Influência do cultivo da leguminosa Arachis pintoi nas frações orgânicas do carbono e nitrogênio do solo

• Autor(a) principal: Toledo, Amanda Santana
• Data de Publicação: 2009
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/5489
• topic: Nitrogênio total; Nitrogênio orgânico; Matéria orgânica; Total nitrogen; Organic nitrogen; Organic matter; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA::CIENCIA DO SOLO

The Leguminosae plant family emcompasses plant species that are of great importance in agriculture owned to their capacity of fixing atmospheric nitrogen. Leguminous, as they are ordinarily known, have been commonly used as green manures, in consorciation either with grasses or annual or perennial crops, being key in the cycling of nutrients and adding organic matter to the soil. Provided these plants are able to fix large amounts of N and the later makes up a substantial portion of a crop fertilization budget, these plants can be used to partially or fully supply plants N demand. Relatively high amounts of N are required to sustain plant growth as it is one of the main plant constituents upon its presence in structural compounds, besides acting in a multitude of metabolic processes in plants. Around 95% of the soil N content is found in organic forms under different degrees of stability, thus having limited availability to plants. The extent to which N stability depends upon largely relies on the N reactions with lignin, on its adsorption with clay minerals, on the formation of polivalent complexes with cations as well as on the physical protection entailed by variations in soil pores sizes. The formation of more stable organic compounds in soils have been attributed to the N involvement in the humification process. Arachis pintoi, a leguminous species of the Caulorrhizae branch, has shown great potential for consorciation with grassy pasture and perennial cultures. It forms highly productive pastures, owns good nutritional value, combines with other grasses, is strongly perennial, drought resistant, forms dense mats, therefore with outstanding capacity to covering the ground. The CENARGEN/EMBRAPA gathers over 150 ecotipes of the Leguminosae family. Since 2004, 28 of this leguminous ecotipes out of the 150 held by CENARGEN/EMBRAPA have been evaluated for their adaptation to the edafo-climatic conditions of the Zona da Mata region of Minas Gerais state. The objective of this study was (i) to evaluate the partitioning of soil N into its mineral and organic forms and (ii) the changes in some representative pools of the soil organic matter (SOM) as by the recalcitrance of the SOM products formed upon the cultivation of pinto peanut over two cropping years. The experiment was set up in February of 2004 in an experimental station of the Federal University of Viçosa, in Coimbra, Minas Gerais state, Brazil, in a randomized block design with three replicates. The plots were 2.5 m wide and 4.0 m lenght. Phosphate fertilizer was applied at a 50 kg ha-1 rate as P2O5 followed by planting of pinto peanuts seedlings with 0.5 m spacing between rows. In November of 2006, soil samples were collected at the 0 to 5, 5 to 10, 10 to 20 and 20 to 30 cm depth. Additionally, soil samples from an adjacent unoccupied pasture were collected for reference purposes and, together, they were appropriately handled to serve routine analisys purposes. In the present study, it was choosen to use 11 ecotipes so that 4 ecotipes were rated as of high, 4 as of medium and 3 as of low yield. In the determination of total C (C) and K2Cr2O7 oxidizable C (Cox) and N (Nox) + H2SO4 in the concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 3.0, 6.0, 9.0 mol L-1 it was utilized soil samples grounded to pass through a 0.2 mm screen sieve. In order to quantify the organic forms of N, soil subsamples of smaller granulometry, 0.149 mm, were employed. The 13C (δ13C) natural abundance of the plant and soil materials was determined to assess the contribution of the leguminous in the SOM. Nitrogen availability was evaluated via the N taken up by 130 proso millet (Panicum milaceum L.) plants grown in 100 g of soil, under greenhouse conditions and with three successive growth cycles of 21 days. Qualitative and quantitative changes in the SOM were observed upon the cultivation of the leguminous. About 3 and 4 % of the C in the SOM of the 10 to 30 cm soil layer derived from the ecotipes of A. pintoi. The leguminous ecotipes favored the increase of the N associated to more labile organic compounds pool. There were no significant changes in the organic N fractions distribution obtained through acid hydrolisys.