Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Milagres, Flaviana Reis
Data de Publicação: 2013
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: por
Título da fonte: LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV
Texto Completo: http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/588
Resumo: Wood is considered the most important raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Brazilian pulp and paper mills are continuously seeking production increases due to increasing demand for wood. The mills seek to identify the best trees and to optimize productivity and wood quality. Rapid acquisition of information about wood properties is required for decisions to be taken in the selection of trees for forest plantations. Some tree selection techniques have been used for this purpose, among which near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one of the most promising. The NIRS technique has been of increasing interest in research, especially since improvements in instrumentation and data analysis have emerged. Among the advantages that may be mentioned are speed and simplicity of sample preparation, low cost, and non-use of chemical reagents. This study is divided into four papers for characterization and prediction of Eucalyptus spp. by NIRS. Chapter I, "Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Prediction of Wood Quality of Eucalyptus Hybrids from Three Sites in Brazil", aims at the development of models to predict the physical-chemical and pulping properties of the Eucalyptus spp. hybrids from the Genolyptus project. A total of 193 samples from three locations (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo) were divided between calibration and prediction groups, and thus global models were generated as well as models for each site separately. The best models were selected based on the coefficient of determination, the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and the standard error of prediction (SEP). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate laboratory data with spectral data collected from samples of whole tree chips. Among the models of yield, S/G ratio, and extractives, the individual models for each location and the global models showed high correlations. Among the models of basic density, lignin, and carbohydrates, the global models and some of the local models showed high coefficients of determination. In general, and pulping properties with sufficient accuracy, and some specific models may be used when precision is required for breeding programs. In Chapter II, "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Prediction of Eucalyptus Spp. Wood Quality Using Increment Core Sampling", the goal was to use NIRS to develop predictive models of the physical, chemical, and pulp properties of the wood. For this, two sampling methods were used: destructive (whole-tree chip sampling) and nondestructive (increment core sampling). The coefficient of determination for the increment core samples was lower than those of models developed with spectra of the whole tree, but some properties, such as density, total lignin, and S/G ratio can be used in the selection of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids using increment core spectra. Chapter III, "Samples Selection for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy evaluate spectra sampling techniques using three algorithms: CADEX, DUPLEX, and a selection method based on laboratory analysis (Ranking). Different sizes of groups were used for calibration models and validation of lignin content, S/G ratio, and pulp yield. The statistical results showed that the use of 75% of the data for the calibration group was sufficient to develop the models. The Ranking and DUPLEX techniques showed similarities in the NIRS models developed and it is possible to reduce costs and time in the selection of NIRS spectra for analysis. The purpose of Chapter IV, "The Influence of Age on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Models for Prediction of Wood Physical and Chemical Properties of Eucalyptus Spp.", was the development of NIRS models for the basic density, lignin, and extractives content of the wood of different age groups. A total of 136 samples aged 3 7 years were used to analyze basic density, total lignin, and extractives contents and NIRS spectra collection of milled wood chips. The models were developed by PLS regression and tested by external validations with individuals of different ages. The results for the coefficient of determination of calibrations were 0.84 to 0.89 for basic density, 0.72 to 0.88 for lignin total, and 0.92 to 0.98 for wood extractives. The values of ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) did not show significant predictions when the models had different ages from the samples used in the prediction, except for basic density models with ages of 3 and 7 years, which had the ability to predict properties of samples aged 4 and 6 years.
