Ecologia de Chiroptera, em áreas de caatinga, com considerações zoológicas e zoogeográficas sobre a fauna de morcegos dos Estados da Paraíba e Ceará

• Autor(a) principal: LEAL, Edson Silva Barbosa
• Data de Publicação: 2012
• Tipo de documento: Dissertação
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRPE
• Texto Completo: http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/5413
• topic: Morcegos; Semiárido; Inventário; Floresta tropical seca; Bat; Semi-arid; Inventary; Tropical dry forest; CIENCIAS BIOLOGICAS::ECOLOGIA

In terrestrial biome Caatinga, although this is the only exclusively Brazilian biome and one of the 37 major natural regions of the world along with the Amazon and the Cerrado (Savannah), as well as presenting only 52,6% of its original vegetation cover due the fast rate of deforestation and desertification that affects the region, the lack of knowledge about the diversity, taxonomy, ecology, geographic distribution and conservation status of the bats undermine conservation and management initiatives (only 2% of the biome is protected by law), as well as regional analysis and the comparison of the diversity and richness among different areas. This study aims (i) identify the components of the community of Chiroptera in three geographical areas of Caatinga in the states of Paraíba and Ceará, (ii) calculate and compare the indexes of Diversity, Richness, Dominance, Similarity and Equitability and (iii) verify the influence of seasonality in the richness, abundance and composition on the species in the studied areas. After a capture effort of 216,2 X 105 h.m² (24,0 105 h.m2 per area) 454 bats were captured (excluding 34 recaptures), belonging to 19 species, 16 genera and five families: Phyllostomidae (12 species/418 captures), Noctilionidae (2/5), Vespertilionidae (3/24), Emballonuridae (1/6) e Molossidae (1/1). Distributed in seven trophic guilds, with a higher representation of frugivorouss, insectivorous and nectarivorous. 142 specimens of 11 species were captured, with two exclusives, Peropteryx macrotis and Noctilio albiventris, In Pé Branco Farm, Coremas, PB (Area I) four families were registred; In Galante Ranch, São José de Piranhas, PB (Area II), 137 specimens of 11 families where captured, two exclusives (Micronycteris megalotis and Molossus molossus) and 175 specimens of 13 species, with five exclusives (Artibeus lituratus, Sturnira lilium, Phyllostomus discolor, Eptesicus sp. and Lasiurus blossevillii), belonging to two families in Cajuí Ranch, Milagres, CE (Area III). Among the 19 species that were collected, there is a highlight to the first record of Noctilio albiventris to the state of Paraíba. The present record expands to 57 the number of bat species listed for the Paraíba and to 39 that registered in this Caatinga. It emphasizes that the increment of surveys directed to noctilionids in this state, may probably result not only in new records, but also in obtaining data to help to infer about its conservation status this species considered a bio-indicator of water quality and water pollution. its distribution and, abundance, may be strongly related to physical and chemical qualities of the habitat. The most abundant species in these inventories were Artibeus planirostris (n=241; 53,08%), followed by Carolliia perspicillata (n=89; 19,60%), Glossophaga soricina (n=50; 11,01%) and Myotis nigricans (n=22; 4,84%), that, together, represent 84,55% of all the specimens captured. With a low diversity, except when compared with all the sampling region, due the dominance of A. planirostris, C. perspicillata and G. soricina, the richness observed in each area is inside the expected to the Caatinga, despite the fact that the richness estimators mean used, based on the abundance and the incidence, indicates a poor sampling effort against the capture effort used in the areas I (PB) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs=11; Chao 1= 12 (Min.), Jacknife 2= 17,68 (Max.), Med.= 13,74; H’=0,79; 1-D=0,60; Eq=0,33 Dbp=0,59; Ds=0,40), II (PB) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs= 11; Bootstrap= 12,81 (Min.), Chao 2= 20,44 (Max.), Med.= 15,64; H’=0,78; 1-D=0,62; Eq=0,33; Dbp=0,58; Ds=0,38) and III (CE) (Ec=2000 h.net; Sobs= 13; Bootstrap= 15,22 (Min.), Chao 2= 20,35 (Max.), Med.= 21,14; H’=0,99; 1-D=0,73; Eq=0,39 Dbp=0,44; Ds=0,27) and in total sampling (Ec=6000 h.net; Sobs=19; Bootstrap= 22,16 (Min.), Chao 2= 32,75 (Max.), Med= 26,39; H’=1,57; 1-D=0,67; Eq=0,53 Dbp=0,18; Ds=0,11). The t test (student) shows that there is no significant difference between the Shannon diversity indexes to the pairs: Areas I (PB) and II (PB) (Tcalc=0,062; gl=278,52; p>0,05), Areas I (PB) and III (CE) (Tcalc=1,29; gl=309,19; p>0,05) and, Areas II (PB) and III (CE) (Tcalc=1,34; gl=299,94; p>0,05). As for the similarity, the closest are I and II (PB) (J=0, 57; Cn=0, 86) and the less similar are II (PB) and III (CE) (J=0, 41; Cn=0, 78), with a mean of the general similarity level of 46% (Jaccard) and 80% (Sonresen). In the total sampling, there was a variation in abundance and richness among the dry season (152 specimens, 17 species), which represented 33, 48% and 89, 47$ of the total of captures and species registered, respectively, and rainy (302 or 66, 52%; 13 or 68, 42%), with a significant difference in abundance (x2 = 51.345, gl = 18, p = 0). Eleven species occurred in both seasons and eight were exclusives, two in the rainy season, L. blossevillii (n=1) and M. molossus (n=1) and six in the dry season, P. macrotis (n=6), N. albiventris (n=2), M. megalotis (n=1), P. discolor (n=1), S. lilium (n=1) and Eptesicus sp. (n=1). The amount of captures per species varied between the dry and rainy season, with a significant difference for A. planirostris (181/rainy and 60/dry), the most abundant species, and C. perspicillata (62/rainy and 27/dry), more abundant in the rainy season. There was no significant difference in the species abundance between the two seasons in areas II (PB) (X2 = 17.102, gl = 10, p = 0.0721) and III (CE) (X2 = 3.743, gl = 12, p = 0.9876), only in area I (PB) (X2 = 53.365, gl = 10, p = 0). And, in general, there was no significant difference in the specific richness between the dry and rainy seasons among the three geographical areas studied (X2 =0,554; gl =2; p =0, 75).