Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Custódio, Letícia
Data de Publicação: 2018
Tipo de documento: Tese
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UNESP
Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/11449/166363
Resumo: The study was divided into two phases. The first phase was designed to identify which mycotoxin was present in Brazillian feedlot diets, and the second phase was designed to evaluate the performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot fed mycotoxins, and the effects of mycotoxin adsorbent (ADS). Thus, the objective of the first phase was to identify which mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets fed to feedlot cattle and its concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazillian feedlots located in the 5 largest beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected on-site and sent to the 37+® Analytical Services Laboratory (KY, USA) for analysis of mycotoxins. The quantification of 38 different mycotoxins was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The mycotoxin concentrations were further interpreted according to known species- specific sensitivities and normalized according to the principles of toxic equivalent factors, determining the Risk Equivalent Quantities (REQ) expressed in µg/kg of aflatoxin B1-equivalent. Descriptive statistics were obtained using the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS and multivariate statistics were obtained using STATISTICA. The toxins identified in TMR were: fumonisins, trichothecenes A, trichothecenes B, fusaric acid, aflatoxins and ergot (means of 2,330, 104.3, 79.5, 105, 10.5, and 5.5 µg/kg, respectively). Fumonisins were the primary mycotoxins found and at highest concentrations in TMR samples. Peanut meal was the most contaminated ingredient. The objective of the second phase was to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins and ADS on performance and meat quality of Nellore cattle finished in feedlot. One-hundred 24-mo-old Nellore bulls (430 ± 13 kg of body weight (BW)) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors consisted of two diets (Factor 1) with natural contamination (NC) or exogenous contamination (EC) and presence (10g/d/animal; ADS) or absence of ADS (Factor 2). The NC and EC diets had, respectively, the following contaminations: aflatoxin 0 and 10 µg/kg, fumonisin 5114 and 5754 µg/kg, trichothecenes A 0 and 22.1 µg/kg, trichotecenes B 0 and 42.1 µg/kg and fusaric acid 42.9 and 42.9 µg/kg. At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed, and 4 were randomly selected to be slaughtered to evaluate initial carcass weight. After 97 days of experiment, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. Steaks from Longissumus thoracics harvested between 11th to 13th ribs, in which three steaks were randomly assigned to aging times of 7, 14 and 28 days at 4°C. The meat quality was analyzed. There was no interaction among factors for DMI (P = 0.92), however there was a tendency for EC- diets decrease DMI by 650 g/d (P = 0.09). The ADG was greater for NC- when compared to EC- fed cattle (P = 0.04) and there was a tendency for interaction among factors (P = 0.08) being 1.77, 1.65, 1.51 and 1.63 kg for NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS, respectively. There was a tendency for interaction among factors for carcass gain (P = 0.08). Daily carcass gain was 1.20, 1.14, 1.05 and 1.12 kg/d, respectively, for cattle receiving NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS. Then, the NC had greater carcass gain compared to EC- and the addition of ADS recovered part of the gain when used in EC diets. The chemical composition, color, cooking loss and shear force of meat were not affected (P ≥ 0.38) by the factors. In conclusion, mycotoxin affects the performance of beef cattle, and the ADS may alleviate part of this damage when animals were fed diets containing higher contamination. However, these factors did not negatively affect meat quality.