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spelling Milagres, Flaviana Reishttp://lattes.cnpq.br/9111785772636067Colodette, Jorge Luizhttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721443U9Oliveira, Rubens Chaves dehttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4781313H5Gomide, José Líviohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4781177P5Carvalho, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeirahttp://lattes.cnpq.br/6017392658993288Silva, Cláudio Mudadohttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4727931T6Magaton, Andréia da Silvahttp://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4766719E9Fantuzzi Neto, Humbertohttp://lattes.cnpq.br/96128307324917752015-03-26T12:27:16Z2013-11-272015-03-26T12:27:16Z2013-03-15MILAGRES, Flaviana Reis. Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids wood properties. 2013. 96 f. Tese (Doutorado em Manejo Florestal; Meio Ambiente e Conservação da Natureza; Silvicultura; Tecnologia e Utilização de) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2013.http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/588Wood is considered the most important raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Brazilian pulp and paper mills are continuously seeking production increases due to increasing demand for wood. The mills seek to identify the best trees and to optimize productivity and wood quality. Rapid acquisition of information about wood properties is required for decisions to be taken in the selection of trees for forest plantations. Some tree selection techniques have been used for this purpose, among which near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one of the most promising. The NIRS technique has been of increasing interest in research, especially since improvements in instrumentation and data analysis have emerged. Among the advantages that may be mentioned are speed and simplicity of sample preparation, low cost, and non-use of chemical reagents. This study is divided into four papers for characterization and prediction of Eucalyptus spp. by NIRS. Chapter I, "Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Prediction of Wood Quality of Eucalyptus Hybrids from Three Sites in Brazil", aims at the development of models to predict the physical-chemical and pulping properties of the Eucalyptus spp. hybrids from the Genolyptus project. A total of 193 samples from three locations (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo) were divided between calibration and prediction groups, and thus global models were generated as well as models for each site separately. The best models were selected based on the coefficient of determination, the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and the standard error of prediction (SEP). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate laboratory data with spectral data collected from samples of whole tree chips. Among the models of yield, S/G ratio, and extractives, the individual models for each location and the global models showed high correlations. Among the models of basic density, lignin, and carbohydrates, the global models and some of the local models showed high coefficients of determination. In general, and pulping properties with sufficient accuracy, and some specific models may be used when precision is required for breeding programs. In Chapter II, "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Prediction of Eucalyptus Spp. Wood Quality Using Increment Core Sampling", the goal was to use NIRS to develop predictive models of the physical, chemical, and pulp properties of the wood. For this, two sampling methods were used: destructive (whole-tree chip sampling) and nondestructive (increment core sampling). The coefficient of determination for the increment core samples was lower than those of models developed with spectra of the whole tree, but some properties, such as density, total lignin, and S/G ratio can be used in the selection of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids using increment core spectra. Chapter III, "Samples Selection for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy evaluate spectra sampling techniques using three algorithms: CADEX, DUPLEX, and a selection method based on laboratory analysis (Ranking). Different sizes of groups were used for calibration models and validation of lignin content, S/G ratio, and pulp yield. The statistical results showed that the use of 75% of the data for the calibration group was sufficient to develop the models. The Ranking and DUPLEX techniques showed similarities in the NIRS models developed and it is possible to reduce costs and time in the selection of NIRS spectra for analysis. The purpose of Chapter IV, "The Influence of Age on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Models for Prediction of Wood Physical and Chemical Properties of Eucalyptus Spp.", was the development of NIRS models for the basic density, lignin, and extractives content of the wood of different age groups. A total of 136 samples aged 3 7 years were used to analyze basic density, total lignin, and extractives contents and NIRS spectra collection of milled wood chips. The models were developed by PLS regression and tested by external validations with individuals of different ages. The results