Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)

Detalhes bibliográficos
Autor(a) principal: Carregaro, Adriano B.
Data de Publicação: 2019
Outros Autores: Ferrari, Bárbara G., da Silva, André N.E., Xavier, Nathalia V., Duarte, José M.B. [UNESP]
Tipo de documento: Artigo
Idioma: eng
Título da fonte: Repositório Institucional da UNESP
Texto Completo: http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220288
http://hdl.handle.net/11449/187930
Resumo: The care and management of deer in captivity is challenging, especially in the case of red brocket deer (Mazama americana), whose routine management using physical restraint is difficult. Our study evaluated the effects of azaperone and xylazine combination for immobilizing red brocket deer and allow for the standard capture and handling protocols (e.g., biological material, horn cutting, and trimming) to be conducted safely. Six adult, captive, red brocket deer received an intramuscular injection of either 1 mg/kg azaperone and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (AX0.5) or 1 mg/kg azaperone and 1 mg/kg xylazine (AX1.0). Sedation latency, sternal recumbency, safe handling, and quality of the sedation were evaluated to provide an overview of how the immobilizing drugs affected managing the species in captivity. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+ and serum lactate were also measured. The latency period of the animals in the AX0.5 group was greater than that of the animals in the AX1.0 group (7 ± 6.6 min vs. 5 ± 2.0 min), as was the time for them to assume sternal recumbency (12 ± 9.7 min vs. 6 ± 3.1 min). However, the time after the initial dose at which the animals could safely be handled (14 ± 4.5 min vs. 12 ± 5.2 min), and the time until the end of the safe handling period (75 ± 12.3 min vs. 85 ± 6.8 min) were similar for both groups. Animals in both groups showed physiological stability during all evaluations, but hypoxemia was observed in one animal in each group. We conclude that both drug combinations are safe and effective at sedating red brocket deer in captivity and suggest that the procedure be performed with oxygen supplementation to reduce the potential for hypoxia.
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spelling Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)The care and management of deer in captivity is challenging, especially in the case of red brocket deer (Mazama americana), whose routine management using physical restraint is difficult. Our study evaluated the effects of azaperone and xylazine combination for immobilizing red brocket deer and allow for the standard capture and handling protocols (e.g., biological material, horn cutting, and trimming) to be conducted safely. Six adult, captive, red brocket deer received an intramuscular injection of either 1 mg/kg azaperone and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (AX0.5) or 1 mg/kg azaperone and 1 mg/kg xylazine (AX1.0). Sedation latency, sternal recumbency, safe handling, and quality of the sedation were evaluated to provide an overview of how the immobilizing drugs affected managing the species in captivity. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+ and serum lactate were also measured. The latency period of the animals in the AX0.5 group was greater than that of the animals in the AX1.0 group (7 ± 6.6 min vs. 5 ± 2.0 min), as was the time for them to assume sternal recumbency (12 ± 9.7 min vs. 6 ± 3.1 min). However, the time after the initial dose at which the animals could safely be handled (14 ± 4.5 min vs. 12 ± 5.2 min), and the time until the end of the safe handling period (75 ± 12.3 min vs. 85 ± 6.8 min) were similar for both groups. Animals in both groups showed physiological stability during all evaluations, but hypoxemia was observed in one animal in each group. We conclude that both drug combinations are safe and effective at sedating red brocket deer in captivity and suggest that the procedure be performed with oxygen supplementation to reduce the potential for hypoxia.Department of Veterinary Medicine Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering University of Sao PauloDepartment of Animal Science—Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE) Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)Department of Animal Science—Deer Research and Conservation Center (NUPECCE) Faculty of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences São Paulo State University (UNESP)Universidade de São Paulo (USP)Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)Carregaro, Adriano B.Ferrari, Bárbara G.da Silva, André N.E.Xavier, Nathalia V.Duarte, José M.B. [UNESP]2019-10-06T15:51:42Z2019-10-06T15:51:42Z2019-01-01info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersioninfo:eu-repo/semantics/articlehttp://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220288PLoS ONE, v. 14, n. 8, 2019.1932-6203http://hdl.handle.net/11449/18793010.1371/journal.pone.02202882-s2.0-85070229405Scopusreponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESPinstname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)instacron:UNESPengPLoS ONEinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess2021-10-22T19:10:59Zoai:repositorio.unesp.br:11449/187930Repositório InstitucionalPUBhttp://repositorio.unesp.br/oai/requestopendoar:29462024-08-05T18:24:10.002069Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)false
dc.title.none.fl_str_mv Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
title Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
spellingShingle Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
Carregaro, Adriano B.
