and biochemistry. 2nd ed. California: Academic Press, 1996. 340p. PAULINO, V. T. & TEIXEIRA, E. M. L. Sustentabilidade de Pastagens Manejo adequado como Medida Redutora da Emiss?o de Gases de Efeito Estufa. CPG- Produ??o animal sustent?vel, Ecologia de Pastagens, IZ, APTA/SAA. 2009. PEDREIRA, B. C. Degrada??o de pastagens: processos e causas. 2011. Dispon?vel em: http://www.sistemafamato.org.br/site/arquivos/01122011123347.pdf. PERDOMO, C.; IRISARRI, P. E. & ERNST, O. Nitrous oxide emissions from an Uruguayan argiudoll under different tillage and rotation treatments. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Dordrecht, v. 84, n. 2, p. 119-128, 2009. PETERSEN, S. O.; SOMMER, S. G.; AAES, O. & SOEGAARD, K. Ammonia losses from urine and dung of grazing cattle: effect of N intake. Atmospheric Enviromment, v. 32, n.3, p. 295-300, 1998. PINHEIRO, ?. F. M.; LIMA, E.; CEDDIA, M. B.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; BODDEY, R. M. Impact of pre-harvest burning versus trash conservation on soil carbon and nitrogen stocks on a sgarcane plantation in the Brasilian Atlantic Forest region. Plant and Soil,. In press. DOI: 10.1007/s11104-010-0320-7, 2010. 81 PORT, O. Uso de dejetos de su?nos em sistemas plantio direto: Volatiliza??o de am?nia, N mineral no solo, fornecimento de nutrientes e produtividade de plantas de cobertura e de milho. UFSM, 132 p., 2002 (Tese Mestrado). PRIMAVESI, A. Manejo Ecol?gico do Solo: a Agricultura em Regi?es Tropicais. S?o Paulo: Nobel, 1999. 549p. PRODES. Taxas anuais do desmatamento - 1988 at? 2011, (2013). Dispon?vel @ http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2011.htm. PUPO, N. I. H. Manual de pastagens e forrageiras: forma??o, conserva??o, utiliza??o. Instituto Campineiro de Ensino Agr?cola - Campinas, S?o Paulo, 2000. 66p. RALISCH, R.; MIRANDA, T. M.; OKUMURA, R. S.; BARBOSA, G. M. C.; GUIMAR?ES, M. F.; SCOPEL, E. & BALBINO, L. C. Resist?ncia ? penetra??o de um Latossolo Vermelho-Amarelo do Cerrado sob diferentes sistemas de manejo. R. Bras. Eng. Agric. Amb., 12:381-384, 2008. REICOSKY, D. C. & FORCELLA, F. Cover crop and soil quality interactions in agroecosystems. J. Soil Water Conserv., 53: 224-229, 1998. ROBERTSON, G. P. & GRACE, P. R. Greenhouse gas fluxes in tropical and temperate agriculture: the need for a full-cost accounting of global warming potentials. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v.6, n.1-2, p.51-63, 2004. ROSCOE, R.; BUURMAN, P; VELTHORST, E. J.; VASCONCELLOS, C. A. Soil organic matter dynamics in density and particle size fractions as revealed by the 13C/12C isotopic ratio in a Cerrado?s Oxisol. Geoderma, 104:185-202, 2001. ROSCOE R. & MACHADO, P. L. O. A. Fracionamento f?sico do solo em estudos da mat?ria org?nica. Dourados: Embrapa Agropecu?ria Oeste; Rio de Janeiro: Embrapa Solos, 86 p., 2002. RUSER, R.; FLESSA, H.; RUSSOW, R.; SCHMIDT, G.; BUEGGER, F.; MUNCH, J. C. Emission of N2O, N2 and CO2 from soil fertilized with nitrate: effect of compaction, soil moisture and rewetting. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Oxford, v. 38, n. 2, p. 263-274, 2006. SAGGAR, S.; BOLAN, N. S.; BHANDRAL, R. HEDLEY, C. B. & LUO, J. A. Review of emissions os methane, ammonia and nitrous oxide from animal excreta deposition an farm effluent application in grazed pastures. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, v. 47, n. 4, p. 513-544, 2004. SANTANA J. R. DE AND PEREIRA J. M. Efeito do pastejo sobre a persist?ncia, produ??o e qualidade da consorcia??o Brachiaria dictyoneura Stapf. CIAT 6133 e Arachis repens. Relat?rio CEPEC/CEPLAC, Itabuna, BA, Brazil. 1995. 82 SANTOS, J. T.; ANDRADE, A. P.; SILVA, I. F.; SILVA, D. S.; SANTOS, E. M. & SILVA, A. P. G. Atributos f?sicos e qu?micos do solo de ?reas sob Pastejo na Micro Regi?o do Brejo Paraibano. Ci?ncia Rural,v.40, n?. 12. Santa Maria, 2010. SCHERER, E. E.; AITA, C. & BALDISSERA, I. T. Avalia??o da qualidade do esterco l?quido de su?nos da regi?o Oeste Catarinense para fins de utiliza??o como fertilizante. Florian?polis, EPAGRI, 46p. (Boletim T?cnico, 79), 1996. SEGNINI, A.; NETO, L. M.; PRIMAVES, I. O.; MILORI, D. M. B. P.; SILVA, W. T. L & SIM?ES, M. L. Seq?estro de Carbono em Solos com Gram?neas. Circular T?cnica- Embrapa. ISSN 1517-4778. S?o Carlos-SP, 2007. SIGNOR, D. Estoques de carbono e nitrog?nio e emiss?es de gases do efeito estufa em ?reas de cana-de-a??car na regi?o de Piracicaba. Disserta??o de Mestrado. Escola Superior de Agricultura ?Luiz de Queiroz?, 2010. SILVA, S. N., PINHEIRO, E. F. M., CEDDIA, M. B., ANJOS, L. H. C., ALVES, B. J. R. & UNTERLEITNER, B. Emiss?o de ?xido Nitroso em Solos sob Pastagem em Fun??o da Topografia no Rio de Janeiro. Congresso Brasileiro de Ci?ncia do Solo. Fortaleza, 2010. SIMEK, M.; JISOV?, L. & HOPKINS, D. W. What is the so-called optimum pH for denitrification in soil. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, v.34, p. 1227-1234, 2002. SIQUEIRA NETO, M. Estoque de carbono e nitrog?nio do solo com diferentes manejos no Cerrado goiano. 159 f. Tese (Doutorado ? Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Ci?ncias. ?rea de concentra??o: Energia Nuclear na Agricultura) ? Centro de Energia Nuclear na Agricultura da Universidade de S?o Paulo. Piracicaba, 2006. SISTI, C. P. J. Influ?ncia de Sistemas de Preparo do Solo e Manejo de Culturas sobre o Estoque de Carbono e Nitrog?nio do Solo em Diferentes Condi??es Agr?colas. Disserta??o de Mestrado em Fitotecnia. UFRuralRJ, p. 208, 2001. SISTI, C. P. J.; SANTOS, H. P. D.; KOCHHANN, R. A.; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. Change in carbon and nitrogen stocks in soil under 13 years of conventional or zero tillage in southern Brazil. Soil and Tillage Research, v.76, n.1, p. 39-58, 2004. SIX, J., ELLIOTT, E. T. PAUSTIAN, K. Soil macroaggregate turnover and microaggregate formation: a mechanism for C sequestration under no - tillage agriculture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 2099- 2103, 2000. SIX, J.; FELLER, C.; DENEF, K.; OGLE, S. M.; MORAES, J. C. & ALBRECHT, A. Soil organic matter, biota and aggregation in temperate and tropical soils ? Effects of no-tillage. Agronomie, 22: 755-775, 2002. SMITH B. N. & EPSTEIN S. Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology, v.47, p.380-384, 1971. SMITH, B. N.; & EPSTEIN, S. Two categories of 13C/12C ratios for higher plants. Plant Physiology, v.76, p.39-58, 2004. 83 SMITH, J. L.; MYUNG, H. U. Rapid procedures for preparing soil and KCl extracts for 15N analysis. Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis, v.21, p.2273-2279, 1990. SMITH, K. A.; THOMSON, P. E.; CLAYTON, H.; McTAGGART, I. P.; CONEN, F. Effects of temperature, water content and nitrogen fertilization on emissions of nitrous oxide by soils. Atmospheric Environment, v. 32, p. 3301-3309, 1998. SMITH, K. A.; BALL, T.; CONEN, F.; DOBBIE, K. E.; MASSHEDER, J. & REY, A. Exchande of greenhouse gases between soil and atmosphere: interactions of soil physical factors and biological processes. European Journal of Soil Science, v.54, p. 779-791, 2003. SNYDER, C. S.; BRUULSEMA, T. W.; JENSEN, T. L.; FIXAN, P. E. Review of greenhouse gas emissions form cropping production systems and fertilizer management effects. