Comportamento e caracterização de clones de palma forrageira sob diferentes condições de cultivo

• Autor(a) principal: SILVA, Paulo Sérgio Ferreira da
• Data de Publicação: 2019
• Tipo de documento: Tese
• Idioma: por
• Título da fonte: Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRPE
• Texto Completo: http://www.tede2.ufrpe.br:8080/tede2/handle/tede2/8415
• topic: Palma forrageira; Clone; Cochonilha de escama; Cochonilha do carmim; CIENCIAS AGRARIAS::ZOOTECNIA

The use of fodder cactus forage in the Brazilian Northeast supplies most of the food and water needs of ruminant herds, especially during critical periods of the year. However, the occurrence of pests, especially carmine cochineal (Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell 1929) and scales (Diaspis echinocacti Bouché 1833) can compromise the production of the plant. The objective was to evaluate morphological and productive characteristics, as well as the incidence of cochineals in forage palm clones cultivated in the conditions of “Agreste” (São Bento do Una) and “Sertão” Pernambucano (Arcoverde) as well as in conditions of greenhouse. Six clones were assessed: “IPA-20”, “F8”, “F21”, "Miúda", "IPA Sertânia" and "Orelha de elefante mexicana". The plants, in a greenhouse, were cultivated in pots during the 360-days period in randomized block delineation. In the field, the genotypes were randomized in blocks, with three repetitions, and two biennial harvests were performed in 2015 and 2017, preserving the primary articles. Plant height and width; number of cladodes; length, width and thickness of cladodes; index of cladodium area; fodder production and plant stand were evaluated. The incidence of cochineals was evaluated from scales of notes ranging from 0 to 5, in which the lowest score (0) represented absence of the insect in the plant and the highest (5), represented presence in all cladodes of the plant with high infestation (>75%). In a greenhouse, the average height observed of the six clones evaluated was 48.94 cm. The "IPA-20" clone had higher values for length and thickness, with 26.70 cm and 13.80 mm, respectively, while the "Orelha de elefante mexicana" clone had values of 14.72 cm in length and 7.93 mm in thickness as lower results. The "Miúda" clone stood out with the highest number of cladodes (2.5 cladodes per plant) and the number of cladode orders, reaching up to 1.25 third order cladodes per plant. Scale cochineal infestation occurred, especially in the "Orelha de elefante mexicana" clone, while the "IPA-20" clone did not suffer any degree of infestation. The "Orelha de elefante mexicana" clone showed the highest value for dry matter production, with 132.88 g/vaso, followed by "F8" and "IPA-20" clones, with 125.16 and 116.60 g/vaso each. Regarding the field experiment, the "IPA-20" clone was the highest in both locations (84.5 and 132.2 cm for Arcoverde and São Bento do Una, respectively). In Arcoverde, the clone "F21" presented a higher number of cladodes, with 55.0 cladodes/plant in the first harvest. In São Bento do Una, the "Miúda" clone had the highest number of total cladodes, with 65.7 cladodes/plant in the first harvest. The first harvest had a higher production of dry matter in both locations, especially in São Bento do Una, which had a production of 19.2 t and MS/ha. There was a higher incidence of carmine cochineal in the "IPA-20" clone, with infestation notes close to 4, in both sites. Scales cochineal in Arcoverde showed higher infestation in the clones "IPA Sertânia" and "Orelha de elefante mexicana", in São Bento do Una, there was a high infestation, especially in the clone "Orelha de elefante mexicana" with a score close to 4. The clone "F21" had mortality of 93% in Arcoverde, while in São Bento do Una the clone "F8" had the highest mortality, with 43%. In greenhouse conditions, the palm clones did not present variability regarding the morphological and productive characteristics evaluated. In the greenhouse, all palm clones were infested by scales cochineal, with the exception of the "IPA-20" clone. In the field conditions, the "Mexican elephant ear" clone is superior in terms of morphological and productive characteristics. The clones "F21", "F8" and " Miúda" present difficulties of establishment, independently of the place of culture, with high mortality and reduction of performance. The first harvest (2015) had higher productivity, regardless of the place of cultivation. The "Orelha de elefante mexicana" clone is more susceptible to scale cochineal, while the IPA-20 clone is vulnerable to carmine. Scale cochineal levels of infestation are most significant in São Bento do Una, with such a pest occurring in all clones.