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spelling Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlotCaracterização e controle de micotoxinas na alimentação de bovinos confinadosAdsorbentCarcass gainMeat qualityPerformanceSurveyThe study was divided into two phases. The first phase was designed to identify which mycotoxin was present in Brazillian feedlot diets, and the second phase was designed to evaluate the performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot fed mycotoxins, and the effects of mycotoxin adsorbent (ADS). Thus, the objective of the first phase was to identify which mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets fed to feedlot cattle and its concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazillian feedlots located in the 5 largest beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected on-site and sent to the 37+® Analytical Services Laboratory (KY, USA) for analysis of mycotoxins. The quantification of 38 different mycotoxins was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The mycotoxin concentrations were further interpreted according to known species- specific sensitivities and normalized according to the principles of toxic equivalent factors, determining the Risk Equivalent Quantities (REQ) expressed in µg/kg of aflatoxin B1-equivalent. Descriptive statistics were obtained using the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS and multivariate statistics were obtained using STATISTICA. The toxins identified in TMR were: fumonisins, trichothecenes A, trichothecenes B, fusaric acid, aflatoxins and ergot (means of 2,330, 104.3, 79.5, 105, 10.5, and 5.5 µg/kg, respectively). Fumonisins were the primary mycotoxins found and at highest concentrations in TMR samples. Peanut meal was the most contaminated ingredient. The objective of the second phase was to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins and ADS on performance and meat quality of Nellore cattle finished in feedlot. One-hundred 24-mo-old Nellore bulls (430 ± 13 kg of body weight (BW)) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors consisted of two diets (Factor 1) with natural contamination (NC) or exogenous contamination (EC) and presence (10g/d/animal; ADS) or absence of ADS (Factor 2). The NC and EC diets had, respectively, the following contaminations: aflatoxin 0 and 10 µg/kg, fumonisin 5114 and 5754 µg/kg, trichothecenes A 0 and 22.1 µg/kg, trichotecenes B 0 and 42.1 µg/kg and fusaric acid 42.9 and 42.9 µg/kg. At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed, and 4 were randomly selected to be slaughtered to evaluate initial carcass weight. After 97 days of experiment, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. Steaks from Longissumus thoracics harvested between 11th to 13th ribs, in which three steaks were randomly assigned to aging times of 7, 14 and 28 days at 4°C. The meat quality was analyzed. There was no interaction among factors for DMI (P = 0.92), however there was a tendency for EC- diets decrease DMI by 650 g/d (P = 0.09). The ADG was greater for NC- when compared to EC- fed cattle (P = 0.04) and there was a tendency for interaction among factors (P = 0.08) being 1.77, 1.65, 1.51 and 1.63 kg for NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS, respectively. There was a tendency for interaction among factors for carcass gain (P = 0.08). Daily carcass gain was 1.20, 1.14, 1.05 and 1.12 kg/d, respectively, for cattle receiving NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS. Then, the NC had greater carcass gain compared to EC- and the addition of ADS recovered part of the gain when used in EC diets. The chemical composition, color, cooking loss and shear force of meat were not affected (P ≥ 0.38) by the factors. In conclusion, mycotoxin affects the performance of beef cattle, and the ADS may alleviate part of this damage when animals were fed diets containing higher contamination. However, these factors did not negatively affect meat quality.O experimento foi dividido em duas fases. A primeira fase foi desenvolvida para identificar quais micotoxinas estavam presentes nas dietas de confinamentos brasileiros e a segunda fase foi para verificar o desempenho de bovinos confinados alimentados com micotoxinas e efeito do Mycosorb A+ ADS. Assim, o objetivo da primeira fase foi identificar quais micotoxinas e em quais concentrações estavam presentes em ingredientes utilizados em dietas de bovinos de cortes confinados. A pesquisa abrangeu 30 confinamentos brasileiros localizados em 5 diferentes estados. Amostras de ração total (RT) e ingredientes foram coletadas no local e enviadas para o 37+® Analytical