Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers
Autor(a) principal: | |
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Data de Publicação: | 2022 |
Outros Autores: | , , |
Tipo de documento: | Artigo |
Idioma: | eng |
Título da fonte: | Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
Texto Completo: | http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020301 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/230339 |
Resumo: | Assessing planting to ensure well-distributed plants is important to achieve high yields. Digital farming has been helpful in these field assessments. However, these techniques are at most times not available for smallholder farmers or low-income regions. Thus, to contribute such producers, we developed two methods to assess intra-row spacing in commercial fields using mobile photos and simple image processing. We assessed a maize field after mechanized planting in 7 and 12 days after planting (DAP) and in two farming systems (conventional and no-till) to acquire images at height of one meter and perpendicular to the ground. In the first method, we used morphological operations based on the HSV scale and the center of mass to extract the region of interest (ROI) corresponding to the maize plant. In the second method, we used local maxima equations (Peaks) to find prominence values corresponding to the maize plant and extract their coordinates. No-till images were deleted due to excessive weeds. Thus, before acquiring the images, it is necessary to remove these elements (e.g., no-till adapted). The methods achieved an overall RMSE of 3.48 cm (<5.63 cm) and R2 of 0.90 (>0.71) between the actual and estimated spacing. Precision and recall were higher than 0.88. There was no difference between actual and estimated CV values, except in conventional tillage in 7 DAP using ROI due to leaves overlapping. The method Peaks was more accurate to detect multiple spacing but miss spacing was correctly detected in both methods. However, the larger the plant leaves, the worse the detection. Thus, our proposed methods were satisfactory and are promising for assessing planting in a remote and accessible way. |
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Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder FarmersComputer visionMachine assessmentSpatial arrangementAssessing planting to ensure well-distributed plants is important to achieve high yields. Digital farming has been helpful in these field assessments. However, these techniques are at most times not available for smallholder farmers or low-income regions. Thus, to contribute such producers, we developed two methods to assess intra-row spacing in commercial fields using mobile photos and simple image processing. We assessed a maize field after mechanized planting in 7 and 12 days after planting (DAP) and in two farming systems (conventional and no-till) to acquire images at height of one meter and perpendicular to the ground. In the first method, we used morphological operations based on the HSV scale and the center of mass to extract the region of interest (ROI) corresponding to the maize plant. In the second method, we used local maxima equations (Peaks) to find prominence values corresponding to the maize plant and extract their coordinates. No-till images were deleted due to excessive weeds. Thus, before acquiring the images, it is necessary to remove these elements (e.g., no-till adapted). The methods achieved an overall RMSE of 3.48 cm (<5.63 cm) and R2 of 0.90 (>0.71) between the actual and estimated spacing. Precision and recall were higher than 0.88. There was no difference between actual and estimated CV values, except in conventional tillage in 7 DAP using ROI due to leaves overlapping. The method Peaks was more accurate to detect multiple spacing but miss spacing was correctly detected in both methods. However, the larger the plant leaves, the worse the detection. Thus, our proposed methods were satisfactory and are promising for assessing planting in a remote and accessible way.Department of Rural Engineering and Mathematical Sciences School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (Unesp/FCAV) São Paulo State University, SPDepartment of Product Validation, Jacto Agrícola SPDepartment of Rural Engineering and Mathematical Sciences School of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences (Unesp/FCAV) São Paulo State University, SPUniversidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)Carreira, Vinicius Dos Santos [UNESP]Tedesco, Danilo [UNESP]Carreira, Alexandre Dos Santosda Silva, Rouverson Pereira [UNESP]2022-04-29T08:39:23Z2022-04-29T08:39:23Z2022-02-01info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020301Agronomy, v. 12, n. 2, 2022.2073-4395http://hdl.handle.net/11449/23033910.3390/agronomy120203012-s2.0-85124037866Scopusreponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESPinstname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)instacron:UNESPengAgronomyinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2024-06-06T15:18:29Zoai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/230339Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttp://repositorio.unesp.br/oai/requestopendoar:29462024-08-05T18:21:11.181223Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)false |
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
title |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
spellingShingle |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers Carreira, Vinicius Dos Santos [UNESP] Computer vision Machine assessment Spatial arrangement |
title_short |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
title_full |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
title_fullStr |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
title_full_unstemmed |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
title_sort |
Assessing Intra-Row Spacing Using Image Processing: A Promising Digital Tool for Smallholder Farmers |
author |
Carreira, Vinicius Dos Santos [UNESP] |
author_facet |
Carreira, Vinicius Dos Santos [UNESP] Tedesco, Danilo [UNESP] Carreira, Alexandre Dos Santos da Silva, Rouverson Pereira [UNESP] |
author_role |
author |
author2 |
Tedesco, Danilo [UNESP] Carreira, Alexandre Dos Santos da Silva, Rouverson Pereira [UNESP] |
author2_role |
author author author |
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv |
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) |
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv |
Carreira, Vinicius Dos Santos [UNESP] Tedesco, Danilo [UNESP] Carreira, Alexandre Dos Santos da Silva, Rouverson Pereira [UNESP] |
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv |
Computer vision Machine assessment Spatial arrangement |
topic |
Computer vision Machine assessment Spatial arrangement |
description |
Assessing planting to ensure well-distributed plants is important to achieve high yields. Digital farming has been helpful in these field assessments. However, these techniques are at most times not available for smallholder farmers or low-income regions. Thus, to contribute such producers, we developed two methods to assess intra-row spacing in commercial fields using mobile photos and simple image processing. We assessed a maize field after mechanized planting in 7 and 12 days after planting (DAP) and in two farming systems (conventional and no-till) to acquire images at height of one meter and perpendicular to the ground. In the first method, we used morphological operations based on the HSV scale and the center of mass to extract the region of interest (ROI) corresponding to the maize plant. In the second method, we used local maxima equations (Peaks) to find prominence values corresponding to the maize plant and extract their coordinates. No-till images were deleted due to excessive weeds. Thus, before acquiring the images, it is necessary to remove these elements (e.g., no-till adapted). The methods achieved an overall RMSE of 3.48 cm (<5.63 cm) and R2 of 0.90 (>0.71) between the actual and estimated spacing. Precision and recall were higher than 0.88. There was no difference between actual and estimated CV values, except in conventional tillage in 7 DAP using ROI due to leaves overlapping. The method Peaks was more accurate to detect multiple spacing but miss spacing was correctly detected in both methods. However, the larger the plant leaves, the worse the detection. Thus, our proposed methods were satisfactory and are promising for assessing planting in a remote and accessible way. |
publishDate |
2022 |
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv |
2022-04-29T08:39:23Z 2022-04-29T08:39:23Z 2022-02-01 |
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion |
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
format |
article |
status_str |
publishedVersion |
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020301 Agronomy, v. 12, n. 2, 2022. 2073-4395 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/230339 10.3390/agronomy12020301 2-s2.0-85124037866 |
url |
http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agronomy12020301 http://hdl.handle.net/11449/230339 |
identifier_str_mv |
Agronomy, v. 12, n. 2, 2022. 2073-4395 10.3390/agronomy12020301 2-s2.0-85124037866 |
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv |
eng |
language |
eng |
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv |
Agronomy |
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv |
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess |
eu_rights_str_mv |
openAccess |
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv |
Scopus reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESP instname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) instacron:UNESP |
instname_str |
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) |
instacron_str |
UNESP |
institution |
UNESP |
reponame_str |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
collection |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP |
repository.name.fl_str_mv |
Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP) |
repository.mail.fl_str_mv |
|
_version_ |
1808128923560574976 |