Development of glass optical fibers based on fluoride-phosphate for deep-UV optical transmission

• Autor(a) principal: Galleani, Gustavo [UNESP]
• Data de Publicação: 2017
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: eng
• Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UNESP
• Texto Completo: http://hdl.handle.net/11449/152183
• topic: Vidros; Fibras ópticas; Ressonância magnética nuclear

The development of new optical fibers capable to operate in the deep-ultraviolet (DUV, 200-300 nm) and the vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV, 120-200 nm) would benefit to laser technologies, microlithography techniques (increased spatial resolution) and elemental chemical sensing applications (phosphorous and sulfur sensing in agriculture). The only well-established UV-transmitting fiber existing to date consists in high- OH/fluorine doped silica glass core/clad fibers. However, the utilization of such fibers is limited by solarisation effect that degrades the UV-light transmission with long time exposition. Mixed fluoride-phosphate (FP) glasses with ultra-low content of impurities can be VUV- and/or DUV-transmitting materials, offering thus an alternative to the commercialized high-OH/fluorine doped silica fibers. These glasses are produced by mixing fluorides and polyphosphates to combine their properties as excellent glass-forming ability, low refractive index and broad optical transmission windows ranging from ~160 to 4000 nm. Also, when doped with trivalent rare-earth (RE) ions, the low phonon fluorine environment is favorable for RE high quantum efficiencies, making then suitable for photonic application in the form of fiber and/or bulk glass. Firstly, highly pure FP glasses were prepared and utilized to fabricate step-index optical fibers, by a modified crucible technique. In a first step, the bulk glasses were studied to be highly transparent in the VUV region, down to 160 nm, and the characteristics temperatures, viscosity around softening point were characterized. Then, the fibers were fabricated by the crucible technique, drawing the as-made core-cladding preforms in a silica crucible assembly. While uncontrolled crystallization was observed during the fiber drawing by the conventional method, drawing from a fused silica crucible showed to be suitable to obtain crystal-free FP glass fibers. Additionally, the cut-back method was employed to measure the optical attenuation on the FP step-index and single index glass fibers. The second part of this thesis involves the network structural investigation of a series of FP glasses with different fluoride/phosphate ratio. Raman and multinuclear solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopies were used to study the polyphosphate network transformation for the different fluoride/phosphate ratios. In the next step 27Al/31P ix double resonance techniques were used to quantify the average number of P-O-Al linkages in the glasses and the local environment of fluoride species were also determined. Then, the glasses were doped with RE ions and the local environment was characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy of Yb3+ ions probe and by photoluminescence experiments on Eu3+ dopant ions. The luminescence properties were correlated with the structural transformation as a function of composition. Lastly, due to the high UV tansparency of the FP glasses, we prepared FP glasses doped with Gd3+, Tm3+, and Yb3+ ions as a potential candidate for fabrication of UV fiber lasers. The photoluminescence properties under 980 nm diode laser excitation were studied, and the effect of fluoride/phosphate ratio in the glasses in the Gd3+ UV upconversion (UC) emission were verified. The effect of Gd3+ content in the UV UC emission was also studied. Then, by using 45Sc/31P double resonance technique, utilizing scandium as a diamagnetic mimic for the luminescent RE species, the ligand distribution surrounding the RE ions were quantified, and the efficiency of the Gd3+ emission, compared to the Tm3+ ions with structure was done.