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, Amsterdam, v. 133, n. 3/4, p. 247-266, 2009. SOHI, S.; MAHIEU, N.; ARAH, J. R. M.; POWLSON, D. S. P.; MADARI, B. & GAUNT, J.L. Procedure for isolating soil organic matter fractions suitable for modeling. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 65: 1121-1128, 2001. SOLLINS, P.; HOMMAN, P. & CALDWELL, B. A. Stabilization and destabilization of soil organic matter: mechanisms and controls. Geoderma, 74: 65-105, 1996. SOMMER, S. G. & & MOLLER, H. B. Emission of greenhouse gases during composting of deep litter from pig production ? effect of straw content. Journal of Agricultural Science, 134: 327-335, 2000. SORDI, A.; DIECKOW, J.; BAYER, C.; ALBUQUERQUE, M. A.; PIVA, J. T.; ZANATTA,J. A.; TOMAZI, M.; ROSA, C. M.; MORAES, A. Nitrous oxide emission factors for urine and dung patches in a subtropical Brazilian pastureland. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, v. 190, p. 94-103, 2014. SOUZA, E. D.; COSTA, S. E. V. G. A.; LIMA, C. V. S.; ANGHINONI, I.; MEURER, E. J. & CARVALHO, P. C. F. Carbono org?nico e f?sforo microbiano em sistemas de integra??o agricultura-pecu?ria submetidos a diferentes intensidades de pastejo em plantio direto. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, 32: 1273-1282, 2008. TAN, I. Y. S.; ES, H. M.; DUXBURY, J. M.; MELKONIAN, J. J.; SCHINDELBECK, R. R.; GEOHRING, L. D.; HIVELY, W. D.; MOEBIUS, B. N. Single-event nitrous oxide losses under maize production as affected by soil type, tillage, rotation, and fertilization. Soil and Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 102, n. 1, p. 19-26, 2009. TARR?, R. M.; MACEDO, R.; CANTARUTTI, R. B.; REZENDE, C. D. P.; PEREIRA, J. M.; FERREIRA, E.; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. The effect of the presence of a forage legume on nitrogen and carbon levels in soils under Brachiaria pastures in the Atlantic forest region of the South of Bahia, Brazil. Plant and Soil, v. 234, p. 15-26, 2001. 84 TERMAN, G. L. Volatilization losses of nitrogen as ammonia from surface-applied fertilizers, organic amendments and crop residues. Advances in Agronomy, v. 13, p. 189- 223, 1979. THOMAS, R. J. The role of the legume in the nitrogen cycle of productive and sustainable pastures. Grass and Forage Science, v. 47, p. 133-142, 1992. URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. & ALVES, B. J. R. Din?mica do N no solo. Palestra apresentada no I Simp?sio brasileiro sobre nitrog?nio em Plantas. Itagua?, RJ, 1990. URQUIAGA, S.; SISTI, C.; SANTOS, H. P.; KOCHHANN, R.; ALVES, B. J. R.; BODDEY, R. M. Influence of crop rotation and soil tillage system in the organic C balance in an oxisol (Typic Haplorthox). In: CONGRESSO MUNDIAL DE CI?NCIA DO SOLO, 17., Bangkok, Tailandia, 2002. Resumos. Bangkok: Srimuang Printing Co., 2002. CD-ROM. URQUIAGA, S.; JANTALIA, C. P.; ZOTARELLI, L.; ALVES, B. J. R. & BODDEY, R. M. Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas para Sequestro de Carbono no Solo. In: Aquino, A. M.; Assis, R. L. (ed.). Processos Biol?gicos no Sistema Solo-Planta. Embrapa. Bras?lia, D. F. p.323- 342, 2005. URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. Din?mica do N no Solo. Palestra apresentada no I Simp?sio brasileiro sobre nitrog?nio em Plantas. Itagua?, Rio de Janeiro, 1990. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: Impacto no seq?estro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa, 2006. URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; DAVID, V. B. C. & BODDEY, R. M. Cap I: Aplica??o de T?cnicas de 13 C em Estudos de Sequestro de C em Solos Agr?colas. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: Impacto no seq?estro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa, 2006. VARELLA, R. F.; BUSTAMANTE, M. M. C.; PINTO, A. S.;KISSELLE, K. W.; SANTOS, R. V.; BURKE, R. A.; ZEPP, R. G.; VIANA, L. T. Soilfluxes of CO2,CO, NO, and N2O from an old pasture and from native savanna in Brazil. Ecological Society of America, n. 14, p. 221-231, 2004. van GROENIGEN, J. W.; KUIKMAN, P. J.; GROOT, W. J. M.; VELTHOF, G. L. Nitrous oxide emission from urine-treated soil as influenced by urine composition and soil physical conditions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Oxford, v. 37, p. 463-473, 2005. VELDKAMP, E. Organic Carbon Turnover in Three Tropical Soils under Pasture after Deforestation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, p. 175-180, 1994. VELTHOF, G. L.; BRADER, A. B.; & OENEMA, O. Seasonal variations in nitrous oxide losses from managed grasslands in The Netherlands. Plant and Soil, v. 181, p. 263-274.1996. VELTHOF, G. L. & OENEMA, O. Nitrous oxide fluxes from grassland in the Netherlands, II, Effects of soil type, nitrogen fertilizer application and grazing. European Journal of Soil Science, v.46, p. 549, 1995. 85 VERBURG, P. H.; VELDKAMP, A.; ROUSEVELL, M. D. A. Scenario-based studies of future land use in Europe. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, Amsterdam, v. 114, p. 1-6, 2006. XU, H.; CAI, Z. C.; TSURUTA, H. Soil moisture between rice-growing seasons affects methane emission, production, and oxidation. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, v. 67, p. 1147-1157, 2003. WILLIAMS, D. L.; INESON, P. & COWARD, P. A. Temporal variations in nitrous oxide fluxes from urine-affected grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.31, p. 779-788.1999. YANG, S. S.; CHANG, H. L. Methane emission from paddy fields in Taiwan. Biology and Fertility of Soils, Berlin, v. 33, p. 157-165, 2001. ZAMAN, M.; SAGGAR, S.; BLENNERHASSETT, J. D. & SINGH, J. Effect of urease and nitrification inhibitors on N transformation, gaseous emissions of ammonia and nitrous oxide, pasture yield and N uptake in grazed pasture system. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 41, p. 1270-1280, 2009. ZIMMER, A. H.; MACEDO, M. C. M.; KICHEL, A. N., EUCLIDES, V. B. P. Sistemas integrados de producci?n agropastoril. In: GUIMAR?ES, E.; SANZ, J.I.; RAO, I.M.; Am?zquita, M.C. & Am?zquita,E. (Eds.) Sistemas agropastoriles en sabanas tropicales de Am?rica Latina. s.l.: CIAT, p. 245-283, 1999. (Publicaci?n CIAT, 313). ZUCHELLO, F. Emiss?es de ?xido nitroso (N2O) de Cambissolo cultivado com cana-dea??car em Campos dos Goytacazes: Impacto de aduba??es com vinha?a e ureia. Disserta??o de Mestrado, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2010.Fra??o leve livreOrigem do carbono no soloEspa?o poroso saturado por ?guaFree light fractionSoil carbon sourcePore space saturated by waterAgronomiaEstoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)Stocks of C and N and nitrous oxide emissions under vegetation cover of Brachiaria brizantha pasture and forest in Itabela (BA).info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJinstname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)instacron:UFRRJTHUMBNAIL2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf.jpg2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf.jpgimage/jpeg3302http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/4/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdf.jpg9ee8401e943843407ad6857e429a1b47MD54TEXT2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf.txt2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf.txttext/plain241704http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/3/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdf.txt884cb9664ee1cc1efc6afb09e5b26498MD53ORIGINAL2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdf2016 - Camila Almeida dos Santos.pdfapplication/pdf1678246http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/2/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdfe93f72ec5a5c2bb10da9834b28b83936MD52LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-82089http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/1/license.txt7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7MD51jspui/42722022-06-02 10:26:16.859oai:localhost: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Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://tede.ufrrj.br/PUBhttps://tede.ufrrj.br/oai/requestbibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.bropendoar:2022-06-02T13:26:16Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Stocks of C and N and nitrous oxide emissions under vegetation cover of Brachiaria brizantha pasture and forest in Itabela (BA).
title Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
spellingShingle Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
Santos, Camila Almeida dos
Fra??o leve livre
Origem do carbono no solo
Espa?o poroso saturado por ?gua
Free light fraction
Soil carbon source
Pore space saturated by water
Agronomia
title_short Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
title_full Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
title_fullStr Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
title_full_unstemmed Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
title_sort Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA)
author Santos, Camila Almeida dos
author_facet Santos, Camila Almeida dos
author_role author
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Pinheiro, ?rika Fl?via Machado
dc.contributor.advisor1ID.fl_str_mv 644.889.777-15
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/8101589624388403
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Boddey, Robert Michel
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Campos, David Vilas Boas
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Lima, Eduardo
dc.contributor.authorID.fl_str_mv 033.935.495-02
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/7865577793031859
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Santos, Camila Almeida dos
contributor_str_mv Pinheiro, ?rika Fl?via Machado
Boddey, Robert Michel
Campos, David Vilas Boas
Lima, Eduardo
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Fra??o leve livre
Origem do carbono no solo
Espa?o poroso saturado por ?gua
topic Fra??o leve livre
Origem do carbono no solo
Espa?o poroso saturado por ?gua
Free light fraction
Soil carbon source
Pore space saturated by water
Agronomia
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Free light fraction
Soil carbon source
Pore space saturated by water
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv Agronomia
description The atmospheric concentration of greenhouse gases (GHG) such as carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) has increased significantly since the Industrial Revolution and agriculture contributes more significantly to this increase. Entratanto, some management practices favor the increase in stocks of C and N in the soil and are of great importance to mitigate global warming. The overall objective of the study was to verify emissions of nitrous oxide and carbon and nitrogen stocks in areas under Brachiaria spp pastures to soil and climatic conditions Itabela, South Bahia. Two experiments were done. The first experiment was evaluated the stock of C and N in two transects in areas established to fifteen years with productive Brachiaria brizantha cv Arapoti and Brachiaria brizantha cv Xara?s and native forest in the Animal Science Experimental Station (CEPLAC) Itabela- Bahia. The experimental design was completely randomized with four replications for each treatment. Trenches were opened where soil samples were collected up to 100 cm deep for the determination of bulk density, carbon, nitrogen, ?13C and light fraction of SOM. The highest levels of carbon and nitrogen, the stock of C and N in the soil were observed in the areas under pasture. The carbon contribution derived from pastatagens (C4) was higher only in the first 5 cm of soil. The free light fraction intake was higher in the surface (0- 10 cm) for both treatments, and pastures showed higher FLL input regarding the forest, where there is greater input and accumulation of plant biomass. The second experiment evaluated the effect of bovine excreta originating from dairy cows that pastejavam in consortium areas (Brachiaria and legume Desmodium ovalifolium) and areas of monoculture (Brachiaria) and the effect of the application of nitrogenous fertilizers (urea) in an area B. brizantha cv Marandu from under the nitrogen gas losses. 36 plots were established in an experimental design of 6 randomized blocks with six treatments (urea, monoculture urine, urine consortium, monoculture feces, feces consortium and control), in two periods of application of excreta (dry and wet. The sampling gas (N2O) were made by the method of closed static chamber. comitantly held soil sampling for verification of soil moisture, the pore space saturated by water (EPSA), levels of nitrate, ammonium in the soil and soluble carbon, and volatilization ammonia. the deposition of excreta in pasture under significantly increased the flow of nitrous soil oxide and volatilized ammonia, compared to the control. in the rainy season these flows were associated with the availability of nitrate in soil and pore space saturated with water. in dry season, the nitrous oxide flows were associated with levels of nitrate and soil carbon urine was the treatment that provides higher losses of nitrogen in areas pastagem. The accumulation of N2O in treatments consortium urine showed higher in the dry season. The biggest losses by ammonia volatilization occurred in the rainy season.
publishDate 2016
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2016-06-16
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2020-12-16T23:13:17Z
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis
format masterThesis
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv Santos, Camila Almeida dos. Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA). 2016. f.. Disserta??o (Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Agronomia - Ci?ncia do Solo) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica - RJ .
