Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja
Autor(a) principal: | |
---|---|
Data de Publicação: | 2023 |
Tipo de documento: | Dissertação |
Idioma: | por |
Título da fonte: | Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM |
Texto Completo: | http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/28076 |
Resumo: | The increase in agricultural production in recent years highlights some problems that were previously nothing more than minor obstacles, but with the expansion of crops in many regions of Brazil, there has been a concomitant increase in phytosanitary problems, being one of the greatest challenges for soybean farmers. Soybean has excellent chemical application programs for the main diseases, but secondary diseases currently stand out, such as Target Spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which is pathogenic to several hosts and with potential resistance to several fungicides. The use of essential oils and their major chemical constituents in phytosanitary management comes as an alternative method to chemical control, aiming at lower risk to the environment and the selection of resistant pathogens. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the action of essential oils from eight species of aromatic plants in nine doses, in the control of mycelial growth of C. cassicola and to verify the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis in the plasmatic membrane of the fungus. The work was carried out in two experiments, the first was the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils. The second was the effect of essential oils on inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. The two experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus in the year 2022. The in vitro experiment had a completely randomized experimental design in a bifactorial 8 x 9 scheme, with eight essential oils OE1, OE2, EO3, EO4, EO5, EO6, EO7 and EO8) and nine doses (0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 µL mL -1 ), and using fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin-based fungicide (1.5 µL mL-1 ) for comparison purposes. Fungal growth assessments were performed over a period of 10 days. After this period, it was verified in the in vitro experiment that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4 and OE8 showed the best results demonstrating total inhibition of the pathogen, as well as the fungicide. For the ergosterol inhibition experiment, a dose of 1.5 µL mL-1 was evaluated, chosen based on the results obtained from the in vitro assay, the treatments were incubated in petri dishes similar to the previous experiment and after six days the It was found that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4, OE5 and OE8 showed the best results with total inhibition of the isolated ergosterol synthesis. The essential oils tested in the present work demonstrated satisfactory effects in the control of C. cassiicola and can be a viable alternative for its control. |
id |
UFSM_9a4cc2bf5716aa31da78c93c33340034 |
---|---|
oai_identifier_str |
oai:repositorio.ufsm.br:1/28076 |
network_acronym_str |
UFSM |
network_name_str |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM |
repository_id_str |
|
spelling |
2023-03-06T15:25:16Z2023-03-06T15:25:16Z2023-01-19http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/28076The increase in agricultural production in recent years highlights some problems that were previously nothing more than minor obstacles, but with the expansion of crops in many regions of Brazil, there has been a concomitant increase in phytosanitary problems, being one of the greatest challenges for soybean farmers. Soybean has excellent chemical application programs for the main diseases, but secondary diseases currently stand out, such as Target Spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which is pathogenic to several hosts and with potential resistance to several fungicides. The use of essential oils and their major chemical constituents in phytosanitary management comes as an alternative method to chemical control, aiming at lower risk to the environment and the selection of resistant pathogens. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the action of essential oils from eight species of aromatic plants in nine doses, in the control of mycelial growth of C. cassicola and to verify the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis in the plasmatic membrane of the fungus. The work was carried out in two experiments, the first was the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils. The second was the effect of essential oils on inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. The two experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus in the year 2022. The in vitro experiment had a completely randomized experimental design in a bifactorial 8 x 9 scheme, with eight essential oils OE1, OE2, EO3, EO4, EO5, EO6, EO7 and EO8) and nine doses (0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 µL mL -1 ), and using fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin-based fungicide (1.5 µL mL-1 ) for comparison purposes. Fungal growth assessments were performed over a period of 10 days. After this period, it was verified in the in vitro experiment that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4 and OE8 showed the best results demonstrating total inhibition of the pathogen, as well as the fungicide. For the ergosterol inhibition experiment, a dose of 1.5 µL mL-1 was evaluated, chosen based on the results obtained from the in vitro assay, the treatments were incubated in petri dishes similar to the previous experiment and after six days the It was found that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4, OE5 and OE8 showed the best results with total inhibition of the isolated ergosterol synthesis. The essential oils tested in the present work demonstrated satisfactory effects in the control of C. cassiicola and can be a viable alternative for its control.O aumento da produção agrícola nos últimos anos evidencia alguns problemas que anteriormente não passava de pequenos obstáculos, mas com a expansão dos cultivos em muitas regiões do Brasil, houve concomitantemente aumento de problemas fitossanitários, sendo um dos maiores desafios para os sojicultores. A soja possui ótimos programas de aplicações químicas para as principais doenças, mas doenças secundárias atualmente se destacam, como Mancha-alvo, causada por Corynespora cassiicola que é patogênica a diversos hospedeiros e com potencial de resistência a vários fungicidas. A utilização de óleos essenciais e seus constituintes químicos majoritários no manejo fitossanitário vem como método alternativo ao controle químico, visando menor risco ao ambiente e a seleção de patógenos resistentes. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar a ação de óleos essenciais de oito espécies de plantas aromáticas, em oito doses, no controle do crescimento micelial de C. cassicola e verificar a inibição da síntese de ergosterol na membrana plasmática do fungo. O trabalho foi realizado em dois experimentos, o primeiro foi a atividade antifúngica in vitro dos óleos essenciais. O segundo foi o efeito dos óleos essenciais na inibição da síntese do ergosterol. Os dois experimentos foram realizados no Laboratório de Extrativos Aromáticos da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, campus Frederico Westphalen, no ano de 2022. O experimento in vitro teve o delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado em esquema bifatorial 8 x 9, sendo oito óleos essenciais OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4, OE5, OE6, OE7 e OE8) e nove doses (0,0; 0,3; 0,6; 0,9; 1,2; 1,5; 1,8; 2,1 e 2,4 µL mL -1 ), utilizando fungicida a base de fluxapiroxade + piraclostrobina (1,5 µL mL -1 ) a fim de comparações. Avaliações de crescimento fúngico foram realizadas durante um período de 10 dias. Após esse período, verificou-se no experimento in vitro que os óleos essenciais OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4 e OE8 demonstraram os melhores resultados promovendo inibição total do patógeno, assim como o fungicida. Para o experimento da inibição do ergosterol, foi avaliado a dose de 1,5 µL mL-1 , escolhida com base nos resultados obtidos do ensaio in vitro, foram incubados os tratamentos em placas de Petri semelhante ao experimento anterior e após seis dias observou-se que os óleos essenciais OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4, OE5 e OE8 demonstraram os melhores resultados com a inibição total da síntese de ergosterol do isolado. Os óleos essenciais testados no presente trabalho demonstraram efeitos satisfatórios no controle de C. cassiicola e podem ser uma alternativa viável para o seu controle.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESporUniversidade Federal de Santa MariaUFSM Frederico WestphalenPrograma de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - Agricultura e AmbienteUFSMBrasilAgronomiaAttribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 Internationalhttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessMancha alvoGlycine maxErgosterolControle alternativoTarget spotAlternative controlCNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIAÓleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da sojaEssential oils in the control of Corynespora cassiicola in soybeaninfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesisSchmidt, Denisehttp://lattes.cnpq.br/5512500747950163Caron, Braulio OtomarKulczynsky, Stela MarisFontana, Daniele Cristinahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/3795265722974608Mariotto, Axel Bruno5001000000096006006006006006007bc377df-4f0e-46fd-af00-51bf31dd475e19f60b02-0f86-437c-919f-9e38a19c930a4f48cfb9-ff16-4bc3-91ab-5f71e03f486dd6566989-5cf4-42fd-92ff-d2af6c32e336ac036ce1-0a55-40e1-af8b-b5b6320e8719reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSMinstname:Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)instacron:UFSMORIGINALDIS_PPGAGRONOMIA_2023_MARIOTTO_AXEL.pdfDIS_PPGAGRONOMIA_2023_MARIOTTO_AXEL.pdfDissertação de mestradoapplication/pdf1633146http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/1/DIS_PPGAGRONOMIA_2023_MARIOTTO_AXEL.pdfbf29b731b6d2eb598343522de2e28409MD51LICENSElicense.txtlicense.txttext/plain; charset=utf-81956http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/3/license.txt2f0571ecee68693bd5cd3f17c1e075dfMD53CC-LICENSElicense_rdflicense_rdfapplication/rdf+xml; charset=utf-8805http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/2/license_rdf4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347MD521/280762023-03-06 12:25:16.146oai:repositorio.ufsm.br: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 Digital de Teses e Dissertaçõeshttps://repositorio.ufsm.br/ONGhttps://repositorio.ufsm.br/oai/requestatendimento.sib@ufsm.br||tedebc@gmail.comopendoar:2023-03-06T15:25:16Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM)false |
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv |
Essential oils in the control of Corynespora cassiicola in soybean |
title |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
spellingShingle |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja Mariotto, Axel Bruno Mancha alvo Glycine max Ergosterol Controle alternativo Target spot Alternative control CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA |
title_short |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
title_full |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
title_fullStr |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
title_full_unstemmed |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
title_sort |
Óleos essenciais no controle de Corynespora cassiicola da soja |
author |
Mariotto, Axel Bruno |
author_facet |
Mariotto, Axel Bruno |
author_role |
author |
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv |
Schmidt, Denise |