title_short Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
title_full Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
title_fullStr Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
title_full_unstemmed Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
title_sort Azaperone and xylazine: A pharmacological combination to facilitate captive deer management for red brocket deer (Mazama americana)
author Carregaro, Adriano B.
author_facet Carregaro, Adriano B.
Ferrari, Bárbara G.
da Silva, André N.E.
Xavier, Nathalia V.
Duarte, José M.B. [UNESP]
author_role author
author2 Ferrari, Bárbara G.
da Silva, André N.E.
Xavier, Nathalia V.
Duarte, José M.B. [UNESP]
author2_role author
author
author
author
dc.contributor.none.fl_str_mv Universidade de São Paulo (USP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (Unesp)
dc.contributor.author.fl_str_mv Carregaro, Adriano B.
Ferrari, Bárbara G.
da Silva, André N.E.
Xavier, Nathalia V.
Duarte, José M.B. [UNESP]
description The care and management of deer in captivity is challenging, especially in the case of red brocket deer (Mazama americana), whose routine management using physical restraint is difficult. Our study evaluated the effects of azaperone and xylazine combination for immobilizing red brocket deer and allow for the standard capture and handling protocols (e.g., biological material, horn cutting, and trimming) to be conducted safely. Six adult, captive, red brocket deer received an intramuscular injection of either 1 mg/kg azaperone and 0.5 mg/kg xylazine (AX0.5) or 1 mg/kg azaperone and 1 mg/kg xylazine (AX1.0). Sedation latency, sternal recumbency, safe handling, and quality of the sedation were evaluated to provide an overview of how the immobilizing drugs affected managing the species in captivity. Additionally, heart rate, respiratory rate, mean arterial pressure, rectal temperature, pH, PaO2, PaCO2, SaO2, HCO3 -, BE, Na+, K+ and serum lactate were also measured. The latency period of the animals in the AX0.5 group was greater than that of the animals in the AX1.0 group (7 ± 6.6 min vs. 5 ± 2.0 min), as was the time for them to assume sternal recumbency (12 ± 9.7 min vs. 6 ± 3.1 min). However, the time after the initial dose at which the animals could safely be handled (14 ± 4.5 min vs. 12 ± 5.2 min), and the time until the end of the safe handling period (75 ± 12.3 min vs. 85 ± 6.8 min) were similar for both groups. Animals in both groups showed physiological stability during all evaluations, but hypoxemia was observed in one animal in each group. We conclude that both drug combinations are safe and effective at sedating red brocket deer in captivity and suggest that the procedure be performed with oxygen supplementation to reduce the potential for hypoxia.
publishDate 2019
dc.date.none.fl_str_mv 2019-10-06T15:51:42Z
2019-10-06T15:51:42Z
2019-01-01
dc.type.status.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion
dc.type.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/article
format article
status_str publishedVersion
dc.identifier.uri.fl_str_mv http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220288
PLoS ONE, v. 14, n. 8, 2019.
1932-6203
http://hdl.handle.net/11449/187930
10.1371/journal.pone.0220288
2-s2.0-85070229405
url http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0220288
http://hdl.handle.net/11449/187930
identifier_str_mv PLoS ONE, v. 14, n. 8, 2019.
1932-6203
10.1371/journal.pone.0220288
2-s2.0-85070229405
dc.language.iso.fl_str_mv eng
language eng
dc.relation.none.fl_str_mv PLoS ONE
dc.rights.driver.fl_str_mv info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
eu_rights_str_mv openAccess
dc.source.none.fl_str_mv Scopus
reponame:Repositório Institucional da UNESP
instname:Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
instacron:UNESP
instname_str Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
instacron_str UNESP
institution UNESP
reponame_str Repositório Institucional da UNESP
collection Repositório Institucional da UNESP
repository.name.fl_str_mv Repositório Institucional da UNESP - Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
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