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/4272
identifier_str_mv Santos, Camila Almeida dos. Estoques de C e N e emiss?es de ?xido nitroso sob cobertura vegetal de pastagem de Brachiaria brizantha e mata, em Itabela (BA). 2016. f.. Disserta??o (Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Agronomia - Ci?ncia do Solo) - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica - RJ .
url https://tede.ufrrj.br/jspui/handle/jspui/4272
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv por
language por
dc.relation.references.por.fl_str_mv AKIYAMA, H. & TSURUTA, H. Nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, and nitrogen dioxide fluxes from soils after manure and urea application. Journal of Environmental Quality, v. 32, p. 423-431, 2003. ALMEIDA, A. C. R. Uso associado de esterco l?quido de su?nos e plantas de cobertura de solo na cultura do milho. Santa Maria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 144 p., 2000. (Disserta??o de Mestrado). ALVES, B. J. R.; SANTOS, J. C. F.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. M?todos de Determina??o do Nitrog?nio Em Solo e Planta. In: Ara?jo, R. S.; Hungria, M. (Org.). Manual de M?todos Empregados em Estudos de Microbiologia Agr?cola. Bras?lia, p. 449-469, 1994. ALVES, B. J. R.; OLIVEIRA, O. C. D.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S. M?todos isot?picos. In: SANTOS, G. A.; CAMARGO, F. A. O., ed. Fundamentos da Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo. Porto Alegre: Editora Genesis. P. 337-357, 1999. ALVES, B. J. R.; ZOTARELLI, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S. Soybean bene fit to a subsequent wheat cropping system under zero tillage. In: Nuclear Techiniques in Integrated Plant Nutrient, Water and Soil Management. IAEA, Viena, p. 87- 93, 2002. ALVES, B. J. R.; SMITH, K. A.; RILNER, A. F.; CARDOSO, A. S.; OLIVEIRA, W. R. D.; JANTALIA, C. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. Selection of the most suitable sampling time for static chambers for the estimation of daily mean N2O flux from soils. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.46, p.129-135, 2012. AMADO, T. J. C.; MILENICZUK, J.; FERNANDES, S. B. V. Leguminosas e aduba??o mineral como fontes de nitrog?nio para o milho em sistemas de preparo do solo. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, v.24, p.179-189. 2000. ARA?JO, E. S.; MARSOLA, T.; MIYAZAWA, M.; SOARES, L. H. B.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. Calibra??o de c?mara semiaberta est?tica para quantifica??o de am?nia volatilizada do solo. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v.44, n.7, p.769-776, 2009. BABIL?NIA, J. L. Pastagens Consorciadas, Estoque de Carbono e Nitrog?nio, Produtividade e Persist?ncia de Leguminosas. Tese de Doutorado. Lavras: UFLA, 159 p., 2013. BARNEZE, A. S.; MAZZETTO, A. M.; ZANI, C. F.; MISSELBROOK, T. & CERRI, C. C. Nitrous oxide emissions from soil due to urine deposition by grazing cattle in Brazil. Atmospheric Environment, v. 92, p. 394-397, 2014. BAYER, C.; MARTIN-NETO, L.; MIELNICZUCK, J.; CERETTA, C. A. Effect of no-till cropping system on soil organic matter in a sandy clay loam acrisol from southern Brazil 70 monitored by electron spin resonance and nuclear magnetic resonance. Soil & Tillage Research, Amsterdam, v. 53, p. 95-104, 2000. BAYER, C.; MARTIN-NETO, L.; MIELNICZUK, J.; SAAB, S. C.; MILORI, D. M. B. P.; BAGNATO, V. S. Tillage and cropping system effects on soil humic acid characteristics as determined by electron spin resonance and fluorescence spectroscopies. Geoderma, Amsterdam, v. 105, p. 81-92, 2002. BAYER, C.; MIELNICZUCK, J. Caracter?sticas qu?micas do solo afetadas por m?todos de preparo e sistemas de cultura. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo,v. 21, p. 105-112, 1997. BEARE, M. H.; CABREIRA, M. L.; HENDRIX, P. F. & COLEMAN, D. C. Aggregateprotected and unprotected organic matter pools in conventional-and no-tillage soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 58, p.787-795, 1994. BELL, M. J.; BRIDGE, B. J.; HARCH, G. R. & ORANGE, D. N. Physical rehabilitation of degraded Krasnozems using ley pastures. Aust. J. Soil Res., 35:1093-1113, 1997. BELL, M. J.; RESS, R. M.; CLOY, J. M.; TOPP, C. F. R.; BAGNALL. A. & CHADWICK, D. R. Nitrous oxide emissions from cattle excreta applied to a Scottish grassland: Effects of soil and climatic conditions and a nitrification inhibitor. Science of the Total Environment, v. 508, p. 343-353, 2015. BITTENCOURT, M. V. L. Impactos da agricultura no meio-ambiente: Principais tend?ncias e Desafios. Economia & Tecnologia ? Ano 05, vol. 18 ? Julho/Setembro de 2009. BOCKMAN, O. C.; OLFS, H. W. Fertilizers, agronomy, and N2O. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Dordrecht, v. 52, n. 2/3, p. 165-170, 1998. BODDEY, R. M. & VICTORIA, R. L. Estimation of biological nitrogen fixation associated with Brachiaria and Paspalum grasses using 15N labelled organic matter and fertilizer. Plant & Soil, Dordrecht, v. 90, p.256-292, 1986. BODDEY, R. M.; MACEDO, R.; TARR?, R. M.; FERREIRA, E.; DE OLIVEIRA, O. C.; REZENDE, C. D. P.; CANTARUTTI, R. B.; PEREIRA, J M; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: the key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v.103, p.389-403, 2004. BODDEY, R. M.; S?, J. C. D. M.; ALVES, B. J. R.; URQUIAGA, S. The contribution of biological nitrogen fixation for sustainable agricultural systems in the tropics. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v.29, n.5/6,p.787-799, 1997. BOUWMAN, A. Global estimates of gaseous emissions from agricultural land. Rome, FAO. 2001. BOUWMAN A. F.; LEE D. S.; ASMAN, W. A. H.; DENTENER F. J.; DER HOEK K. W.; OLIVIER J. G. J. A global high-resolution emission inventory for ammonia. Global Biogeochem. Cycles, v.11, p. 561-587, 1997. 71 BRADY, N. C. Natureza e Propriedades dos Solos. Rio de Janeiro: Freitas Bastos, 898 p. 1989. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; BODDEY, R. M. Degrada??o de Pastagens, Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo e a Recupera??o do Potencial Produtivo em Sistemas de Baixo ?Input? Tecnol?gico na Regi?o dos Cerrados. Circular T?cnica. ISSN 1519-7328, Embrapa, Serop?dica, RJ, 2004. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R. & BODDEY, R. M. Avalia??o dos Estoques de Carbono e Nitrog?nio do Solo e a Recupera??o do Potencial Produtivo de Pastagens de Brachiaria spp. pela Aplica??o de Nitrog?nio em Itapor?, MS. Boletim de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, 4 / Embrapa Agrobiologia. ISSN 1676-6709, Serop?dica, 2004. BRAZ, S. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; ALVES, B. J. R.; JANTALIA, C. P.; GUIMAR?ES, A. P.; DOS SANTOS, C. A.; DOS SANTOS, S. C.; MACHADO PINHEIRO, E. F.; BODDEY, R. M. Soil carbon stocks under productive and degraded Brachiaria pastures in the Brazilian Cerrados. Soil Science Society of America Journal, v. 77, p. 914-928, 2013. BREMMER, J. M. Sources of nitrous oxide in soils. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, Dordrecht, v. 49, n. 1/3, p. 7-16, 1997. CAMBARDELLA, C. A. & ELLIOTT, E. T. Particulate soil organic matter changes across a grassland cultivation sequence. Soil Science Society of Ame rica Journal , v. 56, p. 777- 783, 1992. CAMPOS,D.V.B. Uso da t?cnica de 13C e fracionamento f?sico da mat?ria org?nica em solos sob cobertura de pastagens e cana de a??car na regi?o da Mata Atl?ntica.Tese de Doutorado, UFRuralRJ, Serop?dica, RJ. 2003. CARDOSO, A. N.; SAMIN?Z, T. C., VARGAS, M. A. Fluxos de gases-tra?o de efeito estufana interface solo/atmosfera em solos de Cerrado. Boletim de pesquisa e desenvolvimento, Embrapa Cerrados, Planaltina ? DF, 23 p., 2001. CARDOSO, S. A. Avalia??o das Emiss?es de Gases de Efeito Estufa em Diferentes Cen?rios de Intensifica??o de Uso das Pastagens no Brasil Central. Disserta??o apresentada a UFRRJ. 2012. CARDOSO, E. L.; SILVA, M. L. N.; CURI, N. F.; FERREIRA, M. M. & FREITAS, D. A. F. Qualidade qu?mica e f?sica do solo sob vegeta??o arb?rea nativa e pastagens no Pantanal Sul- Mato-Grossense. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 35: 613-622, 2011. CARTER, M. S. Contribution of nitrification and denitrification to N2O emissions from urine patches. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, n. 39, p. 2091-2102, 2007. CARVALHO. A. M. & BRUSTAMANTE, M. M. C. Emiss?es de NO, N2O, CO2 em Agroecossistemas do Cerrado. (Documentos / Embrapa Cerrados, ISSN 1517-5111; 188), 2007. 72 CARVALHO, A. M de; BURLE, M. L.; PEREIRA, J.; SILVA, M. A. da. Manejo de Adubos Verdes no Cerrrado. Plantina, DF: Embrapa Cerrados, Circular T?cnica, 4, 1999. CERRI, C. E. P.; SPAROVEKI, G.; BERNOUX, M.; EASTERLING, W. E.; MELILLO, J. M. & CERRI, C. C. Tropical agriculture and global warming: impacts and mitigation options. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 64, n. 1, p. 83-99, 2007. CERRI, C. BERNOUX, C. E. P., CERRI, C. E. P. & FELLER, C. Carbon cycling and sequestration opportunities in South America: the case of Brazil. Soil Use and Management. 20, 248-254, 2004. CERRI, C.C.; MAIA, S. M. F.; GALDOS, M. V.; CERRI, C. E. P.; FEIGL, B. J.; BERNOUX, M. Brazilian greenhouse gas emissions: the importance of agriculture and livestock. Scientia Agricola, Piracicaba, v. 66, n. 6, p. 831-843, 2009. CHARPUIS-LARDY; L. WRAGE, N.; METAY, A. & CHOTTE, J.; BERNOUX, M. Soils, a sink for N2O? A review. Global Change Biology, Oxford, v. 13, n. 1, p. 1-17, 2007. CHON?, T.; ANDREUX, F.; CORREA, J. C.; VOLKOFF, B.; CERRI, C. C. Changes in organic matter in an oxisol from the central Amazonian forest during eight years as pasture, determined by 13C isotopic composition. In: BERTHELIN, J., ed. Diversity of Environmental Biogeochemistry Elsevier. P. 397-405, 1991. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Physical fractionation of soil organic matter in primary particle size and density separates. Advances in Soil Science, 20: 1-90, 1992. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Structure and organic matter storage in agricultural soils. Advances in Soil Science, 143-159, 1996. CHRISTENSEN, B. T. Organic matter in soil ?structure, function and turnover.DIAS Report N?. 30. Plant production, Tjele. p. 95, 2000. CLAYTON, H.; McTAGGART, I. P.; PARKER, J.; SWAN, L.; SMITH, K. A. Nitrous oxide emissions from fertilized grassland: A 2-year study of the effects of the N fertilized form and environmental conditions. Biology and Fertility of Soils, 25:252-260,1997. COSTA, A. C. S., FERREIRA, J. C., SEIDEL, E. P., TORMENA, C. A. E PINTRO, J. C. Perdas de nitrog?nio por volatiliza??o da am?nia em tr?s solos Argilosos tratados com ureia. Acta Scientiarum Agronomy, Maring?, v. 26, n. 4, p. 467-473, 2004. COSTA, A. R. Perdas gasosas de nitrog?nio e atributos microbiol?gicos do solo em pastagens ap?s aplica??o de urina e fezes de bovinos. Bras?lia: Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterin?ria. Tese de Doutorado. 92 p, 2015. COUTINHO, R. P.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. TORRES, A. Q. A. & JANTALIA, C. P. Estoque de Carbono e Nitrog?nio e Emiss?o de N2O em Diferentes Usos do Solo na Mata Atl?ntica. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v.45, n. 2, p.195- 203, fev.2010. 73 CRUTZEN, P. J.; ASELMANN, I & SEILER, W. Methane production by domestic animals, wild ruminants, other herbivorous fauna and humans. Tellus B. 38B, 271-284. 1986. CRUVINEL, E. B. F.; BUSTAMANTE, M. M. C.; KOZOVITS, A. R.; ZEPP, R. G. Soil emissions of NO, N2O and CO2 from croplands in the savanna region of central Brazil. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, v. 144, n. 1, p. 29-10, 2011. DAVIDSON, E. A.; SWANK, W. T. Environmental parameters regulating gaseous nitrogen losses from two forested ecosystems via nitrification and denitrification. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, Baltimore, v. 52, n. 6, p. 1287-1292, 1986. DAVIDSON, E. A & VERCHOT, L. V. Testing the hole in the pipe model of nitric and nitrou oxide emissions from soils using the TRAGNET database. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14:1035-1043.2000. DAVIDSON, E. A.; JANSSENS, I. A. & LUO, Y. On the variability of respiration in terrestrial ecosystems: moving beyond Q10. Global Change Biology, v. 12, p. 154-164, 2006. DE KLEIN, C. A. M.; BARTON, L.; SHERLOCK, R. R.; LI, Z. & LITTLEJOHN, R. P. Estimating nitrous oxide emission factor for animal urine from New Zealnd pastoral soils. Australian Journal of Soil Reserch, v.41, p. 381-399, 2003. DEMEYER, D. I. and VAN NEVEL, C. J. Methanogenesis, an integrated part of carbohydrate fermentation, and its control. Pages 366-382 .In: I. W. McDonald and A. C. I. Warner, eds. Digestion and metabolism in the ruminant. Proceedings of the IV International Symposium on Ruminant Physiology. The University of New England Publishing Unit, Sydney, Australia, 1975. DENDOOVEN, L.; BONHOMME, E.; MERCKX, R. & VLASSAK, K. N dynamics and sources of N2O production following pig slurry application to a loamy soil. Biology and Fertility of Soils, v.26: 224-228, 1998. DIAS JUNIOR, M. S. & ESTANISLAU, W. T. Grau de compacta??o e reten??o de ?gua de Latossolos submetidos a diferentes sistemas de manejo. R. Bras. Ci. Solo, 23: 45-51, 1999. DOBBIE, K. E.; McTAGGART, I. P. & SMITH, K. A. Nitrous oxide emissions from intensive agricultural systems: variations between crops and seasons, key driving variables, and mean emission factors. Journal of Geophysical Research, v.104, p. 26891-26899, 1999. DOBBIE K. E. & SMITH K. A. The effects of temperature, water-filled pore space and land use on N2O emissions from an imperfectly drained gleysol. European Journal of Soil Science, v.52, p.667-673. 