Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system
| Autor(a) principal: | |
|---|---|
| Data de Publicação: | 2007 |
| Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
| Idioma: | por |
| Título da fonte: | Revista Jurídica Cesumar - Mestrado (Online) |
| Texto Completo: | https://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridica/article/view/515 |
Resumo: | This work consists of the analysis of human rights from a historical and juridical perspective of its theoretical statute. A consequence of humanity’s historical and social progress, human rights has a gradual affirmation, varying according to the political, juridical and axiological transformations carried out by the action of institutions and men in the course of the historical process. The glorious revolution, the North American Independence, the French Revolution, the emergence of the first constitutional letters, the constitution of Liberal States, the World Wars, the emergence of Interventionist States and the legitimating crisis of the Lawful Social Democratic States were paradigmatic events to understand the process of formation and consolidation of human rights in its various levels. The first level rights (political and civil rights) were materialized in a bourgeoisie liberal constitutionalist model. It is about a rationalizing model, the basis that support the bourgeoisie in power, that is based on contemplating rational premises from humanism, rationalism, secularism, and scientificism, in opposition to the monarchic regime, absolutist and sacred of the Modern States. This juridical paradigm is based on the protection of the individual freedom and security and introduces to the world a for-mal conception of Constitution based on two fundamental characteristics: the Idea of the State’s division of powers, and the idea of negative rights declaration – right of opposition and resistance against the State. However, this bourgeoisie-individualist liberal juridical model goes into crisis: with the development of the capitalist economy (and its social tensions), with the formation of economical monopolies at the end of 19th century, with the possible insurgence from socialism and, due to market’s inability of self-regu-lation, the State was faced with innumerable difficulties to keep the same passive structure, and with the distancing from the social expectations, such as those proposed by the principles of economical liberalism. The Capitalist State founded on liberal premises, as a political, social and economical posture, needed to be reformulated and open to the social influences in order to preserve the structural fundaments and the legitimating of the Capitalist State. These are the basis for the transformation of the Liberal State into the Social State and the progressive institutionalization of second level rights (economical, social and cultural rights based not only on freedom, but also on equality). With such an institutional reformulation, and in name of the preservation of the capitalist system itself, the State starts, from the perception of insufficiency of the Liberal State model, to provide material equality and social inclusion, a more interventionist and managerial face – conciliation of the capitalist development with its necessary legitimization. With time, the Lawful Democratic Social State, the support of emancipating transformation, starts to demonstrate signs of crisis due to the increasing expenditure in the administration of the State machine and in the conduction of the public thing (public deficit), added to the financial inability of the State to comply with its institutional obligations. In this period of crisis of the providing State model (post-interventionist), the transnationalization of the economy and the markets lead the State and the Law to directly suffer the influxes and the imperatives of the globalized economy, the interests of the financial market, the neo-liberalism and the increasing emphasis on rationalization of the trans-nationalized capitalist economy. This reality produces an intense process of delegitimating of the democratic system. Concomitantly to this crisis, perhaps due to the necessity to recover the values of the contemporaneous democracy, appears in the social scene a new cate-gory of rights. They are the third level rights, representative of the new aspirations of fraternity (solidarity rights relative to development, peace, the individual and peoples self-determination, and the environment). These are human rights translators of the existence of a minimum consensus about some demands that are inherent to the human condition itself. The third level rights appear as the result of the demand to rescue the democratic system working, legitimization and effectiveness, with the incorporation of new expectations born from social consensus – direct expression of the popular will and participation and of a project for democracy’s progressive and mutual action to be carried out in an international level. |
