Avaliação de danos radioinduzidos devido à exposição aos radionuclídeos 238U, 232Th e 40K através de sistemas bioindicadores

• Autor(a) principal: Xavier, Magno Nogueira
• Data de Publicação: 2018
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UFS
• Texto Completo: http://ri.ufs.br/jspui/handle/riufs/9314
• topic: Background radioativo; Bioindicadores; Caetité; FT-IR; Impacto radiológico; Urânio; Radioactive background; Bioindicators; Radiological impact; Uranium; CIENCIAS EXATAS E DA TERRA::FISICA

The frequent incorporation of radionuclides through ingestion of water and/or food is able to raise the levels of radiation within the body above the tolerable limit. Thus, foods grown on high radioactive background soils, such as in the vicinity of uranium mines, may be potential risk agents. The consumption of these products has the possibility to induce damages that, when accumulated, may evolve into carcinogenesis. In this work, we sought to evaluate the potential of low concentrations of radionuclides to promote radio-induced mutations. Emphasis was placed on the radionuclides 238U, 232Th and 40K, since these species contribute most to the increase of the levels of exposure to natural radioactivity. For the first time, plant bioindicators exposed to different concentrations of sterile uranium (0,25 g, 0,50 g, 0,75 g, and 1,00 g) were used. Seeds of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and seeds of onion (Allium cepa) were used, cultivated in Petri dish for 3 and 7 days, respectively, in the presence of sterile uranium. This is the intrinsic time for germination for each of these plants and consequently, the period which its cells were exposed to the background radioactive while its tissues (roots) developed. Onion cells are considered as a universal bioindicator since they report a concordance of 71% to 91.5% with the tests performed with mammalian cells, besides maintaining a good agreement with the observed effects in human peripheral blood cells. The activities of the investigated radionuclides were obtained by means of high resolution gamma spectrometry, the 40K being the only one that was directly estimated. Since the 238U and 232Th are pure alpha emitters, their activities were indirectly obtained by emitting gamma radiation members of their series. Because it is a rock, it is possible to consider that these radionuclides are immobilized in the geological time scale of the sample. Thus, when establishing the condition of radioactive equilibrium, it was considered that the activities of the daughters were those of the respective progenitors of the series. Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analyzes were performed on the roots of both bioindicators to detect structural changes/degradations due to exposure to ionizing radiation or a possible incorporation of radionuclides. Cell damages were evaluated by means of the micronucleus test, a technique recommended by IAEA for the evaluation of radioinduced mutation. The results indicated activity values compatible with those from regions with low levels of background radioactivity. However, for both bioindicators, an incidence of damage greater than the limit recommended by the IAEA was observed. Infrared spectra do not indicate incorporation of uranium or some other element by plants. It has been demonstrated that it is possible to verify the effect of low concentrations of radionuclides in inducing damages to the cells of these species, making possible the use of these plants as bioindicators for the analysis of radiation effects. This study concludes that even at low concentrations, frequent exposure to investigated radionuclides may trigger local damage, whose carcinogenic potential may be associated mainly with the high LET of the alpha radiation emitters.