2001. DORAN, J. W.; LINN, D. M. Microbial ecology of conservation management systems. In: HATFIELD, J. L.; STEWART, B. A. (Ed.). Soil biology: effects on soil quality. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers, p. 1-27, 1994. 74 EDWARDS, D. R. Recycling livestock manure on pastures.In: Nutrient cycling in Forage Systems (Richard, E. J. & Roberts, C. A., Ed.) Potash and Phosphate Institue, Kansas. 45- 64.1996. EMBRAPA. Manual de m?todos de an?lises de solo. Rio de Janeiro. 1997. EMBRAPA/SOLOS. Sistema Brasileiro de Classifica??o de Solos. Bras?lia, Embrapa, Produ??o de Informa??es, 2013. EUCLIDES, V. P. B.; MACEDO, R.; VALLE, C. B. D.; DIFANTE, G. D. S.; BARBOSA, R. A.; CACERE, E. R. Valor nutritivo da forragem e produ??o animal em pastagens de Brachiaria brizantha. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, v.44, p. 96-106, 2009. FEIGL, B. J.; MELILLO, J.; CERRI, C. C. Changes in the origin and quality of soil organic matter after pasture introduction in Rond?nia (Brazil). Plant and Soil, v. 175, p. 21-29, 1995. FERREIRA, E. A. A excre??o de bovinos e as perdas de N nas pastagens tropicais. Tese de Mestrado. Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. Serop?dica, RJ. 120p. 1995. FIDALSKI, J.; TORMENA, C. A.; CECATO, U. B.; BARBERO, L. M.; LUG?O, S. M. B. & COSTA, M. A. T. Qualidade f?sica do solo em pastagem adubada e sob pastejo cont?nuo. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 43: 1583-1590, 2008. FIRESTONE, M. K. & DAVIDSON, E. A. Microbial basis of NO and N2O production and consumption in soil. In: Exchangr of trace gases between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere, Ed. Andreae, M. O. & Schimel, D. S., New York: John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, p. 7-21, 1989. FLESSA, H.; DORSCH, P.;BEESE, F.; KONIG, H. & BOUWMAN, A. F. Influence of cattle waste on nitrous oxide and methane fluxes in pasture land. Journal of Enveronmental Quality, v.25, p. 1366-1370. 1996. FLOWERS, T. H. & OCALLAGHAN, J. R. Nitrification in soils incubated with pig slurry or ammonium sulphate. Journal Environmental Quality, v. 15, p. 337-342, 1983. FORSTER, P., RAMASWAMY, V., ARTAXO, P., BERNTSEN, T., BETTS, R., FAHEY, D. W., HAYWOOD, J., LEAN, J., LOWE, D. C., MYHRE, G., NGANGA, J., PRINN, R., RAGA, G., SCHULZ, M., VAN DORLAND, R., 2007. Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radioactive forcing. In: SOLOMON, S., QIN D., MANNING M., CHEN Z., MARQUIS, M., AVERT, K. B., IGNORANT, M., MILLER, H. L. (Eds.), Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Bases. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA. GIACOMINI, S. J.; JANTALIA, C. P.; AITA, C.; URQUIAGA, S. S.; ALVES, B. J. R. Emiss?o de ?xido nitroso com a aplica??o de dejetos l?quidos de su?nos em solo sob plantio direto. Pesquisa Agropecu?ria Brasileira, Bras?lia, v. 41, n. 11, p. 1653-1661, 2006. 75 GILLER, K. E. Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. 2nd. Wallingford, Oxon, UK, CAB Publishing, 2001. GONZ?LEZ-AVALOS, E. & RUIZ-SU?REZ, L. G. Methane emission factors from cattle manure in Mexico. Bioresource Technology. 80:1, 63-71, 2001. GRANLI, T. & B?CKMAN O. C. Nitrous oxide from agriculture. Norw. J. Agric. Sci., Suppl. 12: 7-128, 1994. GUERRA, J. G. M. & SANTOS, G. A. Cap?tulo 13: M?todos Qu?micos F?sicos. In: Fundamentos da Mat?ria Org?nica do Solo: ecossistemas tropicais & subtropicais. 2 ed., Porto Alegre, Metr?pole, 2008. HAYNES, R. J.& WILLIAMS, P H. Nutrient cycling & soil fertility in the grazed pasture ecosystem. Advances in Agronomy, San Diego, v. 49, p. 119-199, 1993. HERN?NDEZ, M., ARGEL, P. J., IBRAHIM, M. A. AND 'T MANNETJE, L. Pasture production, diet selection and liveweight gains of cattle grazing Brachiaria brizantha with or without Arachis pintoi at two stocking rates in the Atlantic Zone of Costa Rica. Tropical Grasslands, v. 29, p. 134-141, 1995. IBGE ? Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica, Censo Agropecu?rio 2006. Comunicado social, Dezembro de 2007. Dispon?vel em www.ibge.gov.br/home/presidencia/noticias. IBGE. Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estat?stica. Produ??o da pecu?ria municipal, Rio de Janeiro, v. 41, p. 1-68, 2013. IMHOFF, S.; SILVA, A. P. & TORMENA, C. A. Aplica??es da curva de resist?ncia no controle da qualidade f?sica de um solo sob pastagem. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 35:1493-1500, 2000. INTERGOVERNMENTAL PANEL ON CLIMATE CHANGE (IPCC). Technologies, policies and measures for mit igation climate change. Technical Paper I, 84p., 1996. IPCC ? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories. Chapter 10: Emissions from livestock and Manure Management. p.10.1-10.84, 2006. IPCC ? Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Geneva, 104 p., 2007. JANTALIA, C. P.; ALVES, B. J. R.; ZOTARELLI, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; & URQUIAGA, S. Cap?tulo 2: Mudan?as no Estoque de C do Solo em ?reas de Produ??o de Gr?os: Avalia??o do Impacto do Manejo do Solo. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. 76 JANTALIA, C. P.; VILELA, L.; BODDEY, R. M.; ALVES, B. J. R. & URQUIAGA, S. Cap?tulo 5: Integra??o Lavoura Pecu?ria como uma Tecnologia Sustent?vel para o Cerrado; Estudo de Caso. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. JANTALIA, C. P.; OLIVEIRA, O. C.; LENGRUBER, J. A.; URQUIAGA, S.; BODDEY, R. M. & ALVES, B. J. R. Cap?tulo 9: O Nitrog?nio como Elemento Chave para Evitar a Degrada??o das Pastagens e suas Implica??es na Produ??o de Gases de Efeito Estufa. In: Manejo de Sistemas Agr?colas: impacto no sequestro de C e nas emiss?es de gases de efeito estufa. Porto Alegre, Genesis, 2006. JARVIS, S. C.; HATCH, D. J.; ROBERTS, S. The effects of grassland management in nitrogen losses from grazed sward through ammonia volatilization; the relationship to excretal N returns from cattle. Journal of Agricultural Science Camb., n. 112, p. 205-216, 1989. JASTROW, J. D.; BOUTTON, T. W.; MILLER, R. M. Carbon dynamics of aggregateassociated organic matter estimated by carbon-13 naturalabundance. Soil Science Society of America Journal, Madison, v. 60, p. 801-807, 1996. JENSEN, E. S.; PEOPLES, M. B.; BODDEY, R. M.; GRESSHOF, P. M.; HAUGGAARDNIELSEN, H.; ALVES, B. J. R.; MORRISON, M. J. Legumes for mitigation of climate change and the provision of feedstock for biofuels. Agronomy for Sustainable Development. V. 32, p. 329-364, 2012. KEMPERS, A. J. & ZWEERS, A. Ammonium determination in soil extracts by the salicylate method. Commun. In Soil. Sci. Plant Anal., 17(7), 715-723. 1986. KHALIL, K.; MARY, B.; RENAULT, P. Nitrous oxide production by nitrification and denitrification in soil aggregates as affected by O2 concentration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, Oxford, v. 36, n. 4, p. 687-699, 2004. LAL, R. & STEWART, B. A. Managing soils for enhancing and sustaining agricultural production. In: LAL, R.; STEWART, B. A., ed. Soil Management: Experimental Basis for Sustainability and Environmental Quality. Boca Raton, Florida, USA :CRC Lewis Publishers, p. 1-9,1995. LAL, R. Residue management, conservation tillage and soil restoration for mitigating greenhouse effect by CO2 -enrichment. Soil & Tillage Research. v.43, p.81-107, 1997. LAL, R. & KIMBLE, J. M. Tropical ecosytems and the global C Cycle. In: Advances in Soil Science: Global Climate Change and Tropical Ecosytems (LAL, R.; KLIMBER,J.M. & STEWART,B.A., Eds). CRC Press, Boca Raton. p. 3-32, 2000. LARA - CABEZAS, W. A. R.; KORNDORFER, G. H. & MOTTA, S. A. Volatiliza??o de am?nia na cultura do milho: II Avalia??o de fontes s?lidas e flu?das em sistema de plantio direto e convencional. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, Campinas, v. 21, n. 3, p. 489- 496, 1997. 77 LAUBACH, J.; TAGHIZADEH-TOOSI, A.; GIBBS, S. J.; SHERLOCK, R. R.; KELLIHER, F. M.; & GROVER, P. P. Ammonia emissions from cattle urine and dung excreted on pasture. Biogeosciences Discussions, v. 9, p. 13287-13318, 2012. LE?O, T. P. Intervalo h?drico ?timo em diferentes sistemas de pastejo e manejo da pastagem. Piracicaba, Universidade de S?o Paulo, 2002. 58p. (Disserta??o de Mestrado). LESSA, A. C. R.; LENGRUBER, J. A.; URQUIAGA, S.; ROBERT, R. M. & ALVES, B. J. R. Emiss?o de ?xido nitroso de fezes e urina bovina. In: XVIII Reuni?o Brasileira de Fertilidade do Solo e Nutri??o de Plantas ? FertBio, Londrina ?PR, Anais..., 2008. CDROOM. LESSA, A. C. R. Produ??o de ?xido nitroso e volatiliza??o de am?nia derivados da aplica??o de urina e fezes bovinos em pastagens sobre Latossolo em Goi?s. Disserta??o de mestrado. Agronomia (Ci?ncia do Solo). Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro. 2011. LESSA, A. C. R.; MADARI, B. E.; PAREDES, D. S.; BODDEY, R. M.; URQUIAGA, S.; JANTALIA, C. P. & ALVES, B. J. R. Bovine urine and dung deposited on Brazilian savannah pastures contribute differently to direct and indirect soil nitrous oxide emissions. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, v. 190, p. 104-111, 2014. LE TREUT, H.; SOMERVILLE, R.; CUBASCH, U.; DING, Y.; MAURITZEN, C.; MOKSSIT, A.; PETERSON, T.; PRATHER, M. Historical overview of climate change. In: SOLOMON, S., QIN, D.; MANNING, M.; CHEN, Z.; MARQUIS, M.; AVERYT, K. B.; TIGNOR, M.; MILLER, H. L. (Ed.). Climate Change 2007: the physical science basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge; New York: Cambridge University Press, 2007. p. 93- 127. LIU, X. J.; MOSIER, A. R.; HALVORSON, A. D.; ZHANG, F.S.The impact of nitrogen placement and tillage on NO, N2O, CH4 and CO2 fluxes from a clay loam soil. Plant and Soil, Dordrecht, v. 280, n. 1-2, p. 177-188, 2006. LIU, X. J. J.; MOSIER, A. R.; HALVORSON, A. D.; REULE, C. A. & ZHANG, F. S.Dinitrogen and N2O emissions in arable soils: effect of tillage, N source and soil moisture. Soil Biology & Biochemistry, Oxford, 39 (9): 2362- 2370, 2007. LOCKYER, D. R. & WHITEHEAD, D. C. Volatilization of ammonia from cattle urine applied to grassland. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 22, n. 8, p. 1137-1142, 1990. LOWRANCE, R.; JHONSON, J. C.; NEWTON, G. L. & WILLIANS, R. G. Denitrification from soils of a year-round forage production system fertilized with liquid dairy manure. Journal Environmental Quality, v.27, p. 1504-1511, 1998. LUCA, E. F. de; FELLER, C.; CERRI, C. C.; BARTH?S, B.; CHAPLOT, V.; CAMPOS, D. C.; MANECHINI, C. Avalia??o de atributos f?sicos e estoques de carbono e nitrog?nio em solos com queima e sem queima de canavial. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo, Vi?osa, v. 32, n. 2, p. 789-800, 2008. 78 LUO, J.; LINDSEY, S. B.; LEDGARD, S. F. Nitrous oxide emissions from animal urine application on a New Zealand pasture. Biology Fertility of Soils, n. 44, p. 463-470, 2008. MACEDO, M. C. M. & ZIMMER, A. H. Sistema pasto-lavoura e seus efeitos na produtividade agropecu?ria. In: Simp?sio sobre Ecossistema de Pastagens, 2., 1993, Jaboticabal. Jaboticabal: FUNEP, UNESP, p. 216-245, 1993. MACEDO, M. C. M. Sistemas de produ??o animal em pasto nas savanas tropicais da Am?rica: limita??es ? sustentabilidade. In: Reuni?o Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal, 16. Congreso Uruguayo de Produccion animal, 3., 2000, Montevid?u. Anales. Associaci?n Latinoamericana de Produccion Animal, [2000]. (CD-ROM). MACEDO, M. C. M. Integra??o lavoura e pecu?ria: alternativa para sustentabilidade da produ??o animal. In: Simp?sio sobre Manejo da Pastagem - Planejamento de Sistemas de Produ??o em Pastagens, 18., 2001, Piracicaba. Anais. Piracicaba: FEALQ, p.257-283, 2001. MACEDO, M. C. M. Degrada??o de pastagens: conceitos, alternativas e m?todos de recupera??o. Campo Grande: Embrapa Gado de Corte, 2001. 12p. (Curso de Pastagens). MACEDO, M. C. M. Integra??o lavoura e pecu?ria: o estado da arte e inova??es tecnol?gicas. Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia, v. 38, p. 133-146, 2009. MARSCHNER, H. Mineral nutrition of higher plants. San Diego: Academic Press, 889 p., 1995. MARTENS, D. A. Plant residue biochemistry regulates soil carbon cycling and carbon sequestration. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 32, p. 361-369, 2000. MAZZETTO, A. M.; BARNEZE, A. S.; FEIGL, B. J.; VAN GROENIGEN, J. W.; OENEMA, O. & CERRI, C. C. Temperature and moisture affect methane and nitrous oxide emission from bovine manure patches in tropical condit ions. Soil Biology and Biochemistry, v. 76, p. 242-248, 2014. MAZZETTO, A. M.; BARNEZE, A. S.; FEIGL, B. J.; VAN GROENIGEN, J, W.; OENEMA, O.; DE KLEIN, C. M. A. & CERRI, C. C. Use of the nitrification inhibitor dicyandiamide (DCD) does not mitigate N2O emission from bovine urine patches under Oxisol in Northwest Brazil. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, v. 101, p. 83-92, 2015. McALLISTER, T. A.; OKINE, E. K.; MATHISON, G. W. and CHENG, K. J. Dietary, environmental and microbiological aspects of methane production in ruminants. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 76: 231-243, 1996. McCAUGHEY, W. P.; Wittenberg,K. & Corrigan, D. Methane Prodution by Steers on Pasture. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, v.77, n. 3, p. 519-524, 1997. MCTI. Minist?rio da Ci?ncia, Tecnologia e Inova??o. Segundo Comunicado Nacional das Emiss?es de Gases de Efeito Estufa. 2013. Dispon?vel em: www.mct.gov.br. 79 MILLS, J. A. N., DIJKSTRA, J., BANNINK, A., CAMMELL, S. B., KEBREAB, E. and FRANCE, J. Alternative approaches to predicting methane emissions from dairy cows. J. Anim. Sci. 81: 3141-3150, 2003. MIRANDA, C. H. B.; FERNADES, C. D.; CADISCH, G. Quantifying the nitrogen fixed by Stylosanthes. Pasturas Tropicales, Colombia, v.21, n.1, p.64-69, 1999. MORAES, J. F. L. D.; VOLKOFF, B.; CERRI, C. C.; BERNOUX, M. Soil properties under Amazon forest and changes due to pasture installation in Rond?nia, Brazil. Geoderma, v.70, p.63-81, 1996. MOREIRA, F. M. S. & SIQUEIRA, J. O. Microbiologia e bioqu?mica do solo. 2. ed. Lavras: Ed. UFLA, p. 729, 2006. MORVAN, T. Quantification et mod?lisation des flux d?zote resultant de l??pandage de lisier.Paris, Universit? Paris 6, Tese de Doutorado, 157 p., 1999. MOSIER, A. R.; SCHIMEL, D.; VALENTINE, D.; BRONSON, K.; PARTON, W. Methane and nitrous oxide fertilized and cultivated grasslands. Nature, Londres, v. 350, p. 330-332, 1991. MOSIER, A., DUXBURY, J., FRENEY, J., HEINEMEYER, O. & MINAMI, K. Nitrous oxide emissions from agricultural fields: assessment, measurement and mitigation. Plant and Soil, 181: 95-108, 1996. MOSIER, A.; WASSMANN, R.; VERCHOT, L., KING, J.; PALM, C. Methane and nitrogen oxide fluxes in tropical agricultural soils: sources, sinks and mechanisms. Environment, Development and Sustainability, v. 6, p. 11-49, 2004. MULLER, M. M. L.; GUIMAR?ES, M. F.; DESJARDINS, T. & MARTINS, P. F. S. Degrada??o de pastagens na Regi?o Amaz?nica: Propriedades f?sicas do solo e crescimento de ra?zes. Pesq. Agropec. Bras., 36:1409-1418, 2001. MYERS, R. J. K.; PALM, C. A.; CUEVAS, E.; GUNATILLEKE,I.U.N. & BROSSARD,M. The synchronisation of nutrient mineralisation and plant nutrient demand. In: The Biological Management of Tropical Soil Fertility, p. 81-116, 1994. NEILL, C; MELILLO, J. M.; STEUDLER, P. A.; CERRI, C. C.; MORAES, J. F. L. D.; PICCOLO, M. C.; BRITO, M. Soil carbon and nitrogen stocks following forest clearing for pasture in the southwestern Brazilian Amazon. Ecological Applications, v. 7, n.4, p. 1216- 1225, 1997. NEVES JUNIOR, A. F.; SILVA, A. P.; NORONHA, N. C. & CERRI, C. C. Sistemas de manejo do solo na recupera??o de uma pastagem degradada em Rond?nia. Revista Brasileira de Ci?ncia do Solo , vol. 37, n. 1 . ISSN 0100-0683, p. 232-241, 2013. NKRUMAH, J. D., OKINE, E. K., MATHISON, G. W., SCHMID, K., LI, C., BASARAB, J. A., PRICE, M. A., WANG, Z. & MOORE, S. S. Relationships of feedlot feed efficiency, 80 performance, and feeding behavior with metabolic rate, methane production, and energy partitioning in beef cattle. J. Anim. Sci. 84: 145-153p., 2006. NOVAIS, R. F.; SMYTH, T. J. F?sforo em solo e planta em condi??es tropicais. Universidade Federa de Vi?osa, Vi?osa, MG. 399 p., 1999. OENEMA, O.; VELTHOF, G. L.; YAMULKI, S. & JARVIS, S. C. Nitrous oxide emissions from grazed grassland. Soil Use and Management, v.13, p. 288-295, 1997. OENEMA, O.; BANNINK, A.; SOMMER, S. G. & VELTHOF, G. L. Gaseous nitrogen emissions from animal production systems. In: FOLLETT R. F. and HATFIELD J. L. (eds), Nitrogen in the Enviroment: Sources, Problems, and Management. Elsevier Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 2001. OENEMA, O.; WRAGE, N.; VELTHOF, G. L.; VAN GROENIGEN, J. W.; DOLFING, J.; KUIKMAN, P. J. Trends in global nitrous oxide emissions from animal production systems. Nutrient Cycling in Agroecosystems, v.72, p. 51-65, 2005. OLIVEIRA, O. C.; BODDEY, R. M.; MACEDO, R.; TARR?, R. M.; FERREIRA, E.; REZENDE, C. DE P.;. CANTARUTTI, R. B.; PEREIRA, J. M.; ALVES, B. J. R.; & URQUIAGA, S. Nitrogen cycling in Brachiaria pastures: The key to understanding the process of pasture decline. Agric. Ecosyst. Environ. 103:389-403p., 2004. OLSEN, K. K. Multiple wavelength ultraviolet determination of nitrate concentration, method comparisons from the Preakness Brook Monitoring Project, October 2005 to October 2006. Water Air Soil Pollut, 187: 195-202 p., 20
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.format.none.fl_str_mv application/pdf
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv Programa de P?s-Gradua??o em Agronomia - Ci?ncia do Solo
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv UFRRJ
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv Brasil
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv Instituto de Agronomia
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
instname:Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
instacron:UFRRJ
instname_str Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
instacron_str UFRRJ
institution UFRRJ
reponame_str Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
collection Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/4/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdf.jpg
http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/3/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdf.txt
http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/2/2016+-+Camila+Almeida+dos+Santos.pdf
http://localhost:8080/tede/bitstream/jspui/4272/1/license.txt
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv 9ee8401e943843407ad6857e429a1b47
884cb9664ee1cc1efc6afb09e5b26498
e93f72ec5a5c2bb10da9834b28b83936
7b5ba3d2445355f386edab96125d42b7
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv MD5
MD5
MD5
MD5
repository.name.fl_str_mv Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRRJ - Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ)
repository.mail.fl_str_mv bibliot@ufrrj.br||bibliot@ufrrj.br
_version_ 1800313518059159552

Registros relacionados