for the coefficient of determination of calibrations were 0.84 to 0.89 for basic density, 0.72 to 0.88 for lignin total, and 0.92 to 0.98 for wood extractives. The values of ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) did not show significant predictions when the models had different ages from the samples used in the prediction, except for basic density models with ages of 3 and 7 years, which had the ability to predict properties of samples aged 4 and 6 years.A madeira é mundialmente considerada uma importante matéria prima, principalmente para as indústrias de celulose e papel. As indústrias nacionais produtoras de polpa celulósica e papel buscam cada vez mais ampliar a produção, e consequentemente, aumentando a demanda por madeira. Em resposta à essa pressão, as indústrias buscam identificar as melhores árvores e otimizar a produtividade com a qualidade da madeira. Para tanto, informações de determinadas propriedades da madeira devem ser obtidas de forma rápida para auxiliar nas seleções de árvores para plantios florestais comerciais. Comtemplando esse propósito, algumas técnicas de seleções de árvores tem sido utilizadas, sendo que uma das mais promissoras é a espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo (NIRS). A técnica NIRS nos últimos anos tem despertado crescente interesse nas pesquisas, principalmente depois que surgiram melhorias na instrumentação e análise de dados. Dentre as vantagens oferecidas podem ser mencionadas, a rapidez e simplicidade no preparo de amostras, baixo custo e não uso de reagentes químicos. Este estudo foi dividido em 4 capítulos, onde foram avaliadas as caracterizações e predições das madeira de Eucalyptus spp. via espectroscopia NIR. Capítulo I - "Using near infrared spectroscopy for the prediction of Eucalyptus hybrids wood quality from three sites in Brazil", teve como objetivo o desenvolvimento de modelos para predizer as propriedades químicas, física e de polpação da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp. do projeto Genolyptus. Foram utilizadas 193 amostras provenientes de três locais (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais e São Paulo) dividas entre grupos de calibração e predição, e assim, foram gerados modelos para cada local separadamente e também modelos gerais. Os melhores modelos foram selecionados com base no coeficiente de determinação, relação de desempenho do desvio (RPD) e erro padrão da predição (SEP). A regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais (PLS) foi utilizada para correlacionar dados provenientes de laboratório com dados espectrais coletados de amostras de cavacos da árvore inteira. Os modelos para rendimento, lignina S/G e extrativos mostraram altas correlações para os modelos individuais por local e também para os modelos globais. Os modelos para densidade básica, lignina e carboidratos mostraram altos coeficientes de determinação para os modelos globais, e para alguns dos modelos locais. Em geral, os modelos desenvolvidos com todos os dados podem ser utilizados para predizerem as características da madeira, e alguns modelos específicos também podem ser utilizados quando uma maior precisão é requerida nos programas de melhoramento. No Capítulo II - "Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição da qualidade da madeira de Eucalyptus spp. utilizando espectros na região do DAP", o objetivo foi a utilização da NIRS para desenvolvimento de modelos de predição para características físicas, químicas e de polpação da madeira, e para isso, foram utilizados dois métodos de amostragem: destrutivo (amostragem de cavacos da árvore inteira) e não destrutivo (amostragem de baguetas no DAP). Os resultados dos coeficientes de determinação para amostragens no DAP foram inferiores aos valores dos modelos desenvolvidos com espectros da árvore inteira, porém, algumas propriedades, tais como densidade básica, lignina total e relação S/G podem ser utilizadas na seleção dos híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.. O Capítulo III - "Sample selection for near infrared spectroscopy calibration models for prediction of Eucalyptus hybrids wood properties" teve o objetivo de avaliar técnicas de amostragens espectrais para modelagem usando três algoritmos: Cadex, Duplex e também método de seleção baseado em análises de laboratório (Ranking). Foram utilizados diferentes tamanhos de grupos para calibração e validação dos modelos para o teor de lignina, relação S/G e rendimento em polpa da madeira. Os resultados estatísticos mostraram que 75% dos dados utilizados para o grupo de calibração foram suficientes para desenvolvimento dos modelos. As técnicas de Ranking e Duplex mostraram similaridades nos modelos NIRS desenvolvidos, sendo possível reduzir custos e tempo na seleção de espectros para as análises NIRS. Capítulo IV - "Influência da idade na geração de modelos de espectroscopia NIR para predição de propriedades da madeira de Eucalyptus spp." . Foram desenvolvidos modelos NIRS para as propriedades de densidade básica, teor de lignina e extrativos da madeira, em 136 amostras com idade de 3 a 7 anos, onde foram feitas análises químicas, física e coleta de espectros NIRS de cavacos moídos da madeira. Os modelos foram desenvolvidos por regressão de mínimos quadrados parciais e testados por validações externas com indivíduos de diferentes idades. Os resultados dos coeficientes de determinação da calibração foram de 0,84 a 0,89 para densidade básica, 0,72 a 0,88 para lignina e 0,92 a 0,98 para extrativos da madeira. Os valores do desempenho do desvio (RPD) mostraram que predições de amostras com idades diferentes das amostras que participaram no desenvolvimento do modelo não apresentaram consideráveis predições, exceto para modelos de densidade básica com idades de 3 e 7 anos com capacidade para predizer amostras entre 4 e 6 anos.Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Geraisapplication/pdfporUniversidade Federal de ViçosaDoutorado em Ciência FlorestalUFVBRManejo Florestal; Meio Ambiente e Conservação da Natureza; Silvicultura; Tecnologia e Utilização deEucalyptusCelulose kraftNIRSEucalyptusKraft pulpNIRSCNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::TECNOLOGIA E UTILIZACAO DE PRODUTOS FLORESTAISEspectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids wood propertiesinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFVinstname:Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)instacron:UFVORIGINALtexto completo.pdfapplication/pdf1355353https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/588/1/texto%20completo.pdf23b53dba1a1b15165351c5ca8eb339bfMD51TEXTtexto completo.pdf.txttexto completo.pdf.txtExtracted texttext/plain176850https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/588/2/texto%20completo.pdf.txtda546b7c4a4c4bdddb1b2102b0a58f57MD52THUMBNAILtexto completo.pdf.jpgtexto completo.pdf.jpgIM Thumbnailimage/jpeg3564https://locus.ufv.br//bitstream/123456789/588/3/texto%20completo.pdf.jpga561f59f0b29681699989213c3ebe8acMD53123456789/5882016-04-06 23:07:25.718oai:locus.ufv.br:123456789/588Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttps://www.locus.ufv.br/oai/requestfabiojreis@ufv.bropendoar:21452016-04-07T02:07:25LOCUS Repositório Institucional da UFV - Universidade Federal de Viçosa (UFV)false
dc.title.por.fl_str_mv Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
dc.title.alternative.eng.fl_str_mv Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids wood properties
title Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
spellingShingle Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
Milagres, Flaviana Reis
Eucalyptus
Celulose kraft
NIRS
Eucalyptus
Kraft pulp
NIRS
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::TECNOLOGIA E UTILIZACAO DE PRODUTOS FLORESTAIS
title_short Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
title_full Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
title_fullStr Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
title_full_unstemmed Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
title_sort Espectroscopia de infravermelho próximo para predição de propriedades da madeira de híbridos de Eucalyptus spp.
author Milagres, Flaviana Reis
author_facet Milagres, Flaviana Reis
author_role author
dc.contributor.authorLattes.por.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/9111785772636067
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Milagres, Flaviana Reis
dc.contributor.advisor-co1.fl_str_mv Colodette, Jorge Luiz
dc.contributor.advisor-co1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4721443U9
dc.contributor.advisor-co2.fl_str_mv Oliveira, Rubens Chaves de
dc.contributor.advisor-co2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4781313H5
dc.contributor.advisor1.fl_str_mv Gomide, José Lívio
dc.contributor.advisor1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4781177P5
dc.contributor.referee1.fl_str_mv Carvalho, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira
dc.contributor.referee1Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/6017392658993288
dc.contributor.referee2.fl_str_mv Silva, Cláudio Mudado
dc.contributor.referee2Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4727931T6
dc.contributor.referee3.fl_str_mv Magaton, Andréia da Silva
dc.contributor.referee3Lattes.fl_str_mv http://buscatextual.cnpq.br/buscatextual/visualizacv.do?id=K4766719E9
dc.contributor.referee4.fl_str_mv Fantuzzi Neto, Humberto
dc.contributor.referee4Lattes.fl_str_mv http://lattes.cnpq.br/9612830732491775
contributor_str_mv Colodette, Jorge Luiz
Oliveira, Rubens Chaves de
Gomide, José Lívio
Carvalho, Ana Márcia Macedo Ladeira
Silva, Cláudio Mudado
Magaton, Andréia da Silva
Fantuzzi Neto, Humberto
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Eucalyptus
Celulose kraft
NIRS
topic Eucalyptus
Celulose kraft
NIRS
Eucalyptus
Kraft pulp
NIRS
CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::TECNOLOGIA E UTILIZACAO DE PRODUTOS FLORESTAIS
dc.subject.eng.fl_str_mv Eucalyptus
Kraft pulp
NIRS
dc.subject.cnpq.fl_str_mv CNPQ::CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::RECURSOS FLORESTAIS E ENGENHARIA FLORESTAL::TECNOLOGIA E UTILIZACAO DE PRODUTOS FLORESTAIS
