Filogenia molecular de chamaeza vigors, 1825 (aves, formicariidae) e implicações para a história evolutiva das florestas da América do Sul

• Autor(a) principal: Oliveira, Deborah Figueiredo Nacer de [UNIFESP]
• Data de Publicação: 2016
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UNIFESP
• Texto Completo: https://sucupira.capes.gov.br/sucupira/public/consultas/coleta/trabalhoConclusao/viewTrabalhoConclusao.jsf?popup=true&id_trabalho=3654706; http://repositorio.unifesp.br/handle/11600/46319
• topic: Biogeography; Ultraconserved elements; Neotropics; Atlantic forest; Ancestral range estimation; Biogeografia; Elementos ultraconservados; Neotrópico; Mata Atlântica; Estimativa de distribuição ancestral

There are some extremely biodiverse regions in South America such as the Andes, the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest. The historical processes that originated and maintain such diversity are still not fully understood. Our goal was to explore the phylogenetic relationships between species of a bird genus (Chamaeza) that occurs in those three forest formations to better comprehend biodiversity formation processes from forests in space and time with special attention to the Atlantic Forest. We sequenced whole mitochondrial genomes (mtDNA) and approximately 2,400 regions of nuclear ultraconserved elements from five different species of Chamaeza representing a total of 14 out of 21 current taxa. We used both Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood to construct phylogenies from those data. We dated the phylogeny inferred from mtDNA and then performed an ancestral range estimation based on five South American biogeographical dominions. All phylogenies recovered the same relationships between species and subspecies: one clade comprising Chamaeza ruficauda, C. mollissima and C. meruloides and another comprising C. nobilis and C. campanisona. Only this last species is paraphyletic, all others are monophyletic. The divergence time from these two major clades was estimated to be somewhere between 8.4 and 10.8 million years ago. All extant Chamaeza species would have splitted at the beginning of the Pliocene (approximately 5 million years ago) at the latest. Ancestral range estimations revealed that the genus probably originated in the Atlantic Forest and that posterior dispersal events were paramount to its history. Such faunal transitions between South American forests support the idea that the evolutionary histories of these biomes are essentially bound together and cannot be separated from one another, which reflects its dynamism and complexity. Moreover, our results show that the Atlantic Forest has an important role in both species differentiation and their provision to other biomes in the continent. Lastly, we believe that current Chamaeza nomenclature does not reflect the heterogeneity found in its members and a thorough revision of the genus should increase its diversity, which means that the number of Neotropical species as we know today is underestimated.