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Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical systemLos derechos humanos a la luz de la historia y del sistema jurídico contemporáneoOs diretos humanos à luz da história e do sistema jurídico contemporâneoDireitos HumanosEstado LiberalEstado SocialEstado Pós-IntervencionistaThis work consists of the analysis of human rights from a historical and juridical perspective of its theoretical statute. A consequence of humanity’s historical and social progress, human rights has a gradual affirmation, varying according to the political, juridical and axiological transformations carried out by the action of institutions and men in the course of the historical process. The glorious revolution, the North American Independence, the French Revolution, the emergence of the first constitutional letters, the constitution of Liberal States, the World Wars, the emergence of Interventionist States and the legitimating crisis of the Lawful Social Democratic States were paradigmatic events to understand the process of formation and consolidation of human rights in its various levels. The first level rights (political and civil rights) were materialized in a bourgeoisie liberal constitutionalist model. It is about a rationalizing model, the basis that support the bourgeoisie in power, that is based on contemplating rational premises from humanism, rationalism, secularism, and scientificism, in opposition to the monarchic regime, absolutist and sacred of the Modern States. This juridical paradigm is based on the protection of the individual freedom and security and introduces to the world a for-mal conception of Constitution based on two fundamental characteristics: the Idea of the State’s division of powers, and the idea of negative rights declaration – right of opposition and resistance against the State. However, this bourgeoisie-individualist liberal juridical model goes into crisis: with the development of the capitalist economy (and its social tensions), with the formation of economical monopolies at the end of 19th century, with the possible insurgence from socialism and, due to market’s inability of self-regu-lation, the State was faced with innumerable difficulties to keep the same passive structure, and with the distancing from the social expectations, such as those proposed by the principles of economical liberalism. The Capitalist State founded on liberal premises, as a political, social and economical posture, needed to be reformulated and open to the social influences in order to preserve the structural fundaments and the legitimating of the Capitalist State. These are the basis for the transformation of the Liberal State into the Social State and the progressive institutionalization of second level rights (economical, social and cultural rights based not only on freedom, but also on equality). With such an institutional reformulation, and in name of the preservation of the capitalist system itself, the State starts, from the perception of insufficiency of the Liberal State model, to provide material equality and social inclusion, a more interventionist and managerial face – conciliation of the capitalist development with its necessary legitimization. With time, the Lawful Democratic Social State, the support of emancipating transformation, starts to demonstrate signs of crisis due to the increasing expenditure in the administration of the State machine and in the conduction of the public thing (public deficit), added to the financial inability of the State to comply with its institutional obligations. In this period of crisis of the providing State model (post-interventionist), the transnationalization of the economy and the markets lead the State and the Law to directly suffer the influxes and the imperatives of the globalized economy, the interests of the financial market, the neo-liberalism and the increasing emphasis on rationalization of the trans-nationalized capitalist economy. This reality produces an intense process of delegitimating of the democratic system. Concomitantly to this crisis, perhaps due to the necessity to recover the values of the contemporaneous democracy, appears in the social scene a new cate-gory of rights. They are the third level rights, representative of the new aspirations of fraternity (solidarity rights relative to development, peace, the individual and peoples self-determination, and the environment). These are human rights translators of the existence of a minimum consensus about some demands that are inherent to the human condition itself. The third level rights appear as the result of the demand to rescue the democratic system working, legitimization and effectiveness, with the incorporation of new expectations born from social consensus – direct expression of the popular will and participation and of a project for democracy’s progressive and mutual action to be carried out in an international level.El trabajo consiste en el análisis de los derechos humanos a partir de una perspectiva histórica y jurídica de su estatuto teórico. Consecuencia del progreso histórico y social de la humanidad, los derechos humanos tienen una afirmación gradativa, variando en conformidad con las transformaciones políticas, jurídicas y axiológicas, concretizadas por la acción de las instituciones y de los hombres a lo largo del proceso histórico. La revolución gloriosa, la independencia estadounidense, la revolución francesa, el surgimiento de las primeras cartas constitucionales, la formación de estados liberales, las guerras mundiales, el surgimiento de estados intervencionistas y la crisis de legitimación