Services Laboratory (KY, USA) para análise de micotoxinas. A quantificação de 38 micotoxinas diferentes foi realizada utilizando cromatografia líquida de ultra-desempenho acoplada a espectrometria de massa. As concentrações de micotoxinas foram interpretadas de acordo com sensibilidades específicas de espécies conhecidas e normalizadas de acordo com os princípios de fatores equivalentes tóxicos, determinando o Risk Equivalency Quantities (REQ) expressas em µg/kg equivalente de aflatoxina B1. Estatísticas descritivas foram obtidas utilizando o procedimento UNIVARIATE do SAS e estatísticas multivariadas foram obtidas utilizando o STATISTICA. As toxinas identificadas nas RT foram: fumonisinas, tricotecenos A, tricotecenos B, ácido fusárico, aflatoxinas e ergot (média de 2330; 104,3; 79,5; 105; 10,5 e 5,5 µg/kg). As fumonisinas foram as micotoxinas mais encontradas e em maiores concentrações nas amostras de RT. O amendoim foi o ingrediente mais contaminado. O objetivo da segunda fase foi avaliar o efeito de micotoxinas e ADS sobre o desempenho e a qualidade da carne de bovinos confinados. Foram utilizados 100 bovinos (430 ± 13 kg de peso corporal (PC) e 24 meses). O delineamento foi em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 × 2 de tratamentos. Os tratamentos consistiram de dois fatores: Fator 1: RT com contaminação natural (CN) ou contaminação exógena (CE) e Fator 2 presença (10g/d/animal; ADS) ou ausência do ADS. As dietas CN e CE apresentaram, respectivamente, as seguintes contaminações: aflatoxina 0 e 10 µg/kg, fumonisina 5114 e 5754 µg/kg, tricotecenos A 0 e 22,1 µg/kg, tricotecenos B 0 e 42,1 µg/kg e ácido fusárico 42,9 e 42,9 µg/kg. No início do experimento, todos os animais foram pesados e 4 animais selecionados aleatoriamente foram abatidos para avaliar o peso inicial da carcaça. Após 97 dias de experimento, todos os animais foram pesados e abatidos. Bifes do Longissumus thoracics foram retirados entre a 11ª e a 13ª costelas, sendo três bifes aleatoriamente designados para tempos de maturação de 7, 14 e 28 dias a 4°C. A qualidade da carne foi analisada. Não houve interação entre os fatores para o consumo de matéria seca (CMS); (P = 0,92), porém houve tendência de redução para dietas CE- em 650 g/dia (P = 0,09). O ganho médio diário (GMD) foi maior para CN- em relação ao CE- (P = 0,04) e houve tendência de interação entre fatores (P=0,08) sendo 1,77, 1,65, 1,51 e 1,63kg para CN-, CN+ADS, CE-, CE+ADS, respectivamente. Os animais da CN- apresentaram maior PC final (596 kg) do que CE- (582 kg, P = 0,04). Houve tendência de interação entre os fatores para ganho de carcaça (P = 0,08). O ganho médio diário de carcaça foi de 1,20, 1,14, 1,05 e 1,12 kg, respectivamente, para CN-, CN+ADS, CE-, CE+ADS. Assim, o CN- apresentou maior ganho de carcaça em relação ao CE- e, além disso, o ADS recuperou parte do ganho quando usado em dietas CE. A composição química, cor, perda por cocção e maciez da carne não foram afetadas (P ≥ 0,38) pelos fatores. Em conclusão, a micotoxina afeta o desempenho de bovinos de corte, e o ADS pode recuperar parte desse dano quando os animais consomem dietas com uma contaminação mais alta. Porém, esses fatores não afetam a qualidade da carne.Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)FAPESP: 2015/21416-6Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)Siqueira, Gustavo Rezende [UNESP]Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)Custódio, Letícia2018-12-03T16:31:32Z2018-12-03T16:31:32Z2018-10-11info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/doctoralThesisapplication/pdfhttp://hdl.handle.net/11449/16636300091058133004102002P0enginfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccessreponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESPinstname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)instacron:UNESP2024-06-05T18:57:47Zoai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/166363Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttp://repositorio.unesp.br/oai/requestopendoar:29462024-08-06T00:12:16.356287Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
Caracterização e controle de micotoxinas na alimentação de bovinos confinados
title Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
spellingShingle Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
Custódio, Letícia
Adsorbent
Carcass gain
Meat quality
Performance
Survey
title_short Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
title_full Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
title_fullStr Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
title_full_unstemmed Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
