Caracterização do desenvolvimento do fruto da palmeira macaúba

• Autor(a) principal: Montoya, Sebastián Giraldo
• Data de Publicação: 2013
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
• Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/4614
• topic: Reservas; Amido; Macaubeira; Crescimento; Reservations; Amide; Macaubeira; Growth; CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::AGRONOMIA::FITOTECNIA

The Macaúba (Acrocomia aculeata) is an oil palm native from the neotropical regions and it is often found in open areas with high solar incidence. Despite being found in regions with sandy soils and a low hydric index, it develops better in locations where there are fertile soils. Acrocomia aculeata is considered a rustic plant and promissory in the extraction and production of combustible oil. The bunches are constituted by globular fruits, drupe type, composed by nearly 20 % epicarp (shell), 40 % mesocarp (pulp), 33 % endocarp (tegument) and 7 % seed (almond). The oil contents are slightly bigger in the pulp (60 %) than in the almond (55 %). The fructification of the Macaúba is supra annual (above 12 months), the fruits maturation is slow and visually undetectable. The epicarp is rigid and it changes its color approximately at 14 weeks after antese (WAA) turning development and fruit maturity really difficult to determine, what is possible to do in other fleshy fruits. Commercialization of plant products such as the fruits, it needs detailed information that allows to estimate the degree of organ development, tissues differentiation, reservoir accumulation and mainly the harvesting point, which will determine perishability and storing period of the product. Generally, all the fleshy fruits show a growing pattern similar. That growing pattern is described by a simple sigmoid behavior, double and sometimes, triples. The description of that growing pattern, influence directly in some agronomic practices such as, irrigation, application of growing regulators, phytosanitary control and critic period of harvesting. This study had as an objective characterize the growing pattern of the constituents parts of the fruit and the reservoir accumulation such as amides, total soluble sugars, (TSS), reducing sugars (RS), no reducing sugars (NRS) and mesocarp oil of the macaúba fruit. The experiment was carried on with adult plants of the native population from the Acaiaca municipality, in the southeast of Minas Gerais Brazil, cataloged as subtropical humid weather according to the climatic classification made by Koppen-Geiger: Cwa. One fruit per bunch was collected one week after the opening of the espata (SAAP) until the natural fall of the fruits at 62 WAA. The opening of the espata was determined based on a visual pattern of the antese of the masculine flower, with an interval between 12-24 hours after opening of the espata (HAAP). For the statistic analyses, the averages of the analyzed variables were used. The experimental design was randomized blocks and for every evaluation a regression equation was estimated. The water content of the fruits reached a maximum pick of 87 % at 8 SAA, posteriorly, it suffered a gradual fall with a minimum value of 23 % of water content at 58 SAA. The growing patterns of the epicarp, endocarp and of the almond were described by a simple sigmoid behavior (an accumulation of dry matter phase), and of the mesocarp by a double sigmoid behavior (two phases of dry matter accumulation). At 6 SAA was possible to separate physically the epicarp, endocarp and the mesocarp which, at this stage, was constituted by: 25 % amide, 10,5 % TSS, 9 % RS and 1,5 % NRS. The oil accumulation in the mesocarp had a linear behavior with 10% oil content at 34 SAA and reaching 55 % at 62 SAA. The oil accumulation in the mesocarp was directly related to an amide content fall. The epicarp and the endocarp reached the biggest dry matter accumulation at 13 SAA and 24 SAA, respectively. The Macaúba fruits obtained the transversal external diameter (TED) maximum (45 mm) at 13 SAA maintaining that constant value until the last evaluation. It was observed that the two first tissues developed were the epicarp and the endocarp, considered structures of protection of the fruit and the seed, respectively. After 13 SAA, began the maturing process of the fruit, which was separated in two phases, physical and chemical.