de los estados sociales democráticos del derecho fueron sucesos paradigmáticos para comprenderse el proceso de formación y consolidación de los derechos humanos en sus varias dimensiones. Los derechos de primera dimensión (derechos civiles y políticos) se materializan en un molde constitucionalista liberal burgués. Se trata de un molde razonador, base del sostenimiento de la burguesía en el poder, que se pauta en premisas racionales que contemplan el humanismo, el racionalismo y cientificismo, en oposición al régimen monárquico, absolutista y sacralizado por los estados modernos. Ese paradigma se basa en la tutela individual de la libertad y de la seguridad y introduce al mundo una concepción formal de la constitución basada en dos rasgos fundamentales: en la idea de separación de los poderes del estado y en la idea de declaración de los derechos negativos – derechos de oposición y resistencia contra el estado. Ocurre que ese molde jurídico liberal burgués individualista entra en crisis: con el desarrollo de la economía capitalista ( y sus tensiones sociales), con la formación de los monopolios económicos en el final del siglo XIX, con la posible insurgencia del socialismo y, en razón de la propia incapacidad del mercado en auto regularse, el Estado se deparó con innumeras dificultades para mantener la misma estructura pasiva y de alejamiento en relación a las aspiraciones sociales, como propugnado por los principios del liberalismo económico. El estado capitalista basado en las premisas liberales, como postura política, económica y social, necesitó ser reformulado y abrirse a las influencias sociales a fin de garantizar los fundamentos estructurales y de legitimación del estado capitalista. Estas son las bases de transformación del Estado Liberal en estado Social y la institucionalización progresiva de los derechos de segunda dimensión (derechos económicos, sociales, culturales basados no sólo en la libertad, pero también en la igualdad). Con tal cambio institucional y en nombre de la propia preservación del sistema capitalista, el Estado pasa a asumir, a partir de la percepción de la insuficiencia del modelo de Estado liberal a propiciar la igualdad material y la inclusión social, una forma más intervencionista - conciliación del desarrollo capitalista con su necesaria legitimación.Con el tiempo, el estado social Democrático de Derecho, base de realización de cambios emancipatórios, pasa a demostrar señales de crisis, debido a los crecientes gastos en la administración de la maquina estatal y en la conducción de la cosa publica (déficit publico) atreladas a la incapacidad financiera del Estado en cumplir con sus debidas obligaciones institucionales, En ese periodo de crisis del modelo de Estado providencial (post intervencionista), la transnacionalización de la economía y los mercados conduce el estado y el Derecho a sufrir directamente los influjos e imperativos de la economía globalizada, de los intereses del mercado financiero, del neoliberalismo y de la creciente énfasis en la racionalización de la economía capitalista transnacionalizada. Esa realidad produce un intenso proceso de deslegitimación del sistema democrático. Paralelamente a esa crisis, tal vez en consecuencia de la necesidad de rescatarse los ideales y valores de la democracia contemporánea, irrumpe a la escena social una nueva categoría de derechos. Se trata de los derechos de tercera dimensión, representantes de las nuevas aspiraciones de fraternidad (derechos de solidariedad relativos al desarrollo, a la paz, a la autodeterminación del individuo y de los pueblos y al medio ambiente). Estos son los derechos humanos traductores de la existencia de un consenso mínimo acerca de determinadas exigencias que se consideran inherentes a la propia condición humana. Los derechos de tercera dimensión surgen como el resultado de una exigencia de rescate al funcionamiento, a la legitimación y a la efectividad del sistema democrático, con la incorporación de nuevas expectativas advenidas de consensos sociales – expresión directa de la voluntad y de la participación popular y de un proyecto de acción progresiva y solidaria de la democracia a ser realizada en un plan internacional.O trabalho consiste na análise dos direitos humanos a partir de uma perspectiva histórica e jurídica de seu estatuto teórico. Conseqüência do progresso histórico e social da humanidade, os direitos humanos têm uma afirmação gradativa, variando de acordo com as transformações políticas, jurídicas e axiológicas concretizadas pela ação das instituições e dos homens no curso do processo histórico. A revolução gloriosa, a independência norte-americana, a revolução francesa, o aparecimento das primeiras cartas constitucionais, a formação de estados liberais, as guerras mundiais, o surgimento de estados intervencionistas e a crise de legitimação dos Estados sociais democráticos de direito foram acontecimentos paradigmáticos para se compreender o processo de formação e consolidação dos direitos humanos em suas várias dimensões. Os direitos de primeira dimensão (direitos civis e políticos) materializam-se em um modelo constitucionalista liberal burguês. Trata-se de um modelo racionalizador, base de sustentação da burguesia no poder, que se pauta em premissas racionais contempladoras do humanismo, racionalismo, secularismo e