description Wood is considered the most important raw material for the pulp and paper industry. Brazilian pulp and paper mills are continuously seeking production increases due to increasing demand for wood. The mills seek to identify the best trees and to optimize productivity and wood quality. Rapid acquisition of information about wood properties is required for decisions to be taken in the selection of trees for forest plantations. Some tree selection techniques have been used for this purpose, among which near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is one of the most promising. The NIRS technique has been of increasing interest in research, especially since improvements in instrumentation and data analysis have emerged. Among the advantages that may be mentioned are speed and simplicity of sample preparation, low cost, and non-use of chemical reagents. This study is divided into four papers for characterization and prediction of Eucalyptus spp. by NIRS. Chapter I, "Using Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for the Prediction of Wood Quality of Eucalyptus Hybrids from Three Sites in Brazil", aims at the development of models to predict the physical-chemical and pulping properties of the Eucalyptus spp. hybrids from the Genolyptus project. A total of 193 samples from three locations (Rio Grande do Sul, Minas Gerais, and São Paulo) were divided between calibration and prediction groups, and thus global models were generated as well as models for each site separately. The best models were selected based on the coefficient of determination, the ratio of performance to deviation (RPD), and the standard error of prediction (SEP). Partial least squares (PLS) regression was used to correlate laboratory data with spectral data collected from samples of whole tree chips. Among the models of yield, S/G ratio, and extractives, the individual models for each location and the global models showed high correlations. Among the models of basic density, lignin, and carbohydrates, the global models and some of the local models showed high coefficients of determination. In general, and pulping properties with sufficient accuracy, and some specific models may be used when precision is required for breeding programs. In Chapter II, "Near-Infrared Spectroscopy for Prediction of Eucalyptus Spp. Wood Quality Using Increment Core Sampling", the goal was to use NIRS to develop predictive models of the physical, chemical, and pulp properties of the wood. For this, two sampling methods were used: destructive (whole-tree chip sampling) and nondestructive (increment core sampling). The coefficient of determination for the increment core samples was lower than those of models developed with spectra of the whole tree, but some properties, such as density, total lignin, and S/G ratio can be used in the selection of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids using increment core spectra. Chapter III, "Samples Selection for Near-Infrared Spectroscopy evaluate spectra sampling techniques using three algorithms: CADEX, DUPLEX, and a selection method based on laboratory analysis (Ranking). Different sizes of groups were used for calibration models and validation of lignin content, S/G ratio, and pulp yield. The statistical results showed that the use of 75% of the data for the calibration group was sufficient to develop the models. The Ranking and DUPLEX techniques showed similarities in the NIRS models developed and it is possible to reduce costs and time in the selection of NIRS spectra for analysis. The purpose of Chapter IV, "The Influence of Age on Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Models for Prediction of Wood Physical and Chemical Properties of Eucalyptus Spp.", was the development of NIRS models for the basic density, lignin, and extractives content of the wood of different age groups. A total of 136 samples aged 3 7 years were used to analyze basic density, total lignin, and extractives contents and NIRS spectra collection of milled wood chips. The models were developed by PLS regression and tested by external validations with individuals of different ages. The results for the coefficient of determination of calibrations were 0.84 to 0.89 for basic density, 0.72 to 0.88 for lignin total, and 0.92 to 0.98 for wood extractives. The values of ratio of performance to deviation (RPD) did not show significant predictions when the models had different ages from the samples used in the prediction, except for basic density models with ages of 3 and 7 years, which had the ability to predict properties of samples aged 4 and 6 years.
publishDate 2013
dc.date.available.fl_str_mv 2013-11-27
2015-03-26T12:27:16Z
dc.date.issued.fl_str_mv 2013-03-15
dc.date.accessioned.fl_str_mv 2015-03-26T12:27:16Z
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dc.identifier.citation.fl_str_mv MILAGRES, Flaviana Reis. Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids wood properties. 2013. 96 f. Tese (Doutorado em Manejo Florestal; Meio Ambiente e Conservação da Natureza; Silvicultura; Tecnologia e Utilização de) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2013.
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://locus.ufv.br/handle/123456789/588
identifier_str_mv MILAGRES, Flaviana Reis. Near infrared spectroscopy for prediction of Eucalyptus spp. hybrids wood properties. 2013. 96 f. Tese (Doutorado em Manejo Florestal; Meio Ambiente e Conservação da Natureza; Silvicultura; Tecnologia e Utilização de) - Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, 2013.
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dc.publisher.department.fl_str_mv Manejo Florestal; Meio Ambiente e Conservação da Natureza; Silvicultura; Tecnologia e Utilização de
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