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/5512500747950163 |
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv |
Caron, Braulio Otomar |
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv |
Kulczynsky, Stela Maris |
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv |
Fontana, Daniele Cristina |
dc.contributor.authorLattes.fl_str_mv |
http://lattes.cnpq.br/3795265722974608 |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Mariotto, Axel Bruno |
contributor_str_mv |
Schmidt, Denise Caron, Braulio Otomar Kulczynsky, Stela Maris Fontana, Daniele Cristina |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Mancha alvo Glycine max Ergosterol Controle alternativo |
topic |
Mancha alvo Glycine max Ergosterol Controle alternativo Target spot Alternative control CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA |
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv |
Target spot Alternative control |
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA |
description |
The increase in agricultural production in recent years highlights some problems that were previously nothing more than minor obstacles, but with the expansion of crops in many regions of Brazil, there has been a concomitant increase in phytosanitary problems, being one of the greatest challenges for soybean farmers. Soybean has excellent chemical application programs for the main diseases, but secondary diseases currently stand out, such as Target Spot, caused by Corynespora cassiicola, which is pathogenic to several hosts and with potential resistance to several fungicides. The use of essential oils and their major chemical constituents in phytosanitary management comes as an alternative method to chemical control, aiming at lower risk to the environment and the selection of resistant pathogens. The objective of the present work was to evaluate the action of essential oils from eight species of aromatic plants in nine doses, in the control of mycelial growth of C. cassicola and to verify the inhibition of ergosterol synthesis in the plasmatic membrane of the fungus. The work was carried out in two experiments, the first was the in vitro antifungal activity of essential oils. The second was the effect of essential oils on inhibiting ergosterol synthesis. The two experiments were carried out at the Federal University of Santa Maria, Frederico Westphalen campus in the year 2022. The in vitro experiment had a completely randomized experimental design in a bifactorial 8 x 9 scheme, with eight essential oils OE1, OE2, EO3, EO4, EO5, EO6, EO7 and EO8) and nine doses (0.0; 0.3; 0.6; 0.9; 1.2; 1.5; 1.8; 2.1 and 2.4 µL mL -1 ), and using fluxapyroxad + pyraclostrobin-based fungicide (1.5 µL mL-1 ) for comparison purposes. Fungal growth assessments were performed over a period of 10 days. After this period, it was verified in the in vitro experiment that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4 and OE8 showed the best results demonstrating total inhibition of the pathogen, as well as the fungicide. For the ergosterol inhibition experiment, a dose of 1.5 µL mL-1 was evaluated, chosen based on the results obtained from the in vitro assay, the treatments were incubated in petri dishes similar to the previous experiment and after six days the It was found that the essential oils OE1, OE2, OE3, OE4, OE5 and OE8 showed the best results with total inhibition of the isolated ergosterol synthesis. The essential oils tested in the present work demonstrated satisfactory effects in the control of C. cassiicola and can be a viable alternative for its control. |
publishDate |
2023 |
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-06T15:25:16Z |
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv |
2023-03-06T15:25:16Z |
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv |
2023-01-19 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/masterThesis |
format |
masterThesis |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/28076 |
url |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/28076 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
por |
language |
por |
dc.relation.cnpq.fl_str_mv |
500100000009 |
dc.relation.confidence.fl_str_mv |
600 600 600 600 600 600 |
dc.relation.authority.fl_str_mv |
7bc377df-4f0e-46fd-af00-51bf31dd475e 19f60b02-0f86-437c-919f-9e38a19c930a 4f48cfb9-ff16-4bc3-91ab-5f71e03f486d d6566989-5cf4-42fd-92ff-d2af6c32e336 ac036ce1-0a55-40e1-af8b-b5b6320e8719 |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
rights_invalid_str_mv |
Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM Frederico Westphalen |
dc.publisher.program.fl_str_mv |
Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia - Agricultura e Ambiente |
dc.publisher.initials.fl_str_mv |
UFSM |
dc.publisher.country.fl_str_mv |
Brasil |
dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv |
Agronomia |
publisher.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria UFSM Frederico Westphalen |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM instname:Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) instacron:UFSM |
instname_str |
Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) |
instacron_str |
UFSM |
institution |
UFSM |
reponame_str |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM |
collection |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM |
bitstream.url.fl_str_mv |
http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/1/DIS_PPGAGRONOMIA_2023_MARIOTTO_AXEL.pdf http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/3/license.txt http://repositorio.ufsm.br/bitstream/1/28076/2/license_rdf |
bitstream.checksum.fl_str_mv |
bf29b731b6d2eb598343522de2e28409 2f0571ecee68693bd5cd3f17c1e075df 4460e5956bc1d1639be9ae6146a50347 |
bitstream.checksumAlgorithm.fl_str_mv |
MD5 MD5 MD5 |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações do UFSM - Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
atendimento.sib@ufsm.br||tedebc@gmail.com |
_version_ |
1791086264417517568 |