cientificismo, em oposição ao regime monárquico, absolutista e sacralizado dos Estados Modernos. Esse paradigma jurídico baseia-se na tutela individual da liberdade e da segurança e introduz ao mundo uma concepção formal de Constituição baseada em duas características fundamentais: na idéia de separação dos poderes do Estado e na idéia de declaração de direitos negativos - direitos de oposição e de resistência contra o Estado. Ocorre que esse modelo jurídico liberal burguês-individualista entra em crise: com o desenvolvimento da economia capitalista (e suas tensões sociais), com a formação dos monopólios econômicos no final do século XIX, com a possível insurgência do socialismo e, em virtude da própria incapacidade do mercado em se auto-regular, o Estado deparou-se com inúmeras dificuldades para manter a mesma estrutura passiva e de distanciamento em relação aos anseios sociais, tal como propugnado pelos princípios do liberalismo econômico. O Estado capitalista assentado em premissas liberais, como postura política, econômica e social, precisou ser reformulado e abrir-se às influências sociais a fim de preservar os fundamentos estruturais e de legitimação do Estado capitalista. Eis as bases de transformação do Estado Liberal em Estado Social e a institucionalização progressiva dos direitos de segunda dimensão (direitos econômicos, sociais, culturais baseados não apenas na liberdade, mas também na igualdade). Com tal reformulação institucional e em nome da própria preservação do sistema capitalista, o Estado passa a assumir, a partir da percepção da insuficiência do modelo de Estado Liberal a propiciar a igualdade material e a inclusão social, uma feição mais intervencionista e dirigente – conciliação do desenvolvimento capitalista com a sua necessária legitimação. Com o tempo, o Estado Social Democrático de Direito, suporte de realização de transformações emancipatórias, passa a demonstrar sinais de crise, em virtude das crescentes despesas na administração da máquina estatal e na condução da coisa pública (déficit público) aliadas à incapacidade financeira do Estado em cumprir com as suas obrigações institucio-nais. Nesse período de crise do modelo de Estado providencial (Pós-Intervencionista), a transnacionalização da economia e dos mercados conduz o Estado e o Direito a sofrerem diretamente os influxos e imperativos da economia globalizada, dos interesses do mercado financeiro, do neoliberalismo e da crescente ênfase na racionalização da econo-mia capitalista transnacionalizada. Essa realidade produz um intenso processo de deslegiti-mação do sistema democrático. Paralelamente a essa crise, talvez em virtude da necessidade de se resgatar os ideais e valores da democracia contemporânea, irrompe à cena social uma nova categoria de direitos. Tratam-se dos direitos de terceira dimensão, representantes das novas aspirações de fraternidade (direitos de solidariedade relativos ao desenvolvimento, à paz, à autodeterminação do indivíduo e dos povos e ao meio ambiente). Estes são direitos humanos tradutores da existência de um consenso mínimo acerca de determinadas exigências que se consideram inerentes à própria condição humana. Os direitos de terceira dimensão surgem como resultado de uma exigência de resgate ao funcionamento, à legitimação e à efetividade do sistema democrático, com a incorporação de novas expectativas advindas de consensos sociais – expressão direta da vontade e da participação popular e de um projeto de ação progressiva e solidária da democracia a ser realizada em plano internacional.Universidade Cesumar - UniCesumar2007-10-17info:eu-repo/semantics/articleinfo:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersionAvaliado por Paresapplication/pdfhttps://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridica/article/view/515Revista Jurídica Cesumar - Mestrado; v. 7 n. 1 (2007): jan./jun.; 31-562176-91841677-6402reponame:Revista Jurídica Cesumar - Mestrado (Online)instname:Centro Universitário de Maringá (UNICESUMAR)instacron:UNICESUporhttps://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridica/article/view/515/373Copyright (c) 2017 Revista Jurídica Cesumar - Mestradoinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessVerbicaro, Loiane Prado2022-05-24T15:47:06Zoai:ojs.pkp.sfu.ca:article/515Revistahttp://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridicaPRIhttp://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridica/oai||naep@unicesumar.edu.br2176-91841677-6402opendoar:2022-05-24T15:47:06Revista Jurídica Cesumar - Mestrado (Online) - Centro Universitário de Maringá (UNICESUMAR)false |
| dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system Los derechos humanos a la luz de la historia y del sistema jurídico contemporáneo Os diretos humanos à luz da história e do sistema jurídico contemporâneo |
| title |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| spellingShingle |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system Verbicaro, Loiane Prado Direitos Humanos Estado Liberal Estado Social Estado Pós-Intervencionista |
| title_short |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| title_full |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| title_fullStr |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| title_full_unstemmed |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| title_sort |