title_sort Identification and control effects of mycotoxins in nellore bulls finished in feedlot
author Custódio, Letícia
author_facet Custódio, Letícia
author_role author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Siqueira, Gustavo Rezende [UNESP]
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Custódio, Letícia
dc.subject.por.fl_str_mv Adsorbent
Carcass gain
Meat quality
Performance
Survey
topic Adsorbent
Carcass gain
Meat quality
Performance
Survey
description The study was divided into two phases. The first phase was designed to identify which mycotoxin was present in Brazillian feedlot diets, and the second phase was designed to evaluate the performance of Nellore bulls finished in feedlot fed mycotoxins, and the effects of mycotoxin adsorbent (ADS). Thus, the objective of the first phase was to identify which mycotoxins were present in ingredients used in diets fed to feedlot cattle and its concentrations. The survey covered 30 Brazillian feedlots located in the 5 largest beef-producing states. Samples of total mixed ration (TMR) and ingredients were collected on-site and sent to the 37+® Analytical Services Laboratory (KY, USA) for analysis of mycotoxins. The quantification of 38 different mycotoxins was performed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. The mycotoxin concentrations were further interpreted according to known species- specific sensitivities and normalized according to the principles of toxic equivalent factors, determining the Risk Equivalent Quantities (REQ) expressed in µg/kg of aflatoxin B1-equivalent. Descriptive statistics were obtained using the UNIVARIATE procedure of SAS and multivariate statistics were obtained using STATISTICA. The toxins identified in TMR were: fumonisins, trichothecenes A, trichothecenes B, fusaric acid, aflatoxins and ergot (means of 2,330, 104.3, 79.5, 105, 10.5, and 5.5 µg/kg, respectively). Fumonisins were the primary mycotoxins found and at highest concentrations in TMR samples. Peanut meal was the most contaminated ingredient. The objective of the second phase was to evaluate the effect of mycotoxins and ADS on performance and meat quality of Nellore cattle finished in feedlot. One-hundred 24-mo-old Nellore bulls (430 ± 13 kg of body weight (BW)) were used in a randomized block design with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. The factors consisted of two diets (Factor 1) with natural contamination (NC) or exogenous contamination (EC) and presence (10g/d/animal; ADS) or absence of ADS (Factor 2). The NC and EC diets had, respectively, the following contaminations: aflatoxin 0 and 10 µg/kg, fumonisin 5114 and 5754 µg/kg, trichothecenes A 0 and 22.1 µg/kg, trichotecenes B 0 and 42.1 µg/kg and fusaric acid 42.9 and 42.9 µg/kg. At the beginning of the experiment, all animals were weighed, and 4 were randomly selected to be slaughtered to evaluate initial carcass weight. After 97 days of experiment, all animals were weighed and slaughtered. Steaks from Longissumus thoracics harvested between 11th to 13th ribs, in which three steaks were randomly assigned to aging times of 7, 14 and 28 days at 4°C. The meat quality was analyzed. There was no interaction among factors for DMI (P = 0.92), however there was a tendency for EC- diets decrease DMI by 650 g/d (P = 0.09). The ADG was greater for NC- when compared to EC- fed cattle (P = 0.04) and there was a tendency for interaction among factors (P = 0.08) being 1.77, 1.65, 1.51 and 1.63 kg for NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS, respectively. There was a tendency for interaction among factors for carcass gain (P = 0.08). Daily carcass gain was 1.20, 1.14, 1.05 and 1.12 kg/d, respectively, for cattle receiving NC-, NC+ADS, EC- and EC+ADS. Then, the NC had greater carcass gain compared to EC- and the addition of ADS recovered part of the gain when used in EC diets. The chemical composition, color, cooking loss and shear force of meat were not affected (P ≥ 0.38) by the factors. In conclusion, mycotoxin affects the performance of beef cattle, and the ADS may alleviate part of this damage when animals were fed diets containing higher contamination. However, these factors did not negatively affect meat quality.
publishDate 2018
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2018-12-03T16:31:32Z
2018-12-03T16:31:32Z
2018-10-11
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
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dc.publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
publisher.none.fl_str_mv Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESP
instname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
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