Análises técnica e econômica da geração de créditos de carbono em projetos florestais na região de Viçosa, MG

• Autor(a) principal: Torres, Carlos Moreira Miquelino Eleto
• Data de Publicação: 2011
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/3078
• topic: Floresta estacional semidecidual; Restauração florestal; Mecanismo de desenvolvimento limpo; Semideciduous stational forest; Forest restoration; Clean development mechanism; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::MANEJO FLORESTAL

The overall objective of this study was to perform a technical and economic analysis of the carbon credits generation for forestry projects in the region of Viçosa, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The study was carried out in Parque Tecnológico de Viçosa (Technology Park of Viçosa) that has a Semideciduous Montane Stational Forest Fragment with 44.11 ha of forest plantations, forest restoration, and Silvopastoral Systems with eucalyptus, Australian cedar and native species (Anadenanthera peregrina Piptadenia gonoacantha, Apuleia leiocarpa, Plathymenia foliolosa, Copaifera langsdorffii, Hymenaea courbaril). The work was divided into four chapters. The first chapter analyzes the floristic and phytosociological structure of existing native forest in the study area. For these evaluations, we released 22 plots with 500 m2 (10 x 50m), in which all individuals with DBD&#8805; 5 cm (diameter at breast height) had their circumference at breast height (1.30 m) and their total height measured. The floristic composition consisted of 40 families, 95 genera, and 135 species. Shannon-Weaver (H') diversity index for the study area was 3.94. The species that stood out in value index of volumetric importance were Piptadenia gonoacantha Mabea fistulifera, Anadenanthera peregrina, Apuleia leiocarpa, Siparuna guianensis, Eucalyptus sp., Matayba elaeagnoides, Bathysa nicholsonii, Annona sp., contributing with 39.36% for this index. The second chapter quantifies the biomass and carbon storage in the same area. For this, we used two different methodologies, one with a regional equations and another suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The average biomass for species with DBH&#8805; 5 cm was 98.46 t ha-1, using regional equations and 89.41 t ha-1, as suggested by IPCC. This methodology underestimates in 9.11% the biomass in relation to regional equations. The average carbon storage was 46.76 and 42.03 for the methodology, using regional equations and by IPCC, respectively. The IPCC methodology underestimates in 10.04% the carbon in relation to regional equations. The average biomass of the understory, alive individuals with DBH<5 cm, was 6.96 and 5.10 t ha-1, and carbon storage was 3.73 and 2.40 t ha-1 for methodology using regional equations and by IPCC, respectively. The average litter biomass was 11.57 and 11.54 t ha-1, for methodology using regional equations and for IPCC methodology, respectively. The average carbon storage was 5.82 and 4.27 t ha-1, using regional equations and for IPCC equations. The IPCC methodology is characterized by underestimating the biomass and carbon in relation to regional equations. The third chapter evaluates the survival and early growth of species planted in an area in the Technological Park of Viçosa. The planting was carried out using a randomized block design (RBD), in which four blocks were established. In each block, we applied four different spacing (2x2m, 3x3m, 3x4m, and 3x5m), and the planted species belonging to different successional categories (pioneer, early secondary, late secondary, and not characterized). In plots, survival, diameter at ground level, and total height of species were evaluated. The survival rate was 82.97%, 82.98%, 77.69%, for 77.74% for 2x2, 3x3, 3x4, and 3x5 spacing, respectively, with no statistical difference among them by F test at 5% probability. The diameter at the medium soil level of species was 25.48 mm, 23.78 mm, 24.03 mm, for 23.66 for 2x2, 3x3, 3x4, and 3x5 spacing, respectively, with no statistical difference among them. The total average height for plants was 120.73 cm, 120.42, 112.83, for 112.99 cm for 2x2, 3x3, 3x4, and 3x5 spacing, respectively, and there is not also statistical difference among them. The pioneer and initial secondary species were those that had higher values of diameter at ground level and total height, respectively. Plathymenia foliolosa and Platypodium elegansse species were highlighted in relation to the diameter at ground level and height. The fourth chapter evaluates the economic viability of forestry projects with carbon credits inclusion. For this, we analyzed separately the native forest (REDD - Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation), areas of forest restoration, and Silvopastoral Systems with eucalyptus, Australian cedar, and native species. For each project, we calculated the carbon storage, the costs, and revenue for a planning horizon of 30 years. Used economic criteria were Net Present Value (NPV), Equivalent Annual Value (EAV), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR). In all studied scenarios, carbon credits inclusion provided an increase in NPV, IRR and EAV. In percentage terms, credits raised the NPV and EAV at 10.26%, 13.81%, 12.65%, 6.96%, and 5.20% in REDD, forest restoration, silvopastoral system with native species, eucalyptus, and Australian cedar, respectively. Regarding the IRR, the Silvopastoral System with native species obtained an increase of 1.35%, with eucalyptus of 3.53% and Australian cedar of 1.58%. With this work, because the IPCC methodology underestimated the carbon stored in forests, the conclusion is that it is necessary to adjust equations for each vegetation type, in order to obtain more precise estimates. Studies about species survival and growth can serve to reduce uncertainties related to forestry projects and thereby increase their inclusion in the carbon market. Small properties to be inserted in projects for carbon credits must be organized into cooperatives and/or associations.