Human rights under the light of history and the contemporaneous juridical system |
| author |
Verbicaro, Loiane Prado |
| author_facet |
Verbicaro, Loiane Prado |
| author_role |
author |
| dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Verbicaro, Loiane Prado |
| dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Direitos Humanos Estado Liberal Estado Social Estado Pós-Intervencionista |
| topic |
Direitos Humanos Estado Liberal Estado Social Estado Pós-Intervencionista |
| description |
This work consists of the analysis of human rights from a historical and juridical perspective of its theoretical statute. A consequence of humanity’s historical and social progress, human rights has a gradual affirmation, varying according to the political, juridical and axiological transformations carried out by the action of institutions and men in the course of the historical process. The glorious revolution, the North American Independence, the French Revolution, the emergence of the first constitutional letters, the constitution of Liberal States, the World Wars, the emergence of Interventionist States and the legitimating crisis of the Lawful Social Democratic States were paradigmatic events to understand the process of formation and consolidation of human rights in its various levels. The first level rights (political and civil rights) were materialized in a bourgeoisie liberal constitutionalist model. It is about a rationalizing model, the basis that support the bourgeoisie in power, that is based on contemplating rational premises from humanism, rationalism, secularism, and scientificism, in opposition to the monarchic regime, absolutist and sacred of the Modern States. This juridical paradigm is based on the protection of the individual freedom and security and introduces to the world a for-mal conception of Constitution based on two fundamental characteristics: the Idea of the State’s division of powers, and the idea of negative rights declaration – right of opposition and resistance against the State. However, this bourgeoisie-individualist liberal juridical model goes into crisis: with the development of the capitalist economy (and its social tensions), with the formation of economical monopolies at the end of 19th century, with the possible insurgence from socialism and, due to market’s inability of self-regu-lation, the State was faced with innumerable difficulties to keep the same passive structure, and with the distancing from the social expectations, such as those proposed by the principles of economical liberalism. The Capitalist State founded on liberal premises, as a political, social and economical posture, needed to be reformulated and open to the social influences in order to preserve the structural fundaments and the legitimating of the Capitalist State. These are the basis for the transformation of the Liberal State into the Social State and the progressive institutionalization of second level rights (economical, social and cultural rights based not only on freedom, but also on equality). With such an institutional reformulation, and in name of the preservation of the capitalist system itself, the State starts, from the perception of insufficiency of the Liberal State model, to provide material equality and social inclusion, a more interventionist and managerial face – conciliation of the capitalist development with its necessary legitimization. With time, the Lawful Democratic Social State, the support of emancipating transformation, starts to demonstrate signs of crisis due to the increasing expenditure in the administration of the State machine and in the conduction of the public thing (public deficit), added to the financial inability of the State to comply with its institutional obligations. In this period of crisis of the providing State model (post-interventionist), the transnationalization of the economy and the markets lead the State and the Law to directly suffer the influxes and the imperatives of the globalized economy, the interests of the financial market, the neo-liberalism and the increasing emphasis on rationalization of the trans-nationalized capitalist economy. This reality produces an intense process of delegitimating of the democratic system. Concomitantly to this crisis, perhaps due to the necessity to recover the values of the contemporaneous democracy, appears in the social scene a new cate-gory of rights. They are the third level rights, representative of the new aspirations of fraternity (solidarity rights relative to development, peace, the individual and peoples self-determination, and the environment). These are human rights translators of the existence of a minimum consensus about some demands that are inherent to the human condition itself. The third level rights appear as the result of the demand to rescue the democratic system working, legitimization and effectiveness, with the incorporation of new expectations born from social consensus – direct expression of the popular will and participation and of a project for democracy’s progressive and mutual action to be carried out in an international level. |
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https://periodicos.unicesumar.edu.br/index.php/revjuridica